def test_confusion_matrix_with_unknown_labels(pyplot, constructor_name):
"""Check that when labels=None, the unique values in `y_pred` and `y_true`
will be used.
Non-regression test for:
https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn/pull/18405
"""
n_classes = 5
X, y = make_classification(n_samples=100,
n_informative=5,
n_classes=n_classes,
random_state=0)
classifier = SVC().fit(X, y)
y_pred = classifier.predict(X)
# create unseen labels in `y_true` not seen during fitting and not present
# in 'classifier.classes_'
y = y + 1
# safe guard for the binary if/else construction
assert constructor_name in ("from_estimator", "from_predictions")
common_kwargs = {"labels": None}
if constructor_name == "from_estimator":
disp = ConfusionMatrixDisplay.from_estimator(classifier, X, y,
**common_kwargs)
else:
disp = ConfusionMatrixDisplay.from_predictions(y, y_pred,
**common_kwargs)
display_labels = [tick.get_text() for tick in disp.ax_.get_xticklabels()]
expected_labels = [str(i) for i in range(n_classes + 1)]
assert_array_equal(expected_labels, display_labels)
def test_confusion_matrix_pipeline(pyplot, clf):
"""Check the behaviour of the plotting with more complex pipeline."""
n_classes = 5
X, y = make_classification(
n_samples=100, n_informative=5, n_classes=n_classes, random_state=0
)
with pytest.raises(NotFittedError):
ConfusionMatrixDisplay.from_estimator(clf, X, y)
clf.fit(X, y)
y_pred = clf.predict(X)
disp = ConfusionMatrixDisplay.from_estimator(clf, X, y)
cm = confusion_matrix(y, y_pred)
assert_allclose(disp.confusion_matrix, cm)
assert disp.text_.shape == (n_classes, n_classes)
def test_confusion_matrix_display_invalid_option(pyplot, constructor_name):
"""Check the error raise if an invalid parameter value is passed."""
X, y = make_classification(n_samples=100,
n_informative=5,
n_classes=5,
random_state=0)
classifier = SVC().fit(X, y)
y_pred = classifier.predict(X)
# safe guard for the binary if/else construction
assert constructor_name in ("from_estimator", "from_predictions")
extra_params = {"normalize": "invalid"}
err_msg = r"normalize must be one of \{'true', 'pred', 'all', None\}"
with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=err_msg):
if constructor_name == "from_estimator":
ConfusionMatrixDisplay.from_estimator(classifier, X, y,
**extra_params)
else:
ConfusionMatrixDisplay.from_predictions(y, y_pred, **extra_params)
def test_confusion_matrix_display(pyplot, constructor_name):
"""Check the behaviour of the default constructor without using the class
methods."""
n_classes = 5
X, y = make_classification(
n_samples=100, n_informative=5, n_classes=n_classes, random_state=0
)
classifier = SVC().fit(X, y)
y_pred = classifier.predict(X)
# safe guard for the binary if/else construction
assert constructor_name in ("from_estimator", "from_predictions")
cm = confusion_matrix(y, y_pred)
common_kwargs = {
"normalize": None,
"include_values": True,
"cmap": "viridis",
"xticks_rotation": 45.0,
}
if constructor_name == "from_estimator":
disp = ConfusionMatrixDisplay.from_estimator(
classifier, X, y, **common_kwargs
)
else:
disp = ConfusionMatrixDisplay.from_predictions(
y, y_pred, **common_kwargs
)
assert_allclose(disp.confusion_matrix, cm)
assert disp.text_.shape == (n_classes, n_classes)
rotations = [tick.get_rotation() for tick in disp.ax_.get_xticklabels()]
assert_allclose(rotations, 45.0)
image_data = disp.im_.get_array().data
assert_allclose(image_data, cm)
disp.plot(cmap="plasma")
assert disp.im_.get_cmap().name == "plasma"
disp.plot(include_values=False)
assert disp.text_ is None
disp.plot(xticks_rotation=90.0)
rotations = [tick.get_rotation() for tick in disp.ax_.get_xticklabels()]
assert_allclose(rotations, 90.0)
disp.plot(values_format="e")
expected_text = np.array([format(v, "e") for v in cm.ravel(order="C")])
text_text = np.array([t.get_text() for t in disp.text_.ravel(order="C")])
assert_array_equal(expected_text, text_text)
def test_confusion_matrix_display_custom_labels(
pyplot, constructor_name, with_labels, with_display_labels
):
"""Check the resulting plot when labels are given."""
n_classes = 5
X, y = make_classification(
n_samples=100, n_informative=5, n_classes=n_classes, random_state=0
)
classifier = SVC().fit(X, y)
y_pred = classifier.predict(X)
# safe guard for the binary if/else construction
assert constructor_name in ("from_estimator", "from_predictions")
ax = pyplot.gca()
labels = [2, 1, 0, 3, 4] if with_labels else None
display_labels = ["b", "d", "a", "e", "f"] if with_display_labels else None
cm = confusion_matrix(y, y_pred, labels=labels)
common_kwargs = {
"ax": ax,
"display_labels": display_labels,
"labels": labels,
}
if constructor_name == "from_estimator":
disp = ConfusionMatrixDisplay.from_estimator(
classifier, X, y, **common_kwargs
)
else:
disp = ConfusionMatrixDisplay.from_predictions(
y, y_pred, **common_kwargs
)
assert_allclose(disp.confusion_matrix, cm)
if with_display_labels:
expected_display_labels = display_labels
elif with_labels:
expected_display_labels = labels
else:
expected_display_labels = list(range(n_classes))
expected_display_labels_str = [str(name)
for name in expected_display_labels]
x_ticks = [tick.get_text() for tick in disp.ax_.get_xticklabels()]
y_ticks = [tick.get_text() for tick in disp.ax_.get_yticklabels()]
assert_array_equal(disp.display_labels, expected_display_labels)
assert_array_equal(x_ticks, expected_display_labels_str)
assert_array_equal(y_ticks, expected_display_labels_str)
def test_confusion_matrix_display_validation(pyplot):
"""Check that we raise the proper error when validating parameters."""
X, y = make_classification(
n_samples=100, n_informative=5, n_classes=5, random_state=0
)
regressor = SVR().fit(X, y)
y_pred_regressor = regressor.predict(X)
y_pred_classifier = SVC().fit(X, y).predict(X)
err_msg = "ConfusionMatrixDisplay.from_estimator only supports classifiers"
with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=err_msg):
ConfusionMatrixDisplay.from_estimator(regressor, X, y)
err_msg = "Mix type of y not allowed, got types"
with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=err_msg):
# Force `y_true` to be seen as a regression problem
ConfusionMatrixDisplay.from_predictions(y + 0.5, y_pred_classifier)
with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=err_msg):
ConfusionMatrixDisplay.from_predictions(y, y_pred_regressor)
err_msg = "Found input variables with inconsistent numbers of samples"
with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=err_msg):
ConfusionMatrixDisplay.from_predictions(y, y_pred_classifier[::2])
def test_confusion_matrix_display_plotting(
pyplot, constructor_name, normalize, include_values,
):
"""Check the overall plotting rendering."""
n_classes = 5
X, y = make_classification(
n_samples=100, n_informative=5, n_classes=n_classes, random_state=0
)
classifier = SVC().fit(X, y)
y_pred = classifier.predict(X)
# safe guard for the binary if/else construction
assert constructor_name in ("from_estimator", "from_predictions")
ax = pyplot.gca()
cmap = "plasma"
cm = confusion_matrix(y, y_pred)
common_kwargs = {
"normalize": normalize,
"cmap": cmap,
"ax": ax,
"include_values": include_values,
}
if constructor_name == "from_estimator":
disp = ConfusionMatrixDisplay.from_estimator(
classifier, X, y, **common_kwargs
)
else:
disp = ConfusionMatrixDisplay.from_predictions(
y, y_pred, **common_kwargs
)
assert disp.ax_ == ax
if normalize == "true":
cm = cm / cm.sum(axis=1, keepdims=True)
elif normalize == "pred":
cm = cm / cm.sum(axis=0, keepdims=True)
elif normalize == "all":
cm = cm / cm.sum()
assert_allclose(disp.confusion_matrix, cm)
import matplotlib as mpl
assert isinstance(disp.im_, mpl.image.AxesImage)
assert disp.im_.get_cmap().name == cmap
assert isinstance(disp.ax_, pyplot.Axes)
assert isinstance(disp.figure_, pyplot.Figure)
assert disp.ax_.get_ylabel() == "True label"
assert disp.ax_.get_xlabel() == "Predicted label"
x_ticks = [tick.get_text() for tick in disp.ax_.get_xticklabels()]
y_ticks = [tick.get_text() for tick in disp.ax_.get_yticklabels()]
expected_display_labels = list(range(n_classes))
expected_display_labels_str = [
str(name) for name in expected_display_labels
]
assert_array_equal(disp.display_labels, expected_display_labels)
assert_array_equal(x_ticks, expected_display_labels_str)
assert_array_equal(y_ticks, expected_display_labels_str)
image_data = disp.im_.get_array().data
assert_allclose(image_data, cm)
if include_values:
assert disp.text_.shape == (n_classes, n_classes)
fmt = ".2g"
expected_text = np.array([format(v, fmt) for v in cm.ravel(order="C")])
text_text = np.array(
[t.get_text() for t in disp.text_.ravel(order="C")]
)
assert_array_equal(expected_text, text_text)
else:
assert disp.text_ is None
iris = datasets.load_iris()
X = iris.data
y = iris.target
class_names = iris.target_names
# Split the data into a training set and a test set
X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y, random_state=0)
# Run classifier, using a model that is too regularized (C too low) to see
# the impact on the results
classifier = svm.SVC(kernel='linear', C=0.01).fit(X_train, y_train)
np.set_printoptions(precision=2)
# Plot non-normalized confusion matrix
titles_options = [("Confusion matrix, without normalization", None),
("Normalized confusion matrix", 'true')]
for title, normalize in titles_options:
disp = ConfusionMatrixDisplay.from_estimator(classifier,
X_test,
y_test,
display_labels=class_names,
cmap=plt.cm.Blues,
normalize=normalize)
disp.ax_.set_title(title)
print(title)
print(disp.confusion_matrix)
plt.show()
# %% [markdown] # ## Confusion matrix and derived metrics # The comparison that we did above and the accuracy that we calculated did not # take into account the type of error our classifier was making. Accuracy # is an aggregate of the errors made by the classifier. We may be interested # in finer granularity - to know independently what the error is for each of # the two following cases: # # - we predicted that a person will give blood but she/he did not; # - we predicted that a person will not give blood but she/he did. # %% from sklearn.metrics import ConfusionMatrixDisplay _ = ConfusionMatrixDisplay.from_estimator(classifier, data_test, target_test) # %% [markdown] # The in-diagonal numbers are related to predictions that were correct # while off-diagonal numbers are related to incorrect predictions # (misclassifications). We now know the four types of correct and erroneous # predictions: # # * the top left corner are true positives (TP) and corresponds to people # who gave blood and were predicted as such by the classifier; # * the bottom right corner are true negatives (TN) and correspond to # people who did not give blood and were predicted as such by the # classifier; # * the top right corner are false negatives (FN) and correspond to # people who gave blood but were predicted to not have given blood; # * the bottom left corner are false positives (FP) and correspond to
print("done in %0.3fs" % (time() - t0))
print("Best estimator found by grid search:")
print(clf.best_estimator_)
# %%
# Quantitative evaluation of the model quality on the test set
print("Predicting people's names on the test set")
t0 = time()
y_pred = clf.predict(X_test_pca)
print("done in %0.3fs" % (time() - t0))
print(classification_report(y_test, y_pred, target_names=target_names))
ConfusionMatrixDisplay.from_estimator(clf,
X_test_pca,
y_test,
display_labels=target_names,
xticks_rotation="vertical")
plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()
# %%
# Qualitative evaluation of the predictions using matplotlib
def plot_gallery(images, titles, h, w, n_row=3, n_col=4):
"""Helper function to plot a gallery of portraits"""
plt.figure(figsize=(1.8 * n_col, 2.4 * n_row))
plt.subplots_adjust(bottom=0, left=0.01, right=0.99, top=0.90, hspace=0.35)
for i in range(n_row * n_col):
plt.subplot(n_row, n_col, i + 1)