def run_main():
interp_method = 'spline'
sim_env = 'tt'
nmos_spec = 'specs_mos_char/nch_w0d5.yaml'
pmos_spec = 'specs_mos_char/pch_w0d5.yaml'
intent = 'lvt'
nch_db = get_db(nmos_spec, intent, interp_method=interp_method,
sim_env=sim_env)
nch_op = nch_db.query(vbs=0, vds=0.5, vgs=0.5)
pprint.pprint(nch_op)
# building circuit
cir = LTICircuit()
cir.add_transistor(nch_op, 'out', 'in', 'gnd', 'gnd', fg=2)
cir.add_res(10e3, 'out', 'gnd')
cir.add_cap(100e-15, 'out', 'gnd')
# get gain/poles/zeros/bode plot
trans_fun = cir.get_transfer_function('in', 'out', in_type='v')
print('poles: %s' % trans_fun.poles)
print('zeros: %s' % trans_fun.zeros)
# note: don't use the gain attribute. For some reason it's broken
print('gain: %.4g' % (trans_fun.num[-1] / trans_fun.den[-1]))
fvec = np.logspace(5, 10, 1000)
_, mag, phase = sig.bode(trans_fun, w=2 * np.pi * fvec)
# get transient response
state_space = cir.get_state_space('in', 'out', in_type='v')
tvec = np.linspace(0, 1e-8, 1000)
_, yvec = sig.step(state_space, T=tvec)
_, (ax0, ax1) = plt.subplots(2, sharex=True)
ax0.semilogx(fvec, mag)
ax0.set_ylabel('Magnitude (dB)')
ax1.semilogx(fvec, phase)
ax1.set_ylabel('Phase (degrees)')
ax1.set_xlabel('Frequency (Hz)')
plt.figure(2)
plt.plot(tvec, yvec)
plt.ylabel('Output (V/V)')
plt.xlabel('Time (s)')
plt.show()
def construct_sfP_LTI(p_op, p_B_op, n_B_op,
nf_sfP_p, nf_sfP_pB, nf_sfP_nB,
cload):
'''
Inputs:
*_op: Operating point information for a given device. A capital "B"
indicates a "bias" device, i.e. a device whose gm doesn't really
factor into the final gain expression.
nf_*: Integer. Number of minimum channel width/length devices in parallel.
cload: Float. Load capacitance in farads.
Outputs:
Returns the LTICircuit constructed for the second-stage P-input
source follower.
'''
ckt = LTICircuit()
ckt.add_transistor(p_op, 'tail_copy_sfP', 'out2', 'out', fg=nf_sfP_p)
ckt.add_transistor(p_B_op, 'out', 'gnd', 'gnd', fg=nf_sfP_pB)
ckt.add_transistor(n_B_op, 'tail_copy_sfP', 'gnd', 'gnd', fg=nf_sfP_nB)
ckt.add_cap(cload, 'out', 'gnd')
cond_print("ITAIL: {}".format(itail), debugMode)
# cond_print("INPUT DEVICE CURRENT: {}".format(op_in['ibias']))
# Include trimming devices
idiff_trim_base = abs(op_trim_on['ibias']-op_trim_off['ibias'])
if idiff_trim_base == 0:
nf_trim = 1
itrim = 0
else:
vos_base = idiff_trim_base*rload
nf_trim = ceil(vos_targ/vos_base)
itrim = (op_trim_on['ibias']+op_trim_off['ibias'])*nf_trim
# LTICircuit simulation
circuit = LTICircuit()
circuit.add_transistor(op_in, 'outp', 'gnd', 'tail', fg=nf_in)
circuit.add_transistor(op_in, 'outn', 'inp', 'tail', fg=nf_in)
circuit.add_transistor(op_trim_on, 'outn', 'gnd', 'gnd', fg=nf_trim)
circuit.add_transistor(op_trim_off, 'outp', 'gnd', 'gnd', fg=nf_trim)
circuit.add_transistor(op_tail, 'tail', 'vmirr', 'gnd', fg=nf_tail)
circuit.add_transistor(op_mirr, 'vmirr', 'vmirr', 'gnd', fg=nf_mirr)
circuit.add_transistor(op_dummy, 'gnd', 'gnd', 'vmirr', fg=nf_dummy)
circuit.add_res(rload, 'outp', 'gnd')
circuit.add_res(rload, 'outn', 'gnd')
circuit.add_cap(cload, 'outp', 'gnd')
circuit.add_cap(cload, 'outn', 'gnd')
circuit.add_cap(dac_cap, 'tail', 'gnd')
num, den = circuit.get_num_den(in_name='inp', out_name='outn', in_type='v')
num_unintentional, den_unintentional = circuit.get_num_den(in_name='inp', out_name='outp', in_type='v')
gain_intentional = num[-1]/den[-1]
def meet_spec(self, **params) -> List[Mapping[str, Any]]:
"""To be overridden by subclasses to design this module.
Raises a ValueError if there is no solution.
"""
### Get DBs for each device
specfile_dict = params['specfile_dict']
l_dict = params['l_dict']
th_dict = params['th_dict']
sim_env = params['sim_env']
# Databases
db_dict = {
k: get_mos_db(spec_file=specfile_dict[k],
intent=th_dict[k],
lch=l_dict[k],
sim_env=sim_env)
for k in specfile_dict.keys()
}
### Design devices
in_type = params['in_type']
vdd = params['vdd']
vincm = params['vincm']
voutcm = params['voutcm']
cload = params['cload']
gain_min = params['gain']
fbw_min = params['fbw']
ugf_min = params['ugf']
ibias_max = params['ibias']
# Somewhat arbitrary vstar_min in this case
optional_params = params['optional_params']
vstar_min = optional_params.get('vstar_min', 0.2)
res_vstep = optional_params.get('res_vstep', 10e-3)
error_tol = optional_params.get('error_tol', 0.01)
vout1_opt = optional_params.get('vout1', None)
n_in = in_type == 'n'
vtest_in = vdd / 2 if n_in else -vdd / 2
vtest_tail = vdd / 2 if n_in else -vdd / 2
vtest_out = -vdd / 2 if n_in else vdd / 2
vb_in = 0 if n_in else vdd
vb_tail = 0 if n_in else vdd
vb_load = vdd if n_in else 0
vb_out = 0 if n_in else vdd
# Estimate threshold of each device TODO can this be more generalized?
vth_in = estimate_vth(is_nch=n_in,
vgs=vtest_in,
vbs=0,
db=db_dict['in'],
lch=l_dict['in'])
vth_tail = estimate_vth(is_nch=n_in,
vgs=vtest_tail,
vbs=0,
db=db_dict['tail'],
lch=l_dict['tail'])
vth_load = estimate_vth(is_nch=(not n_in),
vgs=vtest_out,
vbs=0,
db=db_dict['load'],
lch=l_dict['load'])
vth_out = estimate_vth(is_nch=n_in,
vgs=vtest_in,
vbs=0,
db=db_dict['out'],
lch=l_dict['out'])
# Keeping track of operating points which work for future comparison
viable_op_list = []
# Get tail voltage range
vtail_min = vstar_min if n_in else vincm - vth_in
vtail_max = vincm - vth_in if n_in else vdd - vstar_min
vtail_vec = np.arange(vtail_min, vtail_max, res_vstep)
print(f'Sweeping tail from {vtail_min} to {vtail_max}')
# Get out1 common mode range
vout1_min = vincm - vth_in if n_in else vth_load + vstar_min
vout1_max = vdd + vth_load - vstar_min if n_in else vincm - vth_in
if vout1_opt == None:
vout1_vec = np.arange(vout1_min, vout1_max, res_vstep)
else:
vout1_vec = [vout1_opt]
if vout1_opt < vout1_min or vout1_opt > vout1_max:
warnings.warn(
f'vout11 {vout1_opt} falls outside recommended range ({vout1_min}, {vout1_max})'
)
# Sweep tail voltage
for vtail in vtail_vec:
# Sweep out1 common mode
for vout1 in vout1_vec:
in_op = db_dict['in'].query(vgs=vincm - vtail,
vds=vout1 - vtail,
vbs=vb_in - vtail)
load_op = db_dict['load'].query(vgs=vout1 - vb_load,
vds=vout1 - vb_load,
vbs=0)
load_copy_op = db_dict['load'].query(vgs=vout1 - vb_load,
vds=voutcm - vb_load,
vbs=0)
out_op = db_dict['out'].query(vgs=voutcm - vb_out,
vds=voutcm - vb_out,
vbs=0)
itail_min = 4 * in_op['ibias']
# Step input device size (integer steps)
nf_in_max = int(round(ibias_max / itail_min))
nf_in_vec = np.arange(1, nf_in_max, 1)
# if len(nf_in_vec) > 0:
# print(f'Number of input devices {min(nf_in_vec)} to {max(nf_in_vec)}')
for nf_in in nf_in_vec:
itail = itail_min * nf_in
# Match load device size
load_match, nf_load = verify_ratio(in_op['ibias'] * 2,
load_op['ibias'], nf_in,
error_tol)
if not load_match:
print(f"load match {nf_load}")
# assert False, 'blep'
continue
iflip_max = (ibias_max - itail) / 2
nf_out_max = int(round(iflip_max / out_op['ibias']))
nf_out_vec = [1] if nf_out_max == 1 else np.arange(
1, nf_out_max, 1)
# if len(nf_out_vec) > 0:
# print(f'Number of output devices {min(nf_out_vec)} to {max(nf_out_vec)}')
# Step output device size
for nf_out in nf_out_vec:
iflip_branch = out_op['ibias'] * nf_out
# Match load copy device size
load_copy_match, nf_load_copy = verify_ratio(
out_op['ibias'], load_copy_op['ibias'], nf_out,
error_tol)
if not load_copy_match:
print('load copy match')
continue
# Check target specs
ckt_half = LTICircuit()
ckt_half.add_transistor(in_op,
'out',
'in',
'gnd',
fg=nf_in * 2,
neg_cap=False)
ckt_half.add_transistor(load_op,
'out1',
'out1',
'gnd',
fg=nf_load,
neg_cap=False)
ckt_half.add_transistor(load_copy_op,
'out',
'out1',
'gnd',
fg=nf_load_copy,
neg_cap=False)
ckt_half.add_transistor(out_op,
'out',
'out',
'gnd',
fg=nf_out,
neg_cap=False)
ckt_half.add_cap(cload, 'out', 'gnd')
num, den = ckt_half.get_num_den(in_name='in',
out_name='out',
in_type='v')
# num = np.convolve(num, [-1]) # To get positive gain
wbw = get_w_3db(num, den)
if wbw == None:
wbw = 0
fbw = wbw / (2 * np.pi)
# wu, _ = get_w_crossings(num, den)
# if wu == None:
# wu = 0
# ugf = wu/(2*np.pi)
# Rout = parallel(1/(nf_in*2*in_op['gds']),
# 1/(nf_out*out_op['gm']),
# 1/(nf_out*out_op['gds']))
# Gm = in_op['gm']*nf_in*2
# gain = Gm * Rout
# Cout = cload + (nf_in*2*in_op['cgs']) + (1+gain)*(nf_in*2*in_op['cds'])
# fbw = 1/(2*np.pi*Rout*Cout)
# ugf = Gm / Cout * (1/2*np.pi)
gain = -num[-1] / den[-1]
ugf = fbw * gain
if fbw < fbw_min:
print(f"fbw {fbw}")
continue
if ugf < ugf_min:
print(f"ugf {ugf}")
break
if gain < gain_min:
print(f'gain {gain}')
break
# Design matching tail
vgtail_min = vth_tail + vstar_min if n_in else vtail + vth_tail
vgtail_max = vtail + vth_tail if n_in else vdd + vth_tail - vstar_min
vgtail_vec = np.arange(vgtail_min, vgtail_max,
res_vstep)
print(f"Tail gate from {vgtail_min} to {vgtail_max}")
for vgtail in vgtail_vec:
tail_op = db_dict['tail'].query(
vgs=vgtail - vb_tail,
vds=vtail - vb_tail,
vbs=0)
tail_match, nf_tail = verify_ratio(
in_op['ibias'] * 4, tail_op['ibias'], nf_in,
error_tol)
if not tail_match:
print("tail match")
continue
print('(SUCCESS)')
viable_op = dict(
nf_in=nf_in,
nf_load=nf_load,
nf_load_copy=nf_load_copy,
nf_out=nf_out,
nf_tail=nf_tail,
vgtail=vgtail,
gain=gain,
fbw=fbw,
ugf=ugf,
vtail=vtail,
vout1=vout1,
itail=itail,
iflip_branch=nf_out * out_op['ibias'],
ibias=itail + 2 * nf_out * out_op['ibias'])
print(viable_op)
viable_op_list.append(viable_op)
self.other_params = dict(
in_type=in_type,
lch_dict=l_dict,
w_dict={k: db.width_list[0]
for k, db in db_dict.items()},
th_dict=th_dict)
return viable_op_list
def design_inverter_tia_lti(db_n, db_p, sim_env,
vg_res, rf_res,
vdd, cpd, cload,
rdc_min, fbw_min, pm_min,
vb_n, vb_p):
"""
Designs a transimpedance amplifier with an inverter amplifier
in resistive feedback. Uses the LTICircuit functionality.
Inputs:
db_n/p: Databases for NMOS and PMOS device characterization data,
respectively.
sim_env: Simulation corner.
vg_res: Float. Step resolution when sweeping gate voltage.
rf_res: Float. Step resolution when sweeping feedback resistance.
vdd: Float. Supply voltage.
cpd: Float. Input parasitic capacitance.
cload: Float. Output load capacitance.
rdc_min: Float. Minimum DC transimpedance.
fbw_min: Float. Minimum bandwidth (Hz).
pm_min: Float. Minimum phase margin.
vb_n/p: Float. Back-gate/body voltage of NMOS and PMOS, respectively.
Raises:
ValueError: If unable to meet the specification requirements.
Returns:
A dictionary with the following key:value pairings:
vg: Float. Input bias voltage.
nf_n: Integer. NMOS number of channel fingers.
nf_p: Integer. PMOS number of channel fingers.
rf: Float. Value of feedback resistor.
rdc: Float. Expected DC transimpedance.
fbw: Float. Expected bandwidth (Hz).
pm: Float. Expected phase margin.
ibias: Float. Expected DC bias current.
"""
ibn_fun = db_n.get_function('ibias', env=sim_env)
ibp_fun = db_p.get_function('ibias', env=sim_env)
# Get sweep values (Vg, Vd)
vg_min = 0
vg_max = vdd
vg_vec = np.arange(vg_min, vg_max, vg_res)
nf_n_vec = np.arange(1, 20, 1) # DEBUGGING: Is there a non-brute force way of setting this?
# Find the best operating point
best_ibias = float('inf')
best_op = None
for vg in vg_vec:
vdd_vd_ratio = vdd/vg
#print("\nVD/VG: {}".format(vg))
n_op_info = db_n.query(vgs=vg, vds=vg, vbs=vb_n-0)
p_op_info = db_p.query(vgs=vg-vdd, vds=vg-vdd, vbs=vb_p-vdd)
# Find ratio of fingers to get desired output common mode
ibias_n = n_op_info['ibias']
ibias_p = p_op_info['ibias']
pn_match = abs(ibias_n/ibias_p)
pn_ratio = pn_match/(vdd_vd_ratio - 1) # DEBUGGING: Won't be exact
if pn_ratio == 0:
continue
# Sweep the number of fingers to minimize power
for nf_n in nf_n_vec:
nf_p = int(round(nf_n * pn_ratio))
if nf_p <= 0:
continue
ibias_error = abs(abs(ibias_p)*nf_p-abs(ibias_n)*nf_n)/(abs(ibias_n)*nf_n)
if ibias_error > 0.05:
continue
print("N/P: {}/{} fingers".format(nf_n, nf_p))
# Finding amplifier ss parameters
inv = LTICircuit()
inv.add_transistor(n_op_info, 'out', 'in', 'gnd', fg=nf_n)
inv.add_transistor(p_op_info, 'out', 'in', 'gnd', fg=nf_p)
inv_num, inv_den = inv.get_num_den(in_name='in', out_name='out', in_type='v')
A0 = abs(inv_num[-1]/inv_den[-1])
gds_n = n_op_info['gds'] * nf_n
gm_n = n_op_info['gm'] * nf_n
cgs_n = n_op_info['cgs'] * nf_n
cgd_n = n_op_info['cgd'] * nf_n
cds_n = n_op_info['cds'] * nf_n
cgb_n = n_op_info.get('cgb', 0) * nf_n
cdb_n = n_op_info.get('cdb', 0) * nf_n
cdd_n = n_op_info['cdd'] * nf_n
cgg_n = n_op_info['cgg'] * nf_n
gds_p = p_op_info['gds'] * nf_p
gm_p = p_op_info['gm'] * nf_p
cgs_p = p_op_info['cgs'] * nf_p
cgd_p = p_op_info['cgd'] * nf_p
cds_p = p_op_info['cds'] * nf_p
cgb_p = p_op_info.get('cgb', 0) * nf_p
cdb_p = p_op_info.get('cdb', 0) * nf_p
cdd_p = p_op_info['cdd'] * nf_p
cgg_p = p_op_info['cgg'] * nf_p
gm = abs(gm_n) + abs(gm_p)
gds = abs(gds_n) + abs(gds_p)
ro = 1/gds
cgs = cgs_n + cgs_p
cds = cds_n + cds_p
cgb = cgb_n + cgb_p
cdb = cdb_n + cdb_p
cgd = cgd_n + cgd_p
cdd = cdd_n + cdd_p
cgg = cgg_n + cgg_p
# Assume Rdc is negative, bound Rf
rf_min = max(rdc_min*(1+A0)/A0 + ro/A0, 0)
rf_vec = np.arange(rf_min, rdc_min*5, rf_res)
# Sweep values of Rf to check f3dB and PM spec
for rf in rf_vec:
# Circuit for GBW
circuit = LTICircuit()
circuit.add_transistor(n_op_info, 'out', 'in', 'gnd', fg=nf_n)
circuit.add_transistor(p_op_info, 'out', 'in', 'gnd', fg=nf_p)
circuit.add_res(rf, 'in', 'out')
circuit.add_cap(cpd, 'in', 'gnd')
circuit.add_cap(cload, 'out', 'gnd')
# Determining if it meets spec
num, den = circuit.get_num_den(in_name='in', out_name='out', in_type='i')
rdc = num[-1]/den[-1]
if abs(rdc) < rdc_min-1e-8:
print("RDC: {0:.2f} (FAIL)\n".format(rdc))
continue
else:
print("RDC: {0:.2f}".format(rdc))
fbw = get_w_3db(num, den)/(2*np.pi)
if fbw < fbw_min or isnan(fbw):
print("BW: {} (FAIL)\n".format(fbw))
break # Increasing Rf isn't going to help
else:
print("BW: {}".format(fbw))
# Circuit for phase margin
# miller = (1-gm*rf)/(ro+rf)*ro
circuit2 = LTICircuit()
circuit2.add_conductance(gds, 'out', 'gnd')
circuit2.add_cap(cgg+cpd, 'in', 'gnd')
circuit2.add_cap(cdd+cload, 'out', 'gnd')
circuit2.add_cap(cgd, 'in', 'out')
circuit2.add_res(rf, 'in', 'out')
loopBreak = circuit2.get_transfer_function(in_name='out', out_name='in', in_type='i')
pm, gainm = get_stability_margins(loopBreak.num*gm, loopBreak.den)
if pm < pm_min or isnan(pm):
print("PM: {} (FAIL)\n".format(pm))
continue
else:
print("PM: {}\n".format(pm))
if ibias_n*nf_n < best_ibias:
best_ibias = ibias_n*nf_n
best_op = dict(
vg=vg,
nf_n=nf_n,
nf_p=nf_p,
rf=rf,
rdc=rdc,
fbw=fbw,
pm=pm,
ibias=best_ibias)
if best_op == None:
raise ValueError("No solutions.")
return best_op
def _make_circuit(cls,
env_idx,
gm_db,
load_db,
vtail,
vg,
vmid,
vout,
vbias,
vb_gm,
vb_load,
cload,
cpar1,
w_dict,
th_dict,
stack_dict,
seg_dict,
gz,
neg_cap=False,
no_fb=False):
cur_env = gm_db.env_list[env_idx]
gm_db.set_dsn_params(w=w_dict['tail'],
intent=th_dict['tail'],
stack=stack_dict['tail'])
tail1_params = gm_db.query(env=cur_env,
vbs=0,
vds=vtail - vb_gm,
vgs=vbias - vb_gm)
tail2_params = gm_db.query(env=cur_env,
vbs=0,
vds=vout - vb_gm,
vgs=vbias - vb_gm)
gm_db.set_dsn_params(w=w_dict['in'],
intent=th_dict['in'],
stack=stack_dict['in'])
gm1_params = gm_db.query(env=cur_env,
vbs=vb_gm - vtail,
vds=vmid - vtail,
vgs=vg - vtail)
load_db.set_dsn_params(w=w_dict['load'],
intent=th_dict['load'],
stack=stack_dict['diode'])
diode1_params = load_db.query(env=cur_env,
vbs=0,
vds=vmid - vb_load,
vgs=vmid - vb_load)
diode2_params = load_db.query(env=cur_env,
vbs=0,
vds=vout - vb_load,
vgs=vmid - vb_load)
load_db.set_dsn_params(stack=stack_dict['ngm'])
ngm1_params = load_db.query(env=cur_env,
vbs=0,
vds=vmid - vb_load,
vgs=vmid - vb_load)
ngm2_params = load_db.query(env=cur_env,
vbs=0,
vds=vout - vb_load,
vgs=vmid - vb_load)
cir = LTICircuit()
# stage 1
cir.add_transistor(tail1_params,
'tail',
'gnd',
'gnd',
'gnd',
fg=seg_dict['tail1'],
neg_cap=neg_cap)
cir.add_transistor(gm1_params,
'midp',
'inn',
'tail',
'gnd',
fg=seg_dict['in'],
neg_cap=neg_cap)
cir.add_transistor(gm1_params,
'midn',
'inp',
'tail',
'gnd',
fg=seg_dict['in'],
neg_cap=neg_cap)
cir.add_transistor(diode1_params,
'midp',
'midp',
'gnd',
'gnd',
fg=seg_dict['diode1'],
neg_cap=neg_cap)
cir.add_transistor(diode1_params,
'midn',
'midn',
'gnd',
'gnd',
fg=seg_dict['diode1'],
neg_cap=neg_cap)
cir.add_transistor(ngm1_params,
'midn',
'midp',
'gnd',
'gnd',
fg=seg_dict['ngm1'],
neg_cap=neg_cap)
cir.add_transistor(ngm1_params,
'midp',
'midn',
'gnd',
'gnd',
fg=seg_dict['ngm1'],
neg_cap=neg_cap)
# stage 2
cir.add_transistor(tail2_params,
'outp',
'gnd',
'gnd',
'gnd',
fg=seg_dict['tail2'],
neg_cap=neg_cap)
cir.add_transistor(tail2_params,
'outn',
'gnd',
'gnd',
'gnd',
fg=seg_dict['tail2'],
neg_cap=neg_cap)
cir.add_transistor(diode2_params,
'outp',
'midn',
'gnd',
'gnd',
fg=seg_dict['diode2'],
neg_cap=neg_cap)
cir.add_transistor(diode2_params,
'outn',
'midp',
'gnd',
'gnd',
fg=seg_dict['diode2'],
neg_cap=neg_cap)
cir.add_transistor(ngm2_params,
'outp',
'midn',
'gnd',
'gnd',
fg=seg_dict['ngm2'],
neg_cap=neg_cap)
cir.add_transistor(ngm2_params,
'outn',
'midp',
'gnd',
'gnd',
fg=seg_dict['ngm2'],
neg_cap=neg_cap)
# parasitic cap
cir.add_cap(cpar1, 'midp', 'gnd')
cir.add_cap(cpar1, 'midn', 'gnd')
# load cap
cir.add_cap(cload, 'outp', 'gnd')
cir.add_cap(cload, 'outn', 'gnd')
# feedback resistors
if not no_fb:
cir.add_conductance(gz, 'xp', 'midn')
cir.add_conductance(gz, 'xn', 'midp')
# diff-to-single conversion
cir.add_vcvs(0.5, 'inp', 'gnd', 'in', 'gnd')
cir.add_vcvs(-0.5, 'inn', 'gnd', 'in', 'gnd')
cir.add_vcvs(1, 'out', 'gnd', 'outp', 'outn')
return cir
def design_preamp_chain(db_n,
db_p,
lch,
w_finger,
vdd,
cload,
vin_signal,
vin_shift,
vtail_res,
gain_min,
fbw_min,
vb_p,
vb_n,
itail_max=10e-6,
error_tol=0.01):
"""
Designs a preamplifier to go between the comparator and TIA.
N-input differential pair with an active PMOS load.
Inputs:
db_n/p: Database with NMOS/PMOS info
lch: Float. Channel length (m)
w_finger: Float. Width of a single finger (m)
vdd: Float. Supply voltage (V)
cload: Float. Load capacitance (F)
vin_signal: Float. Input bias voltage (V).
vin_shift: Float. Gate bias voltage for the non-signal-facing input
device (V).
vtail_res: Float. Resolution for tail voltage of amplifying
and offset devices for sweep (V).
gain_min: Float. Minimum gain (V/V)
fbw_min: Float. Minimum bandwidth (Hz)
vb_n/p: Float. Body/back-gate voltage (V) of NMOS and PMOS devices.
itail_max: Float. Max allowable tail current of the main amplifier (A).
error_tol: Float. Fractional tolerance for ibias error when computing
device ratios.
Raises:
ValueError if there is no solution given the requirements.
Outputs:
nf_in: Integer. Number of fingers for input devices.
nf_tail: Integer. Number of fingers for tail device.
nf_load: Integer. Number of fingers for active load devices.
itail: Float. Tail current of main amp (A).
gain: Float. Amp gain (V/V).
fbw: Float. Bandwidth (Hz).
cin: Float. Approximation of input cap (F).
vtail: Float. Tail voltage (V).
"""
vincm = (vin_signal + vin_shift) / 2
voutcm = vincm
best_op = None
best_itail = np.inf
vthn = estimate_vth(db_n, vdd, 0)
vtail_min = 0.15 # TODO: Avoid hardcoding?
vtail_max = vincm
vtail_vec = np.arange(vtail_min, vtail_max, vtail_res)
for vtail in vtail_vec:
print('VTAIL:\t{0}'.format(vtail))
op_tail = db_n.query(vgs=voutcm, vds=vtail, vbs=vb_n)
op_in = db_n.query(vgs=vincm - vtail,
vds=voutcm - vtail,
vbs=vb_n - vtail)
op_load = db_p.query(vgs=voutcm - vdd,
vds=voutcm - vdd,
vbs=vb_p - vdd)
nf_in_min = 2
nf_in_max = min(100, int(round(.5 * itail_max / op_in['ibias'])))
nf_in_vec = np.arange(nf_in_min, nf_in_max, 2)
for nf_in in nf_in_vec:
# Check if those bias points are feasible given the
# device sizing quantization
load_ratio_good, nf_load = verify_ratio(op_in['ibias'],
op_load['ibias'], nf_in,
error_tol)
if not load_ratio_good:
continue
tail_ratio_good, nf_tail_half = verify_ratio(
op_in['ibias'], op_tail['ibias'], nf_in, error_tol)
nf_tail = nf_tail_half * 2
if not tail_ratio_good:
continue
# Check if it's burning more power than previous solutions
itail = op_tail['ibias'] * nf_tail
if itail > best_itail:
break
# Check the half circuit for small signal parameters
half_circuit = LTICircuit()
half_circuit.add_transistor(op_in, 'out', 'in', 'tail', fg=nf_in)
half_circuit.add_transistor(op_load,
'out',
'gnd',
'gnd',
fg=nf_load)
half_circuit.add_transistor(op_tail,
'tail',
'gnd',
'gnd',
fg=nf_tail_half)
half_circuit.add_cap(cload, 'out', 'gnd')
num, den = half_circuit.get_num_den(in_name='in',
out_name='out',
in_type='v')
gain = abs(num[-1] / den[-1])
if gain < gain_min:
print("(FAIL) GAIN:\t{0}".format(gain))
break
wbw = get_w_3db(num, den)
if wbw == None:
wbw = 0
fbw = wbw / (2 * np.pi)
if fbw < fbw_min:
print("(FAIL) BW:\t{0}".format(fbw))
continue
cin = nf_in * (op_in['cgs'] + op_in['cgd'] * (1 + gain))
best_itail = itail
best_op = dict(nf_in=nf_in,
nf_tail=nf_tail,
nf_load=nf_load,
itail=itail,
gain=gain,
fbw=fbw,
vtail=vtail,
cin=cin)
if best_op == None:
raise ValueError("No viable solutions.")
return best_op
def characterize_casc_amp(env_list,
lch,
intent_list,
fg_list,
w_list,
db_list,
vbias_list,
vload_list,
vtail_list,
vmid_list,
vincm,
voutcm,
vdd,
vin_clip,
clip_ratio_min,
cw,
rw,
fanout,
ton,
k_settle_targ,
scale_min=0.25,
scale_max=20):
# compute DC transfer function curve and compute linearity spec
ndb, pdb = db_list[0], db_list[-1]
results = solve_casc_diff_dc(env_list,
ndb,
pdb,
lch,
intent_list,
w_list,
fg_list,
vbias_list,
vload_list,
vtail_list,
vmid_list,
vdd,
vincm,
voutcm,
vin_clip,
clip_ratio_min,
num_points=20)
vmat_list, ratio_list, gain_list = results
# compute settling ratio
fg_tail, fg_in, fg_casc, fg_load = fg_list
db_tail, db_in, db_casc, db_load = db_list
w_tail, w_in, w_casc, w_load = w_list
fzin = 1.0 / (2 * ton)
wzin = 2 * np.pi * fzin
tvec = np.linspace(0, ton, 200, endpoint=True)
scale_list = []
cin_list = []
for env, vbias, vload, vtail, vmid, vmat in zip(env_list, vbias_list,
vload_list, vtail_list,
vmid_list, vmat_list):
# step 1: get half circuit parameters and compute input capacitance
in_par = db_in.query(env=env,
w=w_in,
vbs=-vtail,
vds=vmid - vtail,
vgs=vincm - vtail)
casc_par = db_casc.query(env=env,
w=w_casc,
vbs=-vmid,
vds=voutcm - vmid,
vgs=vdd - vmid)
load_par = db_load.query(env=env,
w=w_load,
vbs=0,
vds=voutcm - vdd,
vgs=vload - vdd)
cir = LTICircuit()
cir.add_transistor(in_par, 'mid', 'in', 'gnd', fg=fg_in)
cir.add_transistor(casc_par, 'out', 'gnd', 'mid', fg=fg_casc)
cir.add_transistor(load_par, 'out', 'gnd', 'gnd', fg=fg_load)
zin = cir.get_impedance('in', fzin)
cin = (1 / zin).imag / wzin
cin_list.append(cin)
# step 3A: construct differential circuit with vin_clip / 2.
vts, vmps, vmns, vops, vons = vmat[-1, :]
vinp = vincm + vin_clip / 4
vinn = vincm - vin_clip / 4
tail_par = db_tail.query(env=env, w=w_tail, vbs=0, vds=vts, vgs=vbias)
inp_par = db_in.query(env=env,
w=w_in,
vbs=-vts,
vds=vmns - vts,
vgs=vinp - vts)
inn_par = db_in.query(env=env,
w=w_in,
vbs=-vts,
vds=vmps - vts,
vgs=vinn - vts)
cascp_par = db_casc.query(env=env,
w=w_casc,
vbs=-vmns,
vds=vons - vmns,
vgs=vdd - vmns)
cascn_par = db_casc.query(env=env,
w=w_casc,
vbs=-vmps,
vds=vops - vmps,
vgs=vdd - vmps)
loadp_par = db_load.query(env=env,
w=w_load,
vbs=0,
vds=vons - vdd,
vgs=vload - vdd)
loadn_par = db_load.query(env=env,
w=w_load,
vbs=0,
vds=vops - vdd,
vgs=vload - vdd)
cir = LTICircuit()
cir.add_transistor(tail_par, 'tail', 'gnd', 'gnd', fg=fg_tail)
cir.add_transistor(inp_par, 'midn', 'inp', 'tail', fg=fg_in)
cir.add_transistor(inn_par, 'midp', 'inn', 'tail', fg=fg_in)
cir.add_transistor(cascp_par, 'dn', 'gnd', 'midn', fg=fg_casc)
cir.add_transistor(cascn_par, 'dp', 'gnd', 'midp', fg=fg_casc)
cir.add_transistor(loadp_par, 'dn', 'gnd', 'gnd', fg=fg_load)
cir.add_transistor(loadn_par, 'dp', 'gnd', 'gnd', fg=fg_load)
cir.add_vcvs(0.5, 'inp', 'gnd', 'inac', 'gnd')
cir.add_vcvs(-0.5, 'inn', 'gnd', 'inac', 'gnd')
# step 3B: compute DC gain
cir.add_vcvs(1, 'dac', 'gnd', 'dp', 'dn')
dc_tf = cir.get_transfer_function('inac', 'dac')
_, gain_vec = dc_tf.freqresp(w=[0.1])
dc_gain = gain_vec[0].real
# step 3C add cap loading
cload = fanout * cin
cir.add_cap(cload, 'outp', 'gnd')
cir.add_cap(cload, 'outn', 'gnd')
cir.add_vcvs(1, 'outac', 'gnd', 'outp', 'outn')
# step 4: find scale factor to achieve k_settle
# noinspection PyUnresolvedReferences
scale_swp = np.arange(scale_min, scale_max, 0.25).tolist()
max_kset = 0
opt_scale = 0
for cur_scale in scale_swp:
# add scaled wired parasitics
cap_cur = cw / 2 / cur_scale
res_cur = rw * cur_scale
cir.add_cap(cap_cur, 'dp', 'gnd')
cir.add_cap(cap_cur, 'dn', 'gnd')
cir.add_cap(cap_cur, 'outp', 'gnd')
cir.add_cap(cap_cur, 'outn', 'gnd')
cir.add_res(res_cur, 'dp', 'outp')
cir.add_res(res_cur, 'dn', 'outn')
# get settling factor
sys = cir.get_state_space('inac', 'outac')
_, yvec = scipy.signal.step(
sys, T=tvec) # type: Tuple[np.ndarray, np.ndarray]
k_settle_cur = yvec[-1] / dc_gain
# print('scale = %.4g, k_settle = %.4g' % (cur_scale, k_settle_cur))
# update next scale factor
if k_settle_cur > max_kset:
max_kset = k_settle_cur
opt_scale = cur_scale
else:
# k_settle is decreasing, break
break
if max_kset >= k_settle_targ:
break
# remove wire parasitics
cir.add_cap(-cap_cur, 'dp', 'gnd')
cir.add_cap(-cap_cur, 'dn', 'gnd')
cir.add_cap(-cap_cur, 'outp', 'gnd')
cir.add_cap(-cap_cur, 'outn', 'gnd')
cir.add_res(-res_cur, 'dp', 'outp')
cir.add_res(-res_cur, 'dn', 'outn')
if max_kset < k_settle_targ:
raise ValueError('%s max kset = %.4g @ scale = %.4g, '
'cannot meet settling time spec.' %
(env, max_kset, opt_scale))
scale_list.append(opt_scale)
return vmat_list, ratio_list, gain_list, scale_list, cin_list
def _get_ss_lti(self, op_dict: Mapping[str, Any],
nf_dict: Mapping[str, int], cload: float):
'''
Inputs:
op_dict: Dictionary of queried database operating points.
nf_dict: Dictionary of number of fingers for devices.
cload: Load capacitance in farads.
Return:
gain: Gain from the input to output in V/V
fbw: 3dB bandwidth in Hz
'''
in_d = 'd' if nf_dict['opp'] > 0 else 'gnd'
ckt = LTICircuit()
ckt.add_cap(cload, 'out', 'gnd')
ckt.add_transistor(op_dict['in'],
in_d,
'in',
'out',
fg=nf_dict['in'],
neg_cap=False)
ckt.add_transistor(op_dict['same'],
'out',
'gnd',
'gnd',
fg=nf_dict['same'],
neg_cap=False)
if nf_dict['opp'] > 0:
ckt.add_transistor(op_dict['opp'],
'd',
'gnd',
'gnd',
fg=nf_dict['opp'],
neg_cap=False)
num, den = ckt.get_num_den(in_name='in', out_name='out', in_type='v')
gain = num[-1] / den[-1]
wbw = get_w_3db(num, den)
if wbw == None:
wbw = 0
fbw = wbw / (2 * np.pi)
return gain, fbw
def design_inv_tia(specs, pch_op_info, nch_op_info, pch_scale):
sim_env = specs['sim_env']
pch_db = specs['pch_db']
nch_db = specs['nch_db']
vgs_res = specs['vgs_res']
vdd = specs['vdd']
isw = specs['isw']
ber_targ = specs['ber']
voff = specs['voff']
snr_like_targ = specs['snr_like']
pmos_noise_scale = specs['pmos_noise_scale']
# rdc_targ = specs['rdc']
noise_const = specs['noise_const']
tper = specs['tper']
f_factor = specs['f_factor']
# f3db_targ = specs['f3db']
f3db_targ = f_factor * 1 / tper
pm_targ = specs['pm']
cin = specs['cin']
cl = specs['cl']
scale_min = specs['scale_min']
scale_max = specs['scale_max']
n_scale = specs['n_scale']
rf_min = specs['rf_min']
rf_max = specs['rf_max']
n_rf = specs['n_rf']
pch_ibias = pch_op_info['ibias']
nch_ibias = nch_op_info['ibias']
gmp = pch_op_info['gm'] * pch_scale
gmn = nch_op_info['gm']
gm_tot = gmp + gmn
gammap = pch_op_info['gamma']
gamman = nch_op_info['gamma']
gdsp = pch_op_info['gds'] * pch_scale
gdsn = nch_op_info['gds']
rop = 1 / gdsp
ron = 1 / gdsn
ro_tot = rop * ron / (rop + ron)
gds_tot = 1 / ro_tot
cgsp = pch_op_info['cgs'] * pch_scale
cgsn = nch_op_info['cgs']
cgs_tot = cgsp + cgsn
cgbp = pch_op_info['cgb'] * pch_scale
cgbn = nch_op_info['cgb']
cgb_tot = cgbp + cgbn
cgdp = pch_op_info['cgd'] * pch_scale
cgdn = nch_op_info['cgd']
cgd_tot = cgdp + cgdn
cggp = pch_op_info['cgg'] * pch_scale
cggn = nch_op_info['cgg']
cgg_tot = cggp + cggn
cdsp = pch_op_info['cds'] * pch_scale
cdsn = nch_op_info['cds']
cds_tot = cdsp + cdsn
cdbp = pch_op_info['cdb'] * pch_scale
cdbn = nch_op_info['cdb']
cdb_tot = cdbp + cdbn
cddp = pch_op_info['cdd'] * pch_scale
cddn = nch_op_info['cdd']
cdd_tot = cddp + cddn
scale_vec = np.linspace(scale_min, scale_max, n_scale)
for scale in scale_vec:
for rf in np.linspace(rf_max, rf_min, n_rf):
# Build circuit
cir = LTICircuit()
cir.add_transistor(pch_op_info,
'out',
'in',
'gnd',
'gnd',
fg=scale * pch_scale)
cir.add_transistor(nch_op_info,
'out',
'in',
'gnd',
'gnd',
fg=scale)
cir.add_res(rf, 'out', 'in')
cir.add_cap(cin, 'in', 'gnd')
cir.add_cap(cl, 'out', 'gnd')
# Get gain/poles/zeros/Bode plot
# Note: any in_type other than 'v' results in current source input
tf = cir.get_transfer_function('in', 'out', in_type='i')
rdc = np.absolute(tf.num[-1] / tf.den[-1])
w3db = get_w_3db(tf.num, tf.den)
f3db = w3db / (2 * np.pi)
if f3db >= f3db_targ:
# Noise
in_gmp = noise_const * gammap * gmp
in_gmn = noise_const * gamman * gmn
in_rf = noise_const / rf
tf_gm = cir.get_transfer_function('out', 'out', in_type='i')
dc_gm = tf_gm.num[-1] / tf_gm.den[-1]
wo2_gm = tf_gm.den[-1] / tf_gm.den[0]
woQ_gm = tf_gm.den[-1] / tf_gm.den[1]
wz_gm = tf_gm.num[-1] / tf_gm.num[0]
von_gmp = pmos_noise_scale * in_gmp * dc_gm**2 * woQ_gm / 4 * (
wo2_gm / wz_gm**2 + 1)
von_gmn = in_gmn * dc_gm**2 * woQ_gm / 4 * (wo2_gm / wz_gm**2 +
1)
cir.add_vccs(1, 'out', 'in', 'vn', 'gnd')
tf_rf = cir.get_transfer_function('vn', 'out', in_type='v')
dc_rf = tf_rf.num[-1] / tf_rf.den[-1]
wo2_rf = tf_rf.den[-1] / tf_rf.den[0]
woQ_rf = tf_rf.den[-1] / tf_rf.den[1]
wz_rf = tf_rf.num[-1] / tf_rf.num[0]
von_rf = in_rf * dc_rf**2 * woQ_rf / 4 * (wo2_rf / wz_rf**2 +
1)
von = von_gmp + von_gmn + von_rf
# Signal
vo = isw * rdc
snr_like = (vo - voff) / np.sqrt(von)
if snr_like >= snr_like_targ:
cin_tot = cin + cgg_tot * scale
cl_tot = cl + cdd_tot * scale
cgd_scaled = cgd_tot * scale
gm_scaled = gm_tot * scale
gds_scaled = gds_tot * scale
# Build open loop circuit for phase margin
cir_open_loop = LTICircuit()
cir_open_loop.add_vccs(gm_scaled, 'out', 'gnd', 'vt',
'gnd') # ***
cir_open_loop.add_conductance(gds_scaled, 'out', 'gnd')
cir_open_loop.add_cap(cl_tot, 'out', 'gnd')
cir_open_loop.add_res(rf, 'out', 'vr')
cir_open_loop.add_cap(cgd_scaled, 'out', 'vr')
cir_open_loop.add_cap(cin_tot, 'vr', 'gnd')
tf_open_loop = cir_open_loop.get_transfer_function(
'vt', 'vr', in_type='v')
pm, gm = get_stability_margins(tf_open_loop.num,
tf_open_loop.den)
pm = pm - 180
if pm >= pm_targ:
ibias = scale * nch_ibias
design = dict(IB=ibias,
Scale=scale,
Rf=rf,
RDC=rdc,
f3dB=f3db,
PM=pm,
Von_Rf=von_rf,
Von_gmp=von_gmp,
Von_gmn=von_gmn,
Von=von,
SNR_Like=snr_like)
return design
def _get_loadreg_lti(self, op_dict, nf_dict, ser_type, amp_in, cload, cdecap_amp, rsource, vout, iout) -> float:
'''
Returns:
loadreg: Load regulation for peak-to-peak load current variation of 20% (V/V)
'''
n_ser = ser_type == 'n'
n_amp = amp_in == 'n'
vdd = 'vdd' if rsource != 0 else 'gnd'
# Supply -> output gain
ckt = LTICircuit()
ser_d = vdd if n_ser else 'reg'
ser_s = 'reg' if n_ser else vdd
inp_conn = 'gnd' if n_ser else 'reg'
inn_conn = 'reg' if n_ser else 'gnd'
tail_rail = 'gnd' if n_amp else vdd
load_rail = vdd if n_amp else 'gnd'
# Passives
if rsource != 0:
ckt.add_res(rsource, 'gnd', 'vdd')
ckt.add_cap(cload, 'reg', 'gnd')
ckt.add_cap(cdecap_amp, 'out', 'reg')
# Series device
ckt.add_transistor(op_dict['ser'], ser_d, 'out', ser_s, fg=nf_dict['ser'], neg_cap=False)
# Amplifier
ckt.add_transistor(op_dict['amp_in'], 'outx', inp_conn, 'tail', fg=nf_dict['amp_in'], neg_cap=False)
ckt.add_transistor(op_dict['amp_in'], 'out', inn_conn, 'tail', fg=nf_dict['amp_in'], neg_cap=False)
ckt.add_transistor(op_dict['amp_tail'], 'tail', 'gnd', tail_rail, fg=nf_dict['amp_tail'], neg_cap=False)
ckt.add_transistor(op_dict['amp_load'], 'outx', 'outx', load_rail, fg=nf_dict['amp_load'], neg_cap=False)
ckt.add_transistor(op_dict['amp_load'], 'out', 'outx', load_rail, fg=nf_dict['amp_load'], neg_cap=False)
num, den = ckt.get_num_den(in_name='reg', out_name='reg', in_type='i')
transimpedance = num[-1]/den[-1]
loadreg = transimpedance*0.2*iout/vout
return loadreg
def _get_stb_lti(self, op_dict, nf_dict, ser_type, amp_in, cload, cdecap_amp, rsource) -> float:
'''
Returns:
pm: Phase margin (degrees)
'''
ckt = LTICircuit()
n_ser = ser_type == 'n'
n_amp = amp_in == 'n'
vdd = 'vdd' if rsource != 0 else 'gnd'
# Series device
ser_d = vdd if n_ser else 'reg'
ser_s = 'reg' if n_ser else vdd
ckt.add_transistor(op_dict['ser'], ser_d, 'out', ser_s, fg=nf_dict['ser'], neg_cap=False)
# Passives
ckt.add_cap(cload, 'reg', 'gnd')
ckt.add_cap(cdecap_amp, 'out', 'reg')
if rsource != 0:
ckt.add_res(rsource, 'gnd', 'vdd')
# Amplifier
tail_rail = 'gnd' if n_amp else vdd
load_rail = vdd if n_amp else 'gnd'
inp_conn = 'gnd' if n_ser else 'amp_in'
inn_conn = 'gnd' if not n_ser else 'amp_in'
ckt.add_transistor(op_dict['amp_in'], 'outx', inp_conn, 'tail', fg=nf_dict['amp_in'], neg_cap=False)
ckt.add_transistor(op_dict['amp_in'], 'out', inn_conn, 'tail', fg=nf_dict['amp_in'], neg_cap=False)
ckt.add_transistor(op_dict['amp_tail'], 'tail', 'gnd', tail_rail, fg=nf_dict['amp_tail'], neg_cap=False)
ckt.add_transistor(op_dict['amp_load'], 'outx', 'outx', load_rail, fg=nf_dict['amp_load'], neg_cap=False)
ckt.add_transistor(op_dict['amp_load'], 'out', 'outx', load_rail, fg=nf_dict['amp_load'], neg_cap=False)
# Calculating stability margins
num, den = ckt.get_num_den(in_name='amp_in', out_name='reg', in_type='v')
pm, _ = get_stability_margins(np.convolve(num, [-1]), den)
return pm
def _get_psrr_lti(self, op_dict, nf_dict, ser_type, amp_in, cload, cdecap_amp, rsource) -> float:
'''
Returns:
psrr: PSRR (dB)
fbw: Power supply -> output 3dB bandwidth (Hz)
'''
n_ser = ser_type == 'n'
n_amp = amp_in == 'n'
# Supply -> output gain
ckt_sup = LTICircuit()
ser_d = 'vdd' if n_ser else 'reg'
ser_s = 'reg' if n_ser else 'vdd'
inp_conn = 'gnd' if n_ser else 'reg'
inn_conn = 'reg' if n_ser else 'gnd'
tail_rail = 'gnd' if n_amp else 'vdd'
load_rail = 'vdd' if n_amp else 'gnd'
# Passives
if rsource != 0:
ckt_sup.add_res(rsource, 'vbat', 'vdd')
ckt_sup.add_cap(cload, 'reg', 'gnd')
ckt_sup.add_cap(cdecap_amp, 'out', 'reg')
# Series device
ckt_sup.add_transistor(op_dict['ser'], ser_d, 'out', ser_s, fg=nf_dict['ser'], neg_cap=False)
# Amplifier
ckt_sup.add_transistor(op_dict['amp_in'], 'outx', inp_conn, 'tail', fg=nf_dict['amp_in'], neg_cap=False)
ckt_sup.add_transistor(op_dict['amp_in'], 'out', inn_conn, 'tail', fg=nf_dict['amp_in'], neg_cap=False)
ckt_sup.add_transistor(op_dict['amp_tail'], 'tail', 'gnd', tail_rail, fg=nf_dict['amp_tail'], neg_cap=False)
ckt_sup.add_transistor(op_dict['amp_load'], 'outx', 'outx', load_rail, fg=nf_dict['amp_load'], neg_cap=False)
ckt_sup.add_transistor(op_dict['amp_load'], 'out', 'outx', load_rail, fg=nf_dict['amp_load'], neg_cap=False)
if rsource == 0:
num_sup, den_sup = ckt_sup.get_num_den(in_name='vdd', out_name='reg', in_type='v')
else:
num_sup, den_sup = ckt_sup.get_num_den(in_name='vbat', out_name='reg', in_type='v')
gain_sup = num_sup[-1]/den_sup[-1]
wbw_sup = get_w_3db(den_sup, num_sup)
if gain_sup == 0:
return float('inf')
if wbw_sup == None:
wbw_sup = 0
fbw_sup = wbw_sup / (2*np.pi)
psrr = 10*np.log10((1/gain_sup)**2)
return psrr, fbw_sup
def _get_loopgain_lti(self, op_dict, nf_dict, ser_type, amp_in, rsource) -> float:
'''
Returns:
A: DC loop gain
'''
ckt = LTICircuit()
n_ser = ser_type == 'n'
n_amp = amp_in == 'n'
vdd = 'vdd' if rsource != 0 else 'gnd'
# Series device
ser_d = vdd if n_ser else 'reg'
ser_s = 'reg' if n_ser else vdd
ckt.add_transistor(op_dict['ser'], ser_d, 'out', ser_s, fg=nf_dict['ser'], neg_cap=True)
# Passives
if rsource != 0:
ckt.add_res(rsource, 'gnd', 'vdd')
# Amplifier
tail_rail = 'gnd' if n_amp else vdd
load_rail = vdd if n_amp else 'gnd'
inp_conn = 'gnd' if n_ser else 'amp_in'
inn_conn = 'gnd' if not n_ser else 'amp_in'
ckt.add_transistor(op_dict['amp_in'], 'outx', inp_conn, 'tail', fg=nf_dict['amp_in'], neg_cap=False)
ckt.add_transistor(op_dict['amp_in'], 'out', inn_conn, 'tail', fg=nf_dict['amp_in'], neg_cap=False)
ckt.add_transistor(op_dict['amp_tail'], 'tail', 'gnd', tail_rail, fg=nf_dict['amp_tail'], neg_cap=False)
ckt.add_transistor(op_dict['amp_load'], 'outx', 'outx', load_rail, fg=nf_dict['amp_load'], neg_cap=False)
ckt.add_transistor(op_dict['amp_load'], 'out', 'outx', load_rail, fg=nf_dict['amp_load'], neg_cap=False)
# Calculating stability margins
num, den = ckt.get_num_den(in_name='amp_in', out_name='reg', in_type='v')
A = num[-1]/den[-1]
return A
def construct_feedback(n_op, p_op, tail_op,
nf_n, nf_p, nf_tail,
cload, cn=165e-15, cp=83e-15, r=70.71e3):
'''
Inputs:
p/n/tail_op: Operating point information for a given device.
NMOS (input), PMOS (active load), or tail device.
nf_n/p/tail: Integer. Number of minimum channel width/length
devices in parallel.
cload: Float. Load capacitance in farads.
cn: Float. Capacitance in farads attached to the negative input
terminal of the amplifier for the filter.
cp: Float. Capacitance in farads attached to the positive input
terminal of the amplifier for the filter.
r: Float. Resistance in ohms used external to the amplifier
for the filter.
Outputs:
Returns the LTICircuit constructed for closed-loop analysis of
the amplifier with the loop broken.
'''
ckt = LTICircuit()
# Left side
ckt.add_transistor(n_op, 'out_copy', 'inp', 'tail', fg=nf_n)
ckt.add_transistor(p_op, 'out_copy', 'out_copy', 'gnd', fg=nf_p)
# Right side
ckt.add_transistor(n_op, 'out', 'inn', 'tail', fg=nf_n)
ckt.add_transistor(p_op, 'out', 'out_copy', 'gnd', fg=nf_p)
# Tail
ckt.add_transistor(tail_op, 'tail', 'gnd', 'gnd', fg=nf_tail)
# Adding additional passives
ckt.add_cap(cload, 'out', 'gnd')
ckt.add_cap(cn, 'inn', 'rmid')
ckt.add_cap(cp, 'inp', 'gnd')
ckt.add_res(r, 'in', 'rmid')
ckt.add_res(r, 'rmid', 'inp')
return ckt
def _get_psrr_lti(self, op_dict, nf_dict, series_type, amp_in, rload,
cload) -> float:
'''
Outputs:
psrr: PSRR (dB)
fbw: Power supply -> output 3dB bandwidth (Hz)
'''
n_ser = series_type == 'n'
n_amp = amp_in == 'n'
# Supply -> output gain
ckt_sup = LTICircuit()
ser_d = 'vdd' if n_ser else 'reg'
ser_s = 'reg' if n_ser else 'vdd'
inp_conn = 'gnd' if n_ser else 'reg'
inn_conn = 'reg' if n_ser else 'gnd'
tail_rail = 'gnd' if n_amp else 'vdd'
load_rail = 'vdd' if n_amp else 'gnd'
ckt_sup.add_transistor(op_dict['ser'],
ser_d,
'out',
ser_s,
fg=nf_dict['ser'],
neg_cap=False)
ckt_sup.add_res(rload, 'reg', 'gnd')
ckt_sup.add_cap(rload, 'reg', 'gnd')
ckt_sup.add_transistor(op_dict['in'],
'outx',
inp_conn,
'tail',
fg=nf_dict['in'],
neg_cap=False)
ckt_sup.add_transistor(op_dict['in'],
'out',
inn_conn,
'tail',
fg=nf_dict['in'],
neg_cap=False)
ckt_sup.add_transistor(op_dict['tail'],
'tail',
'gnd',
tail_rail,
fg=nf_dict['tail'],
neg_cap=False)
ckt_sup.add_transistor(op_dict['load'],
'outx',
'outx',
load_rail,
fg=nf_dict['load'],
neg_cap=False)
ckt_sup.add_transistor(op_dict['load'],
'out',
'outx',
load_rail,
fg=nf_dict['load'],
neg_cap=False)
num_sup, den_sup = ckt_sup.get_num_den(in_name='vdd',
out_name='reg',
in_type='v')
gain_sup = num_sup[-1] / den_sup[-1]
wbw_sup = get_w_3db(num_sup, den_sup)
# Reference -> output gain
# ckt_norm = LTICircuit()
# ser_d = 'gnd' if n_ser else 'reg'
# ser_s = 'reg' if n_ser else 'gnd'
# inp_conn = 'in' if n_ser else 'reg'
# inn_conn = 'reg' if n_ser else 'in'
# ckt_norm.add_transistor(op_dict['ser'], ser_d, 'out', ser_s, fg=nf_dict['ser'], neg_cap=False)
# ckt_norm.add_res(rload, 'reg', 'gnd')
# ckt_norm.add_cap(rload, 'reg', 'gnd')
# ckt_norm.add_transistor(op_dict['in'], 'outx', inp_conn, 'tail', fg=nf_dict['in'], neg_cap=False)
# ckt_norm.add_transistor(op_dict['in'], 'out', inn_conn, 'tail', fg=nf_dict['in'], neg_cap=False)
# ckt_norm.add_transistor(op_dict['tail'], 'tail', 'gnd', 'gnd', fg=nf_dict['tail'], neg_cap=False)
# ckt_norm.add_transistor(op_dict['load'], 'outx', 'outx', 'gnd', fg=nf_dict['load'], neg_cap=False)
# ckt_norm.add_transistor(op_dict['load'], 'out', 'outx', 'gnd', fg=nf_dict['load'], neg_cap=False)
# num_norm, den_norm = ckt_norm.get_num_den(in_name='in', out_name='reg', in_type='v')
# gain_norm = num_norm[-1]/den_norm[-1]
if gain_sup == 0:
return float('inf')
if wbw_sup == None:
wbw_sup = 0
fbw_sup = wbw_sup / (2 * np.pi)
psrr = 10 * np.log10((1 / gain_sup)**2)
return psrr, fbw_sup
def design_inv_tia(specs, pch_op_info, nch_op_info, pch_scale):
sim_env = specs['sim_env']
pch_db = specs['pch_db']
nch_db = specs['nch_db']
vgs_res = specs['vgs_res']
vdd = specs['vdd']
rdc_targ = specs['rdc']
f3db_targ = specs['f3db']
pm_targ = specs['pm']
cin = specs['cin']
cl = specs['cl']
scale_min = specs['scale_min']
scale_max = specs['scale_max']
n_scale = specs['n_scale']
rf_min = specs['rf_min']
rf_max = specs['rf_max']
n_rf = specs['n_rf']
pch_ibias = pch_op_info['ibias']
nch_ibias = nch_op_info['ibias']
gmp = pch_op_info['gm'] * pch_scale
gmn = nch_op_info['gm']
gm_tot = gmp + gmn
gdsp = pch_op_info['gds'] * pch_scale
gdsn = nch_op_info['gds']
rop = 1 / gdsp
ron = 1 / gdsn
ro_tot = rop * ron / (rop + ron)
gds_tot = 1 / ro_tot
cgsp = pch_op_info['cgs'] * pch_scale
cgsn = nch_op_info['cgs']
cgs_tot = cgsp + cgsn
cgbp = pch_op_info['cgb'] * pch_scale
cgbn = nch_op_info['cgb']
cgb_tot = cgbp + cgbn
cgdp = pch_op_info['cgd'] * pch_scale
cgdn = nch_op_info['cgd']
cgd_tot = cgdp + cgdn
cggp = pch_op_info['cgg'] * pch_scale
cggn = nch_op_info['cgg']
cgg_tot = cggp + cggn
cdsp = pch_op_info['cds'] * pch_scale
cdsn = nch_op_info['cds']
cds_tot = cdsp + cdsn
cdbp = pch_op_info['cdb'] * pch_scale
cdbn = nch_op_info['cdb']
cdb_tot = cdbp + cdbn
cddp = pch_op_info['cdd'] * pch_scale
cddn = nch_op_info['cdd']
cdd_tot = cddp + cddn
scale_vec = np.linspace(scale_min, scale_max, n_scale)
for scale in scale_vec:
for rf in np.linspace(rf_min, rf_max, n_rf):
# Build circuit
cir = LTICircuit()
cir.add_transistor(pch_op_info,
'out',
'in',
'gnd',
'gnd',
fg=scale * pch_scale)
cir.add_transistor(nch_op_info,
'out',
'in',
'gnd',
'gnd',
fg=scale)
cir.add_res(rf, 'out', 'in')
cir.add_cap(cin, 'in', 'gnd')
cir.add_cap(cl, 'out', 'gnd')
# Get gain/poles/zeros/Bode plot
# Note: any in_type other than 'v' results in current source input
tf = cir.get_transfer_function('in', 'out', in_type='i')
rdc = np.absolute(tf.num[-1] / tf.den[-1])
w3db = get_w_3db(tf.num, tf.den)
f3db = w3db / (2 * np.pi)
cin_tot = cin + cgg_tot * scale
cl_tot = cl + cdd_tot * scale
cgd_scaled = cgd_tot * scale
gm_scaled = gm_tot * scale
gds_scaled = gds_tot * scale
cir_open_loop = LTICircuit()
cir_open_loop.add_vccs(gm_scaled, 'out', 'gnd', 'vt', 'gnd')
cir_open_loop.add_conductance(gds_scaled, 'out', 'gnd')
cir_open_loop.add_cap(cl_tot, 'out', 'gnd')
cir_open_loop.add_res(rf, 'out', 'vr')
cir_open_loop.add_cap(cgd_scaled, 'out', 'vr')
cir_open_loop.add_cap(cin_tot, 'vr', 'gnd')
tf_open_loop = cir_open_loop.get_transfer_function('vt',
'vr',
in_type='v')
pm, gain_margin = get_stability_margins(tf_open_loop.num,
tf_open_loop.den)
pm = pm - 180
if rdc >= rdc_targ and f3db >= f3db_targ and pm >= pm_targ:
ibias = scale * nch_ibias
design = dict(IB=ibias,
Scale=scale,
Rf=rf,
RDC=rdc,
f3dB=f3db,
PM=pm)
return design
def _get_stb_lti(self, op_dict, nf_dict, series_type, rload,
cload) -> float:
'''
Returns:
pm: Phase margins (in degrees)
'''
ckt = LTICircuit()
n_ser = series_type == 'n'
# Series device
ser_d = 'gnd' if n_ser else 'reg'
ser_s = 'reg' if n_ser else 'gnd'
ckt.add_transistor(op_dict['ser'],
ser_d,
'out',
ser_s,
fg=nf_dict['ser'],
neg_cap=False)
# Load passives
ckt.add_res(rload, 'reg', 'gnd')
ckt.add_cap(rload, 'reg', 'gnd')
# TODO include any compensation passives
# Amplifier
inp_conn = 'gnd' if n_ser else 'in'
inn_conn = 'gnd' if not n_ser else 'in'
ckt.add_transistor(op_dict['in'],
'outx',
inp_conn,
'tail',
fg=nf_dict['in'],
neg_cap=False)
ckt.add_transistor(op_dict['in'],
'out',
inn_conn,
'tail',
fg=nf_dict['in'],
neg_cap=False)
ckt.add_transistor(op_dict['tail'],
'tail',
'gnd',
'gnd',
fg=nf_dict['tail'],
neg_cap=False)
ckt.add_transistor(op_dict['load'],
'outx',
'outx',
'gnd',
fg=nf_dict['load'],
neg_cap=False)
ckt.add_transistor(op_dict['load'],
'out',
'outx',
'gnd',
fg=nf_dict['load'],
neg_cap=False)
# Calculating stability margins
num, den = ckt.get_num_den(in_name='in', out_name='reg', in_type='v')
pm, _ = get_stability_margins(np.convolve(num, [-1]), den)
return pm
def design_load(specs, db, ax_list=None, label=None):
sim_env = specs['sim_env']
vgs_res = specs['vgs_res']
vdd = specs['vdd']
voutcm = specs['voutcm']
vstar_in = specs['vstar_in']
vstar_load = specs['vstar_load']
casc_scale = specs['casc_scale']
vgs_idx = db.get_fun_arg_index('vgs')
vstar_fun = db.get_function('vstar', env=sim_env)
ibias_fun = db.get_function('ibias', env=sim_env)
vgs_min, vgs_max = vstar_fun.get_input_range(vgs_idx)
def zero_fun1(vm, vgs):
arg = db.get_fun_arg(vgs=vgs, vds=vm-vdd, vbs=0)
return (vstar_fun(arg) - vstar_load) * 1e3
def zero_fun2(vc, vm, itarg):
arg = db.get_fun_arg(vgs=vc-vm, vds=voutcm-vm, vbs=vdd-vm)
return (ibias_fun(arg) * casc_scale - itarg) * 1e6
num_pts = int(np.ceil((vgs_max - vgs_min) / vgs_res)) + 1
vgs_list, vds_list, vcasc_list, ibias_list, ro_list = [], [], [], [], []
p1_list, p2_list, gain_list = [], [], []
for vgs_val in np.linspace(vgs_min, vgs_max, num_pts, endpoint=True):
fout1 = zero_fun1(vdd - 5e-3, vgs_val)
fout2 = zero_fun1(voutcm + 5e-3, vgs_val)
if fout1 * fout2 > 0:
continue
vmid = opt.brentq(zero_fun1, voutcm + 5e-3, vdd - 5e-3, args=(vgs_val,))
if vmid + vgs_max <= 0:
continue
barg = db.get_fun_arg(vgs=vgs_val, vds=vmid-vdd, vbs=0)
bot_op = db.query(vbs=0, vds=vmid-vdd, vgs=vgs_val)
ib = bot_op['ibias']
args = (vmid, ib)
fout1 = zero_fun2(vmid + vgs_max, *args)
fout2 = zero_fun2(0, *args)
if fout1 * fout2 > 0:
continue
vcasc = opt.brentq(zero_fun2, 0, vmid + vgs_max, args=args)
top_op = db.query(vbs=vdd-vmid, vds=voutcm-vmid, vgs=vcasc-vmid)
cir = LTICircuit()
cir.add_transistor(bot_op, 'mid', 'gnd', 'gnd', 'gnd', fg=1)
cir.add_transistor(top_op, 'out', 'gnd', 'mid', 'gnd', fg=casc_scale)
cur_tf = cir.get_transfer_function('out', 'out', in_type='i')
ro = cur_tf.num[-1] / cur_tf.den[-1]
p1, p2 = cur_tf.poles
p1, p2 = min(-p1, -p2), max(-p1, -p2)
p2 /= 2 * np.pi
# add approximation from input branch
cpar = 1 / (ro * p1)
p1 = 1 / (2 * np.pi * 2 * cpar * (ro / 4))
cur_gain = 2 * ib / vstar_in * (ro / 4)
vgs_list.append(vgs_val)
vds_list.append(vmid-vdd)
vcasc_list.append(vcasc)
ibias_list.append(ib)
ro_list.append(ro * ib)
p1_list.append(p1)
p2_list.append(p2)
gain_list.append(cur_gain)
if ax_list is not None:
val_list_list = [vds_list, gain_list, p1_list, p2_list]
ylabel_list = ['$V_{DS}$ (V)', 'Gain (V/V)',
'$p_{1o}$ (GHz)', '$p_{2o}$ (GHz)']
sp_list = [1, 1, 1e-9, 1e-9]
for ax, val_list, ylabel, sp in zip(ax_list, val_list_list,
ylabel_list, sp_list):
ax.plot(vgs_list, np.asarray(val_list) * sp, '-o', label=label)
ax.set_ylabel(ylabel)
ax_list[-1].set_xlabel('$V_{GS}$ (V)')
return vgs_list[0], vds_list[0], vcasc_list[0]
def funity_vs_scale2(op_in, op_load, op_tail, cload, phase_margin, fg=2):
s2min = 1
s2max = 40
num_s = 100
cmin = 1e-16
cmax = 1e-9
ctol = 1e-17
cstep = 1e-15
scale_load = op_in['ibias'] / op_load['ibias'] * fg
gfb = op_load['gm'] * scale_load
s2vec = np.linspace(s2min, s2max, num_s).tolist()
f0_list, pm0_list, f1_list, pm1_list, copt_list = [], [], [], [], []
for s2 in s2vec:
cir = LTICircuit()
cir.add_transistor(op_in, 'mid', 'in', 'gnd', 'gnd', fg=fg)
cir.add_transistor(op_load, 'mid', 'gnd', 'gnd', 'gnd', fg=scale_load)
cir.add_transistor(op_load,
'out',
'mid',
'gnd',
'gnd',
fg=scale_load * s2)
cir.add_transistor(op_tail, 'out', 'gnd', 'gnd', 'gnd', fg=fg * s2)
cir.add_cap(cload, 'out', 'gnd')
num, den = cir.get_num_den('in', 'out')
f0_list.append(get_w_crossings(num, den)[0] / (2 * np.pi))
pm0_list.append(get_stability_margins(num, den)[0])
cir.add_conductance(gfb * s2, 'mid', 'x')
copt = opt_cfb(phase_margin, cir, cmin, cmax, cstep, ctol)
if copt is None:
raise ValueError('oops, Cfb is None')
cir.add_cap(copt, 'x', 'out')
num, den = cir.get_num_den('in', 'out')
f1_list.append(get_w_crossings(num, den)[0] / (2 * np.pi))
pm1_list.append(get_stability_margins(num, den)[0])
copt_list.append(copt)
f, (ax0, ax1, ax2) = plt.subplots(3, sharex='all')
ax0.plot(s2vec, np.array(copt_list) * 1e15)
ax0.set_ylabel('Cf (fF)')
ax1.plot(s2vec, pm1_list, label='Cf')
ax1.plot(s2vec, pm0_list, label='no Cf')
ax1.legend()
ax1.set_ylabel('$\phi_{PM}$ (deg)')
ax2.plot(s2vec, np.array(f1_list) * 1e-9, label='Cf')
ax2.plot(s2vec, np.array(f0_list) * 1e-9, label='no Cf')
ax2.legend()
ax2.set_ylabel('$f_{UG}$ (GHz)')
ax2.set_xlabel('$I_2/I_1$')
plt.show()
def design_preamp(db_n,
db_p,
lch,
w_finger,
vdd,
cload,
vin_signal,
vin_shift,
voutcm_res,
vtail_res,
gain_min,
fbw_min,
vb_p,
vb_n,
itail_max=10e-6,
error_tol=.01):
"""
Designs a preamplifier to go between the comparator and TIA.
N-input differential pair with an active PMOS load.
Inputs:
db_n/p: Database with NMOS/PMOS info
lch: Float. Channel length (m)
w_finger: Float. Width of a single finger (m)
vdd: Float. Supply voltage (V)
cload: Float. Load capacitance (F)
vin_signal: Float. Input bias voltage (V).
vin_shift: Float. Gate bias voltage for the non-signal-facing input
device (V).
voutcm_res: Float. Resolution for output common mode voltage sweep
(V).
vtail_res: Float. Resolution for tail voltage of amplifying
and offset devices for sweep (V).
gain_min: Float. Minimum gain (V/V)
fbw_min: Float. Minimum bandwidth (Hz)
vb_n/p: Float. Body/back-gate voltage (V) of NMOS and PMOS devices.
itail_max: Float. Max allowable tail current of the main amplifier (A).
error_tol: Float. Fractional tolerance for ibias error when computing
device ratios.
Raises:
ValueError if there is no solution given the requirements.
Outputs:
nf_in: Integer. Number of fingers for input devices.
nf_tail: Integer. Number of fingers for tail device.
nf_load: Integer. Number of fingers for active load devices.
itail: Float. Tail current of main amp (A).
gain: Float. Amp gain (V/V).
fbw: Float. Bandwidth (Hz).
voutcm: Float. Output common mode voltage (V).
cin: Float. Approximation of input cap (F).
"""
vthn = estimate_vth(db_n, vdd, 0)
vthp = estimate_vth(db_p, vdd, 0, mos_type="pmos")
vincm = (vin_signal + vin_shift) / 2
vstar_min = .15 # TODO: Avoid hardcoding?
vtail_min = vstar_min
vtail_max = vin_signal - vstar_min
vtail_vec = np.arange(vtail_min, vtail_max, vtail_res)
best_op = None
best_itail = np.inf
for vtail in vtail_vec:
voutcm_min = max(vin_signal - vthn, vin_shift - vthn, vtail)
voutcm_max = vdd - vstar_min
voutcm_vec = np.arange(voutcm_min, voutcm_max, voutcm_res)
for voutcm in voutcm_vec:
op_tail = db_n.query(vgs=voutcm, vds=vtail, vbs=vb_n)
# The "mean" of the input and load devices
op_in = db_n.query(vgs=vincm - vtail,
vds=voutcm - vtail,
vbs=vb_n - vtail)
op_load = db_p.query(vgs=vtail - vdd,
vds=voutcm - vdd,
vbs=vb_p - vdd)
# Calculate the max tail size based on current limit
# and size input devices accordingly
nf_in_min = 2
nf_in_max = int(round(itail_max / 2 / op_in['ibias']))
nf_in_vec = np.arange(nf_in_min, nf_in_max, 1)
for nf_in in nf_in_vec:
# Matching device ratios to sink the same amount of current
# given the bias voltages
tail_ratio_good, nf_tail = verify_ratio(
op_in['ibias'] / 2, op_tail['ibias'], nf_in, error_tol)
if not tail_ratio_good:
continue
itail = op_tail['ibias'] * nf_tail
load_ratio_good, nf_load = verify_ratio(
op_in['ibias'], op_load['ibias'], nf_in, error_tol)
if not load_ratio_good:
continue
# Check small signal parameters with symmetric circuit
ckt_sym = LTICircuit()
ckt_sym.add_transistor(op_in, 'outp', 'gnd', 'tail', fg=nf_in)
ckt_sym.add_transistor(op_in, 'outn', 'inp', 'tail', fg=nf_in)
ckt_sym.add_transistor(op_tail,
'tail',
'gnd',
'gnd',
fg=nf_tail)
ckt_sym.add_transistor(op_load,
'outp',
'gnd',
'gnd',
fg=nf_load)
ckt_sym.add_transistor(op_load,
'outn',
'gnd',
'gnd',
fg=nf_load)
ckt_sym.add_cap(cload, 'outp', 'gnd')
ckt_sym.add_cap(cload, 'outn', 'gnd')
num, den = ckt_sym.get_num_den(in_name='inp',
out_name='outn',
in_type='v')
num_unintent, den_unintent = ckt_sym.get_num_den(
in_name='inp', out_name='outp', in_type='v')
gain_intentional = num[-1] / den[-1]
gain_unintentional = num_unintent[-1] / den_unintent[-1]
gain = abs(gain_intentional - gain_unintentional)
wbw = get_w_3db(num, den)
if wbw == None:
wbw = 0
fbw = wbw / (2 * np.pi)
if fbw < fbw_min:
# print("(FAIL) BW:\t{0}".format(fbw))
continue
if gain < gain_min:
# print("(FAIL) GAIN:\t{0}".format(gain))
break
print("(SUCCESS1)")
if itail > best_itail:
break
##############################
if False:
# Check once again with asymmetric circuit
vin_diff = vin_signal - vin_shift
voutn = voutcm - gain * vin_diff / 2
voutp = voutcm + gain * vin_diff / 2
op_signal = db_n.query(vgs=vin_signal - vtail,
vds=voutn - vtail,
vbs=vb_n - vtail)
op_shift = db_n.query(vgs=vin_shift - vtail,
vds=voutp - vtail,
vbs=vb_n - vtail)
op_loadsignal = db_p.query(vgs=vtail - vdd,
vds=voutn - vdd,
vbs=vb_p - vdd)
op_loadshift = db_p.query(vgs=vtail - vdd,
vds=voutp - vdd,
vbs=vb_p - vdd)
ckt = LTICircuit()
ckt.add_transistor(op_shift,
'outp',
'gnd',
'tail',
fg=nf_in)
ckt.add_transistor(op_signal,
'outn',
'inp',
'tail',
fg=nf_in)
ckt.add_transistor(op_tail,
'tail',
'gnd',
'gnd',
fg=nf_tail)
ckt.add_transistor(op_loadsignal, 'outn', 'gnd', 'gnd',
nf_load)
ckt.add_transistor(op_loadshift, 'outp', 'gnd', 'gnd',
nf_load)
ckt.add_cap(cload, 'outn', 'gnd')
ckt.add_cap(cload, 'outp', 'gnd')
num, den = ckt.get_num_den(in_name='inp',
out_name='outn',
in_type='v')
num_unintent, den_unintent = ckt.get_num_den(
in_name='inp', out_name='outp', in_type='v')
gain_intentional = num[-1] / den[-1]
gain_unintentional = num_unintent[-1] / den_unintent[-1]
gain = abs(gain_intentional - gain_unintentional)
wbw = get_w_3db(num, den)
if wbw == None:
wbw = 0
fbw = wbw / (2 * np.pi)
if fbw < fbw_min:
print("(FAIL) BW:\t{0}".format(fbw))
continue
if gain < gain_min:
print("(FAIL) GAIN:\t{0}".format(gain))
break
print("(SUCCESS2)")
################################
op_signal = op_in
if itail < best_itail:
best_itail = itail
best_op = dict(nf_in=nf_in,
nf_tail=nf_tail,
nf_load=nf_load,
itail=itail,
gain=gain,
fbw=fbw,
voutcm=voutcm,
vtail=vtail,
cin=op_signal['cgg'] * nf_in)
if best_op == None:
raise ValueError("No viable solutions.")
return best_op
def tf_vs_cfb(op_in, op_load, op_tail, cload, fg=2):
fvec = np.logspace(6, 11, 1000)
cvec = np.logspace(np.log10(5e-16), np.log10(5e-14), 5).tolist()
scale_load = op_in['ibias'] / op_load['ibias'] * fg
cir = LTICircuit()
cir.add_transistor(op_in, 'mid', 'in', 'gnd', 'gnd', fg=fg)
cir.add_transistor(op_load, 'mid', 'gnd', 'gnd', 'gnd', fg=scale_load)
cir.add_transistor(op_load, 'out', 'mid', 'gnd', 'gnd', fg=scale_load)
cir.add_transistor(op_tail, 'out', 'gnd', 'gnd', 'gnd', fg=fg)
cir.add_cap(cload, 'out', 'gnd')
gfb = op_load['gm'] * scale_load
cir.add_conductance(gfb, 'mid', 'x')
print('fg_in = %d, fg_load=%.3g, rfb = %.4g' % (fg, scale_load, 1 / gfb))
tf_list, lbl_list = [], []
for cval in cvec:
cir.add_cap(cval, 'x', 'out')
tf_list.append(cir.get_num_den('in', 'out'))
cir.add_cap(-cval, 'x', 'out')
lbl_list.append('$C_{f} = %.3g$f' % (cval * 1e15))
plot_tf(fvec, tf_list, lbl_list)
def make_ltickt(self, op_dict: Mapping[str, Any], nf_dict: Mapping[str,
int],
cload: float, rload: float, meas_side: str) -> LTICircuit:
ckt = LTICircuit()
inp_conn = 'gnd' if meas_side == 'n' else 'inp'
inn_conn = 'gnd' if meas_side == 'p' else 'inn'
ckt.add_transistor(op_dict['main_in'],
'main_outn',
inp_conn,
'main_tail',
fg=nf_dict['main_in'])
ckt.add_transistor(op_dict['main_in'],
'main_outp',
inn_conn,
'main_tail',
fg=nf_dict['main_in'])
# ckt.add_transistor(op_dict['main_tail'], 'main_tail', 'cmfb_outp', 'gnd', fg=nf_dict['main_tail'])
ckt.add_transistor(op_dict['main_tail'],
'main_tail',
'gnd',
'gnd',
fg=nf_dict['main_tail'])
ckt.add_res(rload, 'main_outn', 'gnd')
ckt.add_res(rload, 'main_outp', 'gnd')
ckt.add_cap(cload, 'main_outn', 'gnd')
ckt.add_cap(cload, 'main_outp', 'gnd')
# ckt.add_transistor(op_dict['cmfb_in'], 'cmfb_out1n', 'gnd', 'cmfb_tail', fg=nf_dict['cmfb_in']*2)
# ckt.add_transistor(op_dict['cmfb_in'], 'cmfb_out1p', 'main_outn', 'cmfb_tail', fg=nf_dict['cmfb_in'])
# ckt.add_transistor(op_dict['cmfb_in'], 'cmfb_out1p', 'main_outp', 'cmfb_tail', fg=nf_dict['cmfb_in'])
# ckt.add_transistor(op_dict['cmfb_tail'], 'cmfb_tail', 'gnd', 'gnd', fg=nf_dict['cmfb_tail'])
# ckt.add_transistor(op_dict['cmfb_load'], 'cmfb_out1n', 'cmfb_out1n', 'gnd', fg=nf_dict['cmfb_load'])
# ckt.add_transistor(op_dict['cmfb_load'], 'cmfb_out1p', 'cmfb_out1p', 'gnd', fg=nf_dict['cmfb_load'])
# ckt.add_transistor(op_dict['cmfb_load_copy'], 'cmfb_outp', 'cmfb_out1n', 'gnd', fg=nf_dict['cmfb_load_copy'])
# ckt.add_transistor(op_dict['cmfb_load_copy'], 'cmfb_outn', 'cmfb_out1p', 'gnd', fg=nf_dict['cmfb_load_copy'])
# ckt.add_transistor(op_dict['cmfb_out'], 'cmfb_outp', 'cmfb_outp', 'gnd', fg=nf_dict['cmfb_out'])
# ckt.add_transistor(op_dict['cmfb_out'], 'cmfb_outn', 'cmfb_outn', 'gnd', fg=nf_dict['cmfb_out'])
# assert False, 'blep'
# ckt.add_transistor(op_dict['cmfb_in'], 'cmfb_outn', 'gnd', 'cmfb_tail', fg=nf_dict['cmfb_in']*2, neg_cap=False)
# ckt.add_transistor(op_dict['cmfb_in'], 'cmfb_outp', 'main_outn', 'cmfb_tail', fg=nf_dict['cmfb_in'], neg_cap=False)
# ckt.add_transistor(op_dict['cmfb_in'], 'cmfb_outp', 'main_outp', 'cmfb_tail', fg=nf_dict['cmfb_in'], neg_cap=False)
# ckt.add_transistor(op_dict['cmfb_tail'], 'cmfb_tail', 'gnd', 'gnd', fg=nf_dict['cmfb_tail'], neg_cap=False)
# ckt.add_transistor(op_dict['cmfb_out'], 'cmfb_outn', 'cmfb_outn', 'gnd', fg=nf_dict['cmfb_out'], neg_cap=False)
# ckt.add_transistor(op_dict['cmfb_out'], 'cmfb_outp', 'cmfb_outp', 'gnd', fg=nf_dict['cmfb_out'], neg_cap=False)
return ckt
def make_ltickt(self, op_dict:Mapping[str,Any], nf_dict:Mapping[str,int],
cload:float, opp_drain_conn:Mapping[str,str],
meas_side:str) -> LTICircuit:
'''
Constructs and LTICircuit for the amplifier.
Input dictionary keys must include:
in
tail
same_outer
same_inner
opp_inner
opp_outer
Inputs:
op_dict: Dictionary of queried database operating points.
nf_dict: Dictionary of number of fingers for devices.
cload: Load capacitance in farads.
meas_side: p = only p-input connected (n-input is held at AC ground); n = only n-input
connected (p-input is held at AC ground); anything else = both inputs are
connected to AC inputs
Output:
LTICircuit object of this amplifier with inputs as inp and/or inn, output as out.
'''
def conv_drain_conn(d_conn):
return d_conn.replace('G', 'g').replace('D', 'd').replace('N', '').replace('P', '').replace('<', '').replace('>', '')
diode_inner = opp_drain_conn[1] in ('GN<1>', 'GP<1>')
diode_outer = opp_drain_conn[0] in ('GN<0>', 'GP<0>')
highswing_outer = opp_drain_conn[1] in ('GN<0>', 'GP<0>')
opp_drain_conn_conv = [conv_drain_conn(d_conn) for d_conn in opp_drain_conn]
ckt = LTICircuit()
# Input pair
inp_conn = 'gnd' if meas_side=='n' else 'inp'
inn_conn = 'gnd' if meas_side=='p' else 'inn'
ckt.add_transistor(op_dict['in'], 'out1n', inp_conn, 'tail', fg=nf_dict['in'], neg_cap=False)
ckt.add_transistor(op_dict['in'], 'out1p', inn_conn, 'tail', fg=nf_dict['in'], neg_cap=False)
# Tail
ckt.add_transistor(op_dict['tail'], 'tail', 'gnd', 'gnd', fg=nf_dict['tail'], neg_cap=False)
# Outer "same"-side cascode devices
ckt.add_transistor(op_dict['same_outer'], 'out1n', 'gnd', 'gnd', fg=nf_dict['same_outer'], neg_cap=False)
ckt.add_transistor(op_dict['same_outer'], 'out1p', 'gnd', 'gnd', fg=nf_dict['same_outer'], neg_cap=False)
# Inner "same"-side cascode devices
d_inner = 'g0' if highswing_outer else 'g1' if diode_inner else 'outx'
ckt.add_transistor(op_dict['same_inner'], d_inner, 'gnd', 'out1n', fg=nf_dict['same_inner'], neg_cap=False)
ckt.add_transistor(op_dict['same_inner'], 'out', 'gnd', 'out1p', fg=nf_dict['same_inner'], neg_cap=False)
# Inner "opposite" side cascode devices
g_inner = 'g0' if (highswing_outer and diode_inner) else 'g1' if diode_inner else 'gnd'
g_outer = 'g0' if (highswing_outer or diode_inner) else 'gnd'
d_outer = 'g0' if diode_outer else 'd0'
ckt.add_transistor(op_dict['opp_inner'], d_inner, g_inner, d_outer, fg=nf_dict['opp_inner'], neg_cap=False)
ckt.add_transistor(op_dict['opp_inner'], 'out', g_inner, f'{d_outer}x', fg=nf_dict['opp_inner'], neg_cap=False)
# Inner "opposite" side cascode devices
ckt.add_transistor(op_dict['opp_outer'], d_outer, g_outer, 'gnd', fg=nf_dict['opp_outer'], neg_cap=False)
ckt.add_transistor(op_dict['opp_outer'], f'{d_outer}x', g_outer, 'gnd', fg=nf_dict['opp_outer'], neg_cap=False)
# Load
ckt.add_cap(cload, 'out', 'gnd')
return ckt
def make_ltickt(self, op_dict:Mapping[str,Any], nf_dict:Mapping[str,int],
cload:float, meas_side:str) -> LTICircuit:
inn_conn = 'gnd' if meas_side=='p' else 'inn'
inp_conn = 'gnd' if meas_side=='n' else 'inp'
ckt = LTICircuit()
ckt.add_transistor(op_dict['tail'], 'tail', 'gnd', 'gnd', fg=nf_dict['tail'])
ckt.add_transistor(op_dict['in'], 'out', inn_conn, 'tail', fg=nf_dict['in'])
ckt.add_transistor(op_dict['in'], 'outx', inp_conn, 'tail', fg=nf_dict['in'])
ckt.add_transistor(op_dict['load'], 'outx', 'outx', 'gnd', fg=nf_dict['load'])
ckt.add_transistor(op_dict['load'], 'out', 'outx', 'gnd', fg=nf_dict['load'])
ckt.add_cap(cload, 'out', 'gnd')
return ckt
def design_amp(specs, in_op, nbot_op, ntop_op, pbot_op, ptop_op):
casc_nscale = specs['casc_nscale']
casc_pscale = specs['casc_pscale']
nbot_fg = 2
ibias = nbot_op['ibias']
ntop_fg = casc_nscale
pbot_fg = ibias / pbot_op['ibias']
ptop_fg = pbot_fg * casc_pscale
in_fg = ibias / in_op['ibias']
scale = 3
cir = LTICircuit()
cir.add_transistor(in_op, 'x', 'in', 'gnd', 'gnd', fg=in_fg * scale)
cir.add_transistor(nbot_op, 'x', 'gnd', 'gnd', 'gnd', fg=nbot_fg * scale)
cir.add_transistor(ntop_op, 'out', 'gnd', 'x', 'gnd', fg=ntop_fg * scale)
cir.add_transistor(ptop_op, 'out', 'gnd', 'm', 'gnd', fg=ptop_fg * scale)
cir.add_transistor(pbot_op, 'm', 'gnd', 'gnd', 'gnd', fg=pbot_fg * scale)
cir.add_cap(20e-15 * scale, 'out', 'gnd')
cur_tf = cir.get_transfer_function('in', 'out', in_type='v')
gain = cur_tf.num[-1] / cur_tf.den[-1]
p1, p2, p3 = sorted(-cur_tf.poles)
p1 /= 2 * np.pi
p2 /= 2 * np.pi
p3 /= 2 * np.pi
for name, op, fg in [('in', in_op, in_fg), ('nbot', nbot_op, nbot_fg),
('ntop', ntop_op, ntop_fg),
('ptop', ptop_op, ptop_fg),
('pbot', pbot_op, pbot_fg)]:
print('%s fg : \t%.3g' % (name, fg * scale))
for val in ('gm', 'gds', 'gb', 'ibias'):
if val in op:
print('%s %s : \t%.6g' % (name, val, op[val] * scale * fg))
print('vtail: %.6g' % (specs['vincm'] - in_op['vgs']))
print('vmidn: %.6g' % (nbot_op['vds']))
print('vmidp: %.6g' % (specs['vdd'] + pbot_op['vds']))
print('vb1: %.6g' % (specs['vdd'] + pbot_op['vgs']))
print('vb2: %.6g' % (specs['vdd'] + pbot_op['vds'] + ptop_op['vgs']))
print('vb3: %.6g' % (nbot_op['vds'] + ntop_op['vgs']))
print('vb4: %.6g' % (nbot_op['vgs']))
print(gain, p1 / 1e9, p2 / 1e9, p3 / 1e9, nbot_fg * ibias)
def characterize_casc_amp(env_list,
fg_list,
w_list,
db_list,
vbias_list,
vload_list,
vtail_list,
vmid_list,
vcm,
vdd,
vin_max,
cw,
rw,
fanout,
ton,
k_settle_targ,
verr_max,
scale_res=0.1,
scale_min=0.25,
scale_max=20):
# compute DC transfer function curve and compute linearity spec
results = solve_casc_diff_dc(env_list,
db_list,
w_list,
fg_list,
vbias_list,
vload_list,
vtail_list,
vmid_list,
vdd,
vcm,
vin_max,
verr_max,
num_points=20)
vin_vec, vmat_list, verr_list, gain_list = results
# compute settling ratio
fg_in, fg_casc, fg_load = fg_list[1:]
db_in, db_casc, db_load = db_list[1:]
w_in, w_casc, w_load = w_list[1:]
fzin = 1.0 / (2 * ton)
wzin = 2 * np.pi * fzin
tvec = np.linspace(0, ton, 200, endpoint=True)
scale_list = []
for env, vload, vtail, vmid in zip(env_list, vload_list, vtail_list,
vmid_list):
# step 1: construct half circuit
in_params = db_in.query(env=env,
w=w_in,
vbs=-vtail,
vds=vmid - vtail,
vgs=vcm - vtail)
casc_params = db_casc.query(env=env,
w=w_casc,
vbs=-vmid,
vds=vcm - vmid,
vgs=vdd - vmid)
load_params = db_load.query(env=env,
w=w_load,
vbs=0,
vds=vcm - vdd,
vgs=vload - vdd)
circuit = LTICircuit()
circuit.add_transistor(in_params, 'mid', 'in', 'gnd', fg=fg_in)
circuit.add_transistor(casc_params, 'd', 'gnd', 'mid', fg=fg_casc)
circuit.add_transistor(load_params, 'd', 'gnd', 'gnd', fg=fg_load)
# step 2: get input capacitance
zin = circuit.get_impedance('in', fzin)
cin = (1 / zin).imag / wzin
circuit.add_cap(cin * fanout, 'out', 'gnd')
# step 3: find scale factor to achieve k_settle
bin_iter = BinaryIterator(scale_min,
None,
step=scale_res,
is_float=True)
while bin_iter.has_next():
# add scaled wired parasitics
cur_scale = bin_iter.get_next()
cap_cur = cw / 2 / cur_scale
res_cur = rw * cur_scale
circuit.add_cap(cap_cur, 'd', 'gnd')
circuit.add_cap(cap_cur, 'out', 'gnd')
circuit.add_res(res_cur, 'd', 'out')
# get settling factor
sys = circuit.get_voltage_gain_system('in', 'out')
dc_gain = sys.freqresp(w=np.array([0.1]))[1][0]
sgn = 1 if dc_gain.real >= 0 else -1
dc_gain = abs(dc_gain)
_, yvec = scipy.signal.step(
sys, T=tvec) # type: Tuple[np.ndarray, np.ndarray]
k_settle_cur = 1 - abs(yvec[-1] - sgn * dc_gain) / dc_gain
print('scale = %.4g, k_settle = %.4g' % (cur_scale, k_settle_cur))
# update next scale factor
if k_settle_cur >= k_settle_targ:
print('save scale = %.4g' % cur_scale)
bin_iter.save()
bin_iter.down()
else:
if cur_scale > scale_max:
raise ValueError(
'cannot meet settling time spec at scale = %d' %
cur_scale)
bin_iter.up()
# remove wire parasitics
circuit.add_cap(-cap_cur, 'd', 'gnd')
circuit.add_cap(-cap_cur, 'out', 'gnd')
circuit.add_res(-res_cur, 'd', 'out')
scale_list.append(bin_iter.get_last_save())
return vmat_list, verr_list, gain_list, scale_list
def construct_openLoop(n_op, p_op, tail_op,
nf_n, nf_p, nf_tail,
cload):
'''
Inputs:
p/n/tail_op: Operating point information for a given device.
NMOS (input), PMOS (active load), or tail device.
nf_n/p/tail: Integer. Number of minimum channel width/length
devices in parallel.
cload: Float. Load capacitance in farads.
Outputs:
Returns the LTICircuit constructed for open loop analysis of
the amplifier.
'''
ckt = LTICircuit()
# Left side
ckt.add_transistor(n_op, 'out_copy', 'in', 'tail', fg=nf_n)
ckt.add_transistor(p_op, 'out_copy', 'out_copy', 'gnd', fg=nf_p)
# Right side
ckt.add_transistor(n_op, 'out', 'gnd', 'tail', fg=nf_n)
ckt.add_transistor(p_op, 'out', 'out_copy', 'gnd', fg=nf_p)
# Tail
ckt.add_transistor(tail_op, 'tail', 'gnd', 'gnd', fg=nf_tail)
# Adding additional load
ckt.add_cap(cload, 'out', 'gnd')
return ckt
def meet_spec(self, **params) -> List[Mapping[str, Any]]:
"""To be overridden by subclasses to design this module.
Raises a ValueError if there is no solution.
"""
### Get DBs for each device
specfile_dict = params['specfile_dict']
in_type = params['in_type']
l_dict = params['l_dict']
th_dict = params['th_dict']
sim_env = params['sim_env']
# Databases
db_dict = {
k: get_mos_db(spec_file=specfile_dict[k],
intent=th_dict[k],
lch=l_dict[k],
sim_env=sim_env)
for k in specfile_dict.keys()
}
### Design devices
vdd = params['vdd']
vincm = params['vincm']
cload = params['cload']
gain_min, gain_max = params['gain_lim']
fbw_min = params['fbw']
ibias_max = params['ibias']
optional_params = params['optional_params']
# Pulling out optional parameters
vstar_min = optional_params.get('vstar_min', 0.2)
res_vstep = optional_params.get('res_vstep', 10e-3)
error_tol = optional_params.get('error_tol', 0.01)
n_in = in_type == 'n'
# Estimate threshold of each device
vtest = vdd / 2 if n_in else -vdd / 2
vb = 0 if n_in else vdd
vth_in = estimate_vth(is_nch=n_in,
vgs=vtest,
vbs=0,
db=db_dict['in'],
lch=l_dict['in'])
vth_tail = estimate_vth(is_nch=n_in,
vgs=vtest,
vbs=0,
db=db_dict['tail'],
lch=l_dict['tail'])
# Keeping track of operating points which work for future comparison
viable_op_list = []
# Sweep tail voltage
vtail_min = vstar_min if n_in else vincm - vth_in
vtail_max = vincm - vth_in if n_in else vdd - vstar_min
vtail_vec = np.arange(vtail_min, vtail_max, res_vstep)
print(f'Sweeping tail from {vtail_min} to {vtail_max}')
for vtail in vtail_vec:
voutcm_min = vincm - vth_in if n_in else 0
voutcm_max = vdd if n_in else vincm - vth_in
voutcm = optional_params.get('voutcm', None)
if voutcm == None:
voutcm_vec = np.arange(voutcm_min, voutcm_max, res_vstep)
else:
voutcm_vec = [voutcm]
# Sweep output common mode
for voutcm in voutcm_vec:
in_op = db_dict['in'].query(vgs=vincm - vtail,
vds=voutcm - vtail,
vbs=vb - vtail)
ibias_min = 2 * in_op['ibias']
# Step input device size (integer steps)
nf_in_max = int(round(ibias_max / ibias_min))
nf_in_vec = np.arange(2, nf_in_max, 2)
for nf_in in nf_in_vec:
ibias = ibias_min * nf_in
ibranch = ibias / 2
res_val = (vdd -
voutcm) / ibranch if n_in else voutcm / ibranch
# Check gain, bandwidth
ckt_half = LTICircuit()
ckt_half.add_transistor(in_op,
'out',
'in',
'gnd',
fg=nf_in,
neg_cap=False)
ckt_half.add_res(res_val, 'out', 'gnd')
ckt_half.add_cap(cload, 'out', 'gnd')
num, den = ckt_half.get_num_den(in_name='in',
out_name='out',
in_type='v')
gain = -(num[-1] / den[-1])
wbw = get_w_3db(num, den)
if wbw == None:
wbw = 0
fbw = wbw / (2 * np.pi)
if gain < gain_min or gain > gain_max:
print(f'gain: {gain}')
break
if fbw < fbw_min:
print(f'fbw: {fbw}')
continue
# Design tail to current match
vgtail_min = vth_tail + vstar_min if n_in else vtail + vth_tail
vgtail_max = vtail + vth_tail if n_in else vdd + vth_tail - vstar_min
vgtail_vec = np.arange(vgtail_min, vgtail_max, res_vstep)
print(f'vgtail {vgtail_min} to {vgtail_max}')
for vgtail in vgtail_vec:
tail_op = db_dict['tail'].query(vgs=vgtail - vb,
vds=vtail - vb,
vbs=0)
tail_success, nf_tail = verify_ratio(
in_op['ibias'] * 2, tail_op['ibias'], nf_in,
error_tol)
if not tail_success:
print('tail match')
continue
viable_op = dict(nf_in=nf_in,
nf_tail=nf_tail,
res_val=res_val,
voutcm=voutcm,
vgtail=vgtail,
gain=gain,
fbw=fbw,
vtail=vtail,
ibias=tail_op['ibias'] * nf_tail,
cmfb_cload=tail_op['cgg'] * nf_tail)
viable_op_list.append(viable_op)
print("\n(SUCCESS)")
print(viable_op)
self.other_params = dict(
in_type=in_type,
l_dict=l_dict,
w_dict={k: db.width_list[0]
for k, db in db_dict.items()},
th_dict=th_dict)
# assert False, 'blep'
return viable_op_list
def design_TIA_inverter(db_n,
db_p,
sim_env,
vg_res,
rf_res,
vdd_nom,
vdd_vec,
cpd,
cload,
rdc_min,
fbw_min,
pm_min,
BER_max,
vos,
isw_pkpk,
vb_n,
vb_p,
error_tol=0.05,
ibias_max=20e-6):
"""
Designs a transimpedance amplifier with an inverter amplifier
in resistive feedback. Uses the LTICircuit functionality.
Inputs:
db_n/p: Databases for NMOS and PMOS device characterization data,
respectively.
sim_env: Simulation corner.
vg_res: Float. Step resolution in volts when sweeping gate voltage.
rf_res: Float. Step resolution in ohms when sweeping feedback
resistance.
vdd_nom: Float. Nominal supply voltage in volts.
vdd_vec: Collection of floats. Elements should include the min and
max supply voltage in volts.
cpd: Float. Input parasitic capacitance in farads.
cload: Float. Output load capacitance in farads.
rdc_min: Float. Minimum DC transimpedance in ohms.
fbw_min: Float. Minimum bandwidth (Hz).
pm_min: Float. Minimum phase margin in degrees.
BER_max: Float. Maximum allowable bit error rate (as a fraction).
vos: Float. Input-referred DC offset for any subsequent
comparator stage as seen at the output
of the TIA.
isw_pkpk: Float. Input current peak-to-peak swing in amperes.
vb_n/p: Float. Back-gate/body voltage (V) of NMOS and PMOS,
respectively.
error_tol: Float. Fractional tolerance for ibias error when computing
the p-to-n ratio.
ibias_max: Float. Maximum bias current (A) allowed.
Raises:
ValueError: If unable to meet the specification requirements.
Outputs:
A dictionary with the following key:value pairings:
vg: Float. Input bias voltage.
nf_n: Integer. NMOS number of channel fingers.
nf_p: Integer. PMOS number of channel fingers.
rf: Float. Value of feedback resistor.
rdc: Float. Expected DC transimpedance.
fbw: Float. Expected bandwidth (Hz).
pm: Float. Expected phase margin.
ibias: Float. Expected DC bias current.
"""
# Finds all possible designs for one value of VDD, then
# confirm which work with all other VDD values.
possibilities = []
vg_vec = np.arange(0, vdd_nom, vg_res)
for vg in vg_vec:
print("VIN:\t{0}".format(vg))
n_op_info = db_n.query(vgs=vg, vds=vg, vbs=vb_n - 0)
p_op_info = db_p.query(vgs=vg - vdd_nom,
vds=vg - vdd_nom,
vbs=vb_p - vdd_nom)
if np.isinf(ibias_max):
nf_n_max = 200
else:
nf_n_max = int(round(ibias_max / n_op_info['ibias']))
nf_n_vec = np.arange(1, nf_n_max, 1)
for nf_n in nf_n_vec:
# Number of fingers can only be integer,
# so increase as necessary until you get
# sufficiently accurate/precise bias + current match
ratio_good, nf_p = verify_ratio(n_op_info['ibias'],
p_op_info['ibias'], nf_n,
error_tol)
if not ratio_good:
continue
# Getting small signal parameters to constrain Rf
inv = LTICircuit()
inv.add_transistor(n_op_info, 'out', 'in', 'gnd', fg=nf_n)
inv.add_transistor(p_op_info, 'out', 'in', 'gnd', fg=nf_p)
inv_num, inv_den = inv.get_num_den(in_name='in',
out_name='out',
in_type='v')
A0 = abs(inv_num[-1] / inv_den[-1])
gds_n = n_op_info['gds'] * nf_n
gds_p = p_op_info['gds'] * nf_p
gds = abs(gds_n) + abs(gds_p)
ro = 1 / gds
# Assume Rdc is negative, bound Rf
rf_min = max(rdc_min * (1 + A0) / A0 + ro / A0, 0)
rf_vec = np.arange(rf_min, rdc_min * 2, rf_res)
for rf in rf_vec:
# With all parameters, check if it meets small signal spec
meets_SS, SS_vals = verify_TIA_inverter_SS(
n_op_info, p_op_info, nf_n, nf_p, rf, cpd, cload, rdc_min,
fbw_min, pm_min)
# With all parameters, estimate if it will meet noise spec
meets_noise, BER = verify_TIA_inverter_BER(
n_op_info, p_op_info, nf_n, nf_p, rf, cpd, cload, BER_max,
vos, isw_pkpk)
meets_spec = meets_SS # and meets_noise
# If it meets small signal spec, append it to the list
# of possibilities
if meets_spec:
possibilities.append(
dict(vg=vg,
vdd=vdd_nom,
nf_n=nf_n,
nf_p=nf_p,
rf=rf,
rdc=SS_vals['rdc'],
fbw=SS_vals['fbw'],
pm=SS_vals['pm'],
ibias=ibias_n,
BER=BER))
elif SS_vals['fbw'] != None and SS_vals['fbw'] < fbw_min:
# Increasing resistor size won't help bandwidth
break
# Go through all possibilities which work at the nominal voltage
# and ensure functionality at other bias voltages
# Remove any nonviable options
print("{0} working at nominal VDD".format(len(possibilities)))
for candidate in possibilities:
nf_n = candidate['nf_n']
nf_p = candidate['nf_p']
rf = candidate['rf']
for vdd in vdd_vec:
new_op_dict = vary_supply(vdd, db_n, db_p, nf_n, nf_p, vb_n, vb_p)
vg = new_op_dict['vb']
n_op = new_op_dict['n_op']
p_op = new_op_dict['p_op']
# Confirm small signal spec is met
meets_SS, scratch = verify_TIA_inverter_SS(n_op, p_op, nf_n, nf_p,
rf, cpd, cload, rdc_min,
fbw_min, pm_min)
# Confirm noise spec is met
meets_noise, BER = verify_TIA_inverter_BER(n_op, p_op, nf_n, nf_p,
rf, cpd, cload, BER_max,
vos, isw_pkpk)
meets_spec = meets_SS # and meets_noise
if not meets_spec:
possibilities.remove(candidate)
break
# Of the remaining possibilities, check for lowest power.
# If there are none, raise a ValueError.
if len(possibilities) == 0:
raise ValueError("No final viable solutions")
print("{0} working at all VDD".format(len(possibilities)))
best_op = possibilities[0]
for candidate in possibilities:
best_op = choose_op_comparison(best_op, candidate)
return best_op