def random_scene(aspect_ratio: float, time0: float, time1: float) \
-> Tuple[BVHNode, Camera]:
world = HittableList()
# ground_material = Lambertian(SolidColor(0.5, 0.5, 0.5))
ground_material = Lambertian(
CheckerTexture(SolidColor(0.2, 0.3, 0.1), SolidColor(0.9, 0.9, 0.9)))
world.add(Sphere(Point3(0, -1000, 0), 1000, ground_material))
for a in range(-11, 11):
for b in range(-11, 11):
choose_mat = random_float()
center = Point3(a + 0.9 * random_float(), 0.2,
b + 0.9 * random_float())
if (center - Vec3(4, 0.2, 0)).length() > 0.9:
if choose_mat < 0.6:
# Diffuse
albedo = Color.random() * Color.random()
sphere_material_diffuse = Lambertian(SolidColor(albedo))
center2 = center + Vec3(0, random_float(0, 0.5), 0)
world.add(
MovingSphere(center, center2, 0, 1, 0.2,
sphere_material_diffuse))
elif choose_mat < 0.8:
# Metal
albedo = Color.random(0.5, 1)
fuzz = random_float(0, 0.5)
sphere_material_metal = Metal(albedo, fuzz)
world.add(Sphere(center, 0.2, sphere_material_metal))
else:
# Glass
sphere_material_glass = Dielectric(1.5)
world.add(Sphere(center, 0.2, sphere_material_glass))
material_1 = Dielectric(1.5)
world.add(Sphere(Point3(0, 1, 0), 1, material_1))
material_2 = Lambertian(SolidColor(0.4, 0.2, 0.1))
world.add(Sphere(Point3(-4, 1, 0), 1, material_2))
material_3 = Metal(Color(0.7, 0.6, 0.5), 0)
world.add(Sphere(Point3(4, 1, 0), 1, material_3))
world_bvh = BVHNode(world.objects, time0, time1)
lookfrom = Point3(13, 2, 3)
lookat = Point3(0, 0, 0)
vup = Vec3(0, 1, 0)
vfov = 20
dist_to_focus: float = 10
aperture: float = 0.1
cam = Camera(lookfrom, lookat, vup, vfov, aspect_ratio, aperture,
dist_to_focus, time0, time1)
return world_bvh, cam
def __init__(self, point: Point3, t: float, mat_idx: int,
normal: Vec3 = Vec3(), front_face: bool = False) -> None:
self.p = point
self.t = t
self.material_idx = mat_idx
self.normal = normal
self.front_face = front_face
def main() -> None:
aspect_ratio = 16 / 9
image_width = 256
image_height = int(image_width / aspect_ratio)
samples_per_pixel = 20
max_depth = 10
world: HittableList = three_ball_scene()
lookfrom = Point3(13, 2, 3)
lookat = Point3(0, 0, 0)
vup = Vec3(0, 1, 0)
vfov = 20
dist_to_focus: float = 10
aperture: float = 0.1
cam = Camera(lookfrom, lookat, vup, vfov, aspect_ratio, aperture,
dist_to_focus)
print("Start rendering.")
start_time = time.time()
n_processer = multiprocessing.cpu_count()
img_list: List[Img] = Parallel(n_jobs=n_processer)(
delayed(scan_line)(j, world, cam, image_width, image_height,
samples_per_pixel, max_depth)
for j in range(image_height - 1, -1, -1))
final_img = Img(image_width, image_height)
final_img.set_array(np.concatenate([img.frame for img in img_list]))
end_time = time.time()
print(f"\nDone. Total time: {round(end_time - start_time, 1)} s.")
final_img.save("./output.png", True)
def __init__(self, lookfrom: Point3, lookat: Point3, vup: Vec3,
vfov: float, aspect_ratio: float,
aperture: float, focus_dist: float,
t0: float = 0, t1: float = 0) -> None:
"""
vfov: vertical field-of-view in degress
"""
theta: float = degrees_to_radians(vfov)
h: float = np.tan(theta / 2)
viewport_height: float = 2 * h
viewport_width: float = aspect_ratio * viewport_height
self.w: Vec3 = (lookfrom - lookat).unit_vector()
self.u: Vec3 = vup.cross(self.w).unit_vector()
self.v: Vec3 = self.w.cross(self.u)
self.origin: Point3 = lookfrom
self.horizontal: Vec3 = self.u * viewport_width * focus_dist
self.vertical: Vec3 = self.v * viewport_height * focus_dist
self.lower_left_corner: Point3 = (
self.origin - self.horizontal/2 - self.vertical/2
- self.w * focus_dist
)
self.lens_radius: float = aperture / 2
self.time0 = t0
self.time1 = t1
def three_ball_scene(aspect_ratio: float, time0: float, time1: float) \
-> Tuple[BVHNode, Camera]:
world = HittableList()
world.add(
Sphere(Point3(0, 0, -1), 0.5, Lambertian(SolidColor(0.1, 0.2, 0.5))))
world.add(
Sphere(Point3(0, -100.5, -1), 100, Lambertian(SolidColor(0.8, 0.8,
0))))
world.add(Sphere(Point3(1, 0, -1), 0.5, Metal(Color(0.8, 0.6, 0.2), 0.3)))
world.add(Sphere(Point3(-1, 0, -1), 0.5, Dielectric(1.5)))
world.add(Sphere(Point3(-1, 0, -1), -0.45, Dielectric(1.5)))
world_bvh = BVHNode(world.objects, time0, time1)
lookfrom = Point3(3, 3, 2)
lookat = Point3(0, 0, -1)
vup = Vec3(0, 1, 0)
vfov = 20
dist_to_focus: float = (lookfrom - lookat).length()
aperture: float = 0
cam = Camera(lookfrom, lookat, vup, vfov, aspect_ratio, aperture,
dist_to_focus, time0, time1)
# lookfrom = Point3(13, 2, 3)
# lookat = Point3(0, 0, 0)
# vup = Vec3(0, 1, 0)
# vfov = 20
# dist_to_focus: float = 10
# aperture: float = 0.1
# cam = Camera(
# lookfrom, lookat, vup, vfov, aspect_ratio, aperture, dist_to_focus,
# time0, time1
# )
return world_bvh, cam
def __init__(self,
origin: Point3 = Point3(),
direction: Vec3 = Vec3(),
time: float = 0) -> None:
self.orig = origin
self.dir = direction
self.tm = time
def scatter(self, r_in, rec):
condition = (rec.t > 0) & rec.front_face
scatter_direction = rec.normal + Vec3.random_unit_vector(len(r_in))
scattered = RayList(rec.p.mul_ndarray(condition),
scatter_direction.mul_ndarray(condition))
attenuation = Vec3List.from_array(condition) * self.albedo
return scattered, attenuation
def main() -> None:
aspect_ratio = 16 / 9
image_width = 720
image_height = int(image_width / aspect_ratio)
samples_per_pixel = 48
max_depth = 5
world = random_scene()
lookfrom = Point3(13, 2, 3)
lookat = Point3(0, 0, 0)
vup = Vec3(0, 1, 0)
vfov = 20
dist_to_focus = 10
aperture = 0.1
cam = Camera(lookfrom, lookat, vup, vfov, aspect_ratio, aperture,
dist_to_focus)
print("Start rendering.")
start_time = time.time()
img_list = Parallel(n_jobs=2, verbose=20)(
delayed(scan_frame)(world, cam, image_width, image_height, max_depth)
for s in range(samples_per_pixel))
end_time = time.time()
print(f"\nDone. Total time: {round(end_time - start_time, 1)} s.")
final_img = Img(image_width, image_height)
for img in img_list:
final_img.write_frame(img)
final_img.average(samples_per_pixel).gamma(2)
final_img.save("./output.png", True)
def __init__(self, obj: Hittable, angle: float) -> None:
radians = degrees_to_radians(angle)
self.sin_theta = np.sin(radians)
self.cos_theta = np.cos(radians)
self.obj = obj
self.bbox = obj.bounding_box(0, 1)
if self.bbox is None:
raise ValueError
point_min = Point3(np.inf, np.inf, np.inf)
point_max = Point3(-np.inf, -np.inf, -np.inf)
for i in range(2):
for j in range(2):
for k in range(2):
x = i * self.bbox.max().x() + (1 - i) * self.bbox.min().x()
y = j * self.bbox.max().y() + (1 - j) * self.bbox.min().y()
z = k * self.bbox.max().z() + (1 - k) * self.bbox.min().z()
newx = self.cos_theta * x + self.sin_theta * z
newz = -self.sin_theta * x + self.cos_theta * z
new = Vec3(newx, y, newz)
for c in range(3):
point_min[c] = np.minimum(point_min[c], new[c])
point_max[c] = np.maximum(point_max[c], new[c])
self.bbox = AABB(point_min, point_max)
def hit(self, r: Ray, t_min: float, t_max: float) -> Optional[HitRecord]:
rec1 = self.boundary.hit(r, -np.inf, np.inf)
if rec1 is None:
return None
rec2 = self.boundary.hit(r, rec1.t + 0.0001, np.inf)
if rec2 is None:
return None
if rec1.t < t_min:
rec1.t = t_min
if rec1.t < 0:
rec1.t = 0
if rec2.t > t_max:
rec2.t = t_max
if rec1.t >= rec2.t:
return None
ray_length = r.direction().length()
distance_inside_boundary = (rec2.t - rec1.t) * ray_length
hit_distance = self.neg_inv_density * np.log(random_float())
if hit_distance > distance_inside_boundary:
return None
t = rec1.t + hit_distance / ray_length
p = r.at(t)
rec = HitRecord(p, t, self.phase_function)
rec.normal = Vec3(1, 0, 0)
rec.front_face = True
return rec
def main() -> None:
aspect_ratio = 16 / 9
image_width = 256
image_height = int(image_width / aspect_ratio)
samples_per_pixel = 20
max_depth = 10
world: HittableList = three_ball_scene()
lookfrom = Point3(13, 2, 3)
lookat = Point3(0, 0, 0)
vup = Vec3(0, 1, 0)
vfov = 20
dist_to_focus: float = 10
aperture: float = 0.1
cam = Camera(lookfrom, lookat, vup, vfov, aspect_ratio, aperture,
dist_to_focus)
print("Start rendering.")
start_time = time.time()
n_processer = multiprocessing.cpu_count()
img_list: List[Img] = Parallel(n_jobs=n_processer, verbose=10)(
delayed(scan_line)(j, world, cam, image_width, image_height,
samples_per_pixel, max_depth)
for j in range(image_height - 1, -1, -1))
# # Profile prologue
# import cProfile
# import pstats
# import io
# from pstats import SortKey
# pr = cProfile.Profile()
# pr.enable()
# img_list: List[Img] = list()
# for j in range(image_height-1, -1, -1):
# img_list.append(
# scan_line(
# j, world, cam,
# image_width, image_height,
# samples_per_pixel, max_depth
# )
# )
# # Profile epilogue
# pr.disable()
# s = io.StringIO()
# sortby = SortKey.CUMULATIVE
# ps = pstats.Stats(pr, stream=s).sort_stats(sortby)
# ps.print_stats()
# print(s.getvalue())
final_img = Img(image_width, image_height)
final_img.set_array(np.concatenate([img.frame for img in img_list]))
end_time = time.time()
print(f"\nDone. Total time: {round(end_time - start_time, 1)} s.")
final_img.save("./output.png", True)
def scatter(self, r_in, rec):
condition = (rec.t > 0) & rec.front_face
scatter_direction = Vec3.random_in_hemisphere(rec.normal)
scattered = RayList(rec.p.mul_ndarray(condition),
scatter_direction.mul_ndarray(condition))
attenuation = Vec3List.from_array(condition) * self.albedo
return scattered, attenuation
def scatter(self, r_in: Ray, rec: HitRecord) \
-> Optional[Tuple[Ray, Color]]:
if not rec.front_face:
return None
scatter_direction: Vec3 = rec.normal + Vec3.random_unit_vector()
scattered = Ray(rec.p, scatter_direction, r_in.time())
attenuation = self.albedo.value(rec.u, rec.v, rec.p)
return scattered, attenuation
def scatter(self, r_in: Ray, rec: HitRecord) \
-> Optional[Tuple[Ray, Color]]:
reflected: Vec3 = r_in.direction().unit_vector().reflect(rec.normal) \
+ Vec3.random_in_unit_sphere() * self.fuzz
scattered = Ray(rec.p, reflected)
attenuation = self.albedo
if scattered.direction() @ rec.normal > 0:
return scattered, attenuation
return None
def cornell_box(aspect_ratio: float, time0: float, time1: float) \
-> Tuple[BVHNode, Camera]:
world = HittableList()
# Colors
red = Lambertian(SolidColor(0.65, 0.05, 0.05))
white = Lambertian(SolidColor(0.73, 0.73, 0.73))
green = Lambertian(SolidColor(0.12, 0.45, 0.15))
light = DiffuseLight(SolidColor(15, 15, 15))
# Outer box
world.add(FlipFace(YZRect(0, 555, 0, 555, 555, green)))
world.add(YZRect(0, 555, 0, 555, 0, red))
world.add(XZRect(213, 343, 227, 332, 554, light))
world.add(XZRect(0, 555, 0, 555, 0, white))
world.add(FlipFace(XZRect(0, 555, 0, 555, 555, white)))
world.add(FlipFace(XYRect(0, 555, 0, 555, 555, white)))
# Objects in the box
box1: Hittable = Box(Vec3(0, 0, 0), Point3(165, 330, 165), white)
box1 = RotateY(box1, 15)
box1 = Translate(box1, Point3(265, 0, 295))
box1 = ConstantMedium(box1, 0.01, SolidColor(0, 0, 0))
world.add(box1)
box2: Hittable = Box(Point3(0, 0, 0), Point3(165, 165, 165), white)
box2 = RotateY(box2, -18)
box2 = Translate(box2, Point3(130, 0, 65))
box2 = ConstantMedium(box2, 0.01, SolidColor(1, 1, 1))
world.add(box2)
world_bvh = BVHNode(world.objects, time0, time1)
lookfrom = Point3(278, 278, -800)
lookat = Point3(278, 278, 0)
vup = Vec3(0, 1, 0)
vfov = 40
dist_to_focus: float = 10
aperture: float = 0
cam = Camera(lookfrom, lookat, vup, vfov, aspect_ratio, aperture,
dist_to_focus, time0, time1)
return world_bvh, cam
def __init__(self) -> None:
self.point_count: int = 256
self.ranvec: List[Vec3] = list()
for i in range(self.point_count):
self.ranvec.append(Vec3.random(-1, 1).unit_vector())
self.perm_x: List[int] = self.perlin_generate_perm()
self.perm_y: List[int] = self.perlin_generate_perm()
self.perm_z: List[int] = self.perlin_generate_perm()
def get_ray(self, s: float, t: float) -> Ray:
rd: Vec3 = Vec3.random_in_unit_disk() * self.lens_radius
offset: Vec3 = self.u * rd.x() + self.v * rd.y()
return Ray(
self.origin + offset,
(self.lower_left_corner
+ self.horizontal*s + self.vertical*t
- self.origin - offset)
)
def main() -> None:
aspect_ratio = 16 / 9
image_width = 1920
image_height = int(image_width / aspect_ratio)
samples_per_pixel = 48
max_depth = 10
world: HittableList = random_scene()
lookfrom = Point3(13, 2, 3)
lookat = Point3(0, 0, 0)
vup = Vec3(0, 1, 0)
vfov = 20
dist_to_focus: float = 10
aperture: float = 0.1
cam = Camera(lookfrom, lookat, vup, vfov, aspect_ratio, aperture,
dist_to_focus)
print("Start rendering.")
start_time = time.time()
img_list: List[Vec3List] = Parallel(n_jobs=4, verbose=20)(
delayed(scan_frame)(world, cam, image_width, image_height, max_depth)
for s in range(samples_per_pixel))
# # Profile prologue
# import cProfile
# import pstats
# import io
# from pstats import SortKey
# pr = cProfile.Profile()
# pr.enable()
# img_list: List[Vec3List] = list()
# for sample_num in range(samples_per_pixel):
# img_list.append(
# scan_frame(world, cam, image_width, image_height, max_depth)
# )
# # Profile epilogue
# pr.disable()
# s = io.StringIO()
# sortby = SortKey.CUMULATIVE
# ps = pstats.Stats(pr, stream=s).sort_stats(sortby)
# ps.print_stats()
# print(s.getvalue())
end_time = time.time()
print(f"\nDone. Total time: {round(end_time - start_time, 1)} s.")
final_img = Img(image_width, image_height)
for img in img_list:
final_img.write_frame(img)
final_img.average(samples_per_pixel).gamma(2).up_side_down()
final_img.save("./output.png", True)
def scatter(self, r_in, rec):
condition = (rec.t > 0) & rec.front_face
reflected = (r_in.direction().unit_vector().reflect(rec.normal) +
Vec3.random_in_unit_sphere_list(len(r_in)) * self.fuzz)
condition = condition & (reflected @ rec.normal > 0)
scattered = RayList(rec.p.mul_ndarray(condition),
reflected.mul_ndarray(condition))
attenuation = Vec3List.from_array(condition) * self.albedo
return scattered, attenuation
def hit(self, r: Ray, t_min: float, t_max: float) -> Optional[HitRecord]:
t = (self.k - r.origin().x()) / r.direction().x()
if t < t_min or t > t_max:
return None
y = r.origin().y() + t*r.direction().y()
z = r.origin().z() + t*r.direction().z()
if (y < self.y0) or (y > self.y1) or (z < self.z0) or (z > self.z1):
return None
rec = HitRecord(r.at(t), t, self.material)
rec.set_face_normal(r, Vec3(1, 0, 0))
rec.u = (y - self.y0) / (self.y1 - self.y0)
rec.v = (z - self.z0) / (self.z1 - self.z0)
return rec
def get_ray(self, s, t):
if len(s) != len(t):
raise ValueError
rd = Vec3.random_in_unit_disk(len(s)) * self.lens_radius
u = Vec3List.from_vec3(self.u, len(s))
v = Vec3List.from_vec3(self.v, len(s))
offset_list = u.mul_ndarray(rd[0]) + v.mul_ndarray(rd[1])
origin_list = offset_list + self.origin
horizontal_multi = Vec3List.from_vec3(self.horizontal, len(s))
vertical_multi = Vec3List.from_vec3(self.vertical, len(s))
direction_list = (horizontal_multi.mul_ndarray(s) - vertical_multi.mul_ndarray(t) + self.top_left_corner - self.origin - offset_list)
return RayList(origin_list, direction_list)
def trilinear_interp(c: List[List[List[Vec3]]], u: float, v: float,
w: float) -> float:
uu = u * u * (3 - 2 * u)
vv = v * v * (3 - 2 * v)
ww = w * w * (3 - 2 * w)
accum: float = 0
for i in range(2):
for j in range(2):
for k in range(2):
weight_v = Vec3(u - i, v - j, w - k)
accum += ((i * uu + (1 - i) *
(1 - uu)) * (j * vv + (1 - j) * (1 - vv)) *
(k * ww + (1 - k) *
(1 - ww)) * (c[i][j][k] @ weight_v))
return accum
def two_perlin_spheres(aspect_ratio: float, time0: float, time1: float) \
-> Tuple[BVHNode, Camera]:
world = HittableList()
pertext = NoiseTexture(4)
world.add(Sphere(Point3(0, -1000, 0), 1000, Lambertian(pertext)))
world.add(Sphere(Point3(0, 2, 0), 2, Lambertian(pertext)))
world_bvh = BVHNode(world.objects, time0, time1)
lookfrom = Point3(13, 2, 3)
lookat = Point3(0, 0, 0)
vup = Vec3(0, 1, 0)
vfov = 20
dist_to_focus: float = 10
aperture: float = 0
cam = Camera(lookfrom, lookat, vup, vfov, aspect_ratio, aperture,
dist_to_focus, time0, time1)
return world_bvh, cam
def two_spheres(aspect_ratio: float, time0: float, time1: float) \
-> Tuple[BVHNode, Camera]:
world = HittableList()
checker = CheckerTexture(SolidColor(0.2, 0.3, 0.1),
SolidColor(0.9, 0.9, 0.9))
world.add(Sphere(Point3(0, -10, 0), 10, Lambertian(checker)))
world.add(Sphere(Point3(0, 10, 0), 10, Lambertian(checker)))
world_bvh = BVHNode(world.objects, time0, time1)
lookfrom = Point3(13, 2, 3)
lookat = Point3(0, 0, 0)
vup = Vec3(0, 1, 0)
vfov = 20
dist_to_focus: float = 10
aperture: float = 0
cam = Camera(lookfrom, lookat, vup, vfov, aspect_ratio, aperture,
dist_to_focus, time0, time1)
return world_bvh, cam
def earth(aspect_ratio: float, time0: float, time1: float) \
-> Tuple[BVHNode, Camera]:
world = HittableList()
earth_texture = ImageTexture("earthmap.jpg")
earth_surface = Lambertian(earth_texture)
globe = Sphere(Point3(0, 0, 0), 2, earth_surface)
world.add(globe)
world_bvh = BVHNode(world.objects, time0, time1)
lookfrom = Point3(0, 0, -5)
lookat = Point3(0, 0, 0)
vup = Vec3(0, 1, 0)
vfov = 50
dist_to_focus: float = 10
aperture: float = 0
cam = Camera(lookfrom, lookat, vup, vfov, aspect_ratio, aperture,
dist_to_focus, time0, time1)
return world_bvh, cam
def random_scene() -> HittableList:
world = HittableList()
ground_material = Lambertian(Color(0.5, 0.5, 0.5), 1)
world.add(Sphere(Point3(0, -1000, 0), 1000, ground_material))
sphere_material_glass = Dielectric(1.5, 2)
for a in range(-11, 11):
for b in range(-11, 11):
choose_mat = random_float()
center = Point3(a + 0.9 * random_float(), 0.2,
b + 0.9 * random_float())
if (center - Vec3(4, 0.2, 0)).length() > 0.9:
idx = (a * 22 + b) + (11 * 22 + 11) + 6
if choose_mat < 0.6:
# Diffuse
albedo = Color.random() * Color.random()
sphere_material_diffuse = Lambertian(albedo, idx)
world.add(Sphere(center, 0.2, sphere_material_diffuse))
elif choose_mat < 0.8:
# Metal
albedo = Color.random(0.5, 1)
fuzz = random_float(0, 0.5)
sphere_material_metal = Metal(albedo, fuzz, idx)
world.add(Sphere(center, 0.2, sphere_material_metal))
else:
# Glass
world.add(Sphere(center, 0.2, sphere_material_glass))
material_1 = Dielectric(1.5, 3)
world.add(Sphere(Point3(0, 1, 0), 1, material_1))
material_2 = Lambertian(Color(0.4, 0.2, 0.1), 4)
world.add(Sphere(Point3(-4, 1, 0), 1, material_2))
material_3 = Metal(Color(0.7, 0.6, 0.5), 0, 5)
world.add(Sphere(Point3(4, 1, 0), 1, material_3))
return world
def simple_light(aspect_ratio: float, time0: float, time1: float) \
-> Tuple[BVHNode, Camera]:
world = HittableList()
pertext = NoiseTexture(4)
world.add(Sphere(Point3(0, -1000, 0), 1000, Lambertian(pertext)))
world.add(Sphere(Point3(0, 2, 0), 2, Lambertian(pertext)))
difflight = DiffuseLight(SolidColor(4, 4, 4))
world.add(Sphere(Point3(0, 7, 0), 2, difflight))
world.add(XYRect(3, 5, 1, 3, -2, difflight))
world_bvh = BVHNode(world.objects, time0, time1)
lookfrom = Point3(23, 4, 5)
lookat = Point3(0, 2, 0)
vup = Vec3(0, 1, 0)
vfov = 20
dist_to_focus: float = 10
aperture: float = 0
cam = Camera(lookfrom, lookat, vup, vfov, aspect_ratio, aperture,
dist_to_focus, time0, time1)
return world_bvh, cam
def scatter(self, r_in: Ray, rec: HitRecord) \
-> Optional[Tuple[Ray, Color]]:
scatter_direction: Vec3 = Vec3.random_in_hemisphere(rec.normal)
scattered = Ray(rec.p, scatter_direction)
attenuation = self.albedo
return scattered, attenuation
def scatter(self, r_in: Ray, rec: HitRecord) \
-> Optional[Tuple[Ray, Color]]:
scattered = Ray(rec.p, Vec3.random_in_unit_sphere(), r_in.time())
attenuation = self.albedo.value(rec.u, rec.v, rec.p)
return scattered, attenuation
def __init__(
self, origin: Point3 = Point3(), direction: Vec3 = Vec3()) -> None:
self.orig = origin
self.dir = direction