Пример #1
0
 def from_snapshot(cls, snapshot_data, env, executing_on_head=False):
     state = State(env=env)
     if "alloc" in snapshot_data:
         for addr, data in snapshot_data["alloc"].items():
             if len(addr) == 40:
                 addr = decode_hex(addr)
             assert len(addr) == 20
             if 'wei' in data:
                 state.set_balance(addr, parse_as_int(data['wei']))
             if 'balance' in data:
                 state.set_balance(addr, parse_as_int(data['balance']))
             if 'code' in data:
                 state.set_code(addr, parse_as_bin(data['code']))
             if 'nonce' in data:
                 state.set_nonce(addr, parse_as_int(data['nonce']))
             if 'storage' in data:
                 for k, v in data['storage'].items():
                     state.set_storage_data(
                         addr, big_endian_to_int(parse_as_bin(k)),
                         big_endian_to_int(parse_as_bin(v)))
     elif "state_root" in snapshot_data:
         state.trie.root_hash = parse_as_bin(snapshot_data["state_root"])
     else:
         raise Exception(
             "Must specify either alloc or state root parameter")
     for k, default in STATE_DEFAULTS.items():
         default = copy.copy(default)
         v = snapshot_data[k] if k in snapshot_data else None
         if is_numeric(default):
             setattr(state, k,
                     parse_as_int(v) if k in snapshot_data else default)
         elif is_string(default):
             setattr(state, k,
                     parse_as_bin(v) if k in snapshot_data else default)
         elif k == 'prev_headers':
             if k in snapshot_data:
                 headers = [dict_to_prev_header(h) for h in v]
             else:
                 headers = default
             setattr(state, k, headers)
         elif k == 'recent_uncles':
             if k in snapshot_data:
                 uncles = {}
                 for height, _uncles in v.items():
                     uncles[int(height)] = []
                     for uncle in _uncles:
                         uncles[int(height)].append(parse_as_bin(uncle))
             else:
                 uncles = default
             setattr(state, k, uncles)
     if executing_on_head:
         state.executing_on_head = True
     state.commit()
     state.changed = {}
     return state
Пример #2
0
    def update(self, key, value):
        """
        :param key: a string
        :value: a string
        """
        if not is_string(key):
            raise Exception("Key must be string")

        # if len(key) > 32:
        #     raise Exception("Max key length is 32")

        if not is_string(value):
            raise Exception("Value must be string")

        # if value == '':
        #     return self.delete(key)
        old_root = copy.deepcopy(self.root_node)
        self.root_node = self._update_and_delete_storage(
            self.root_node, bin_to_nibbles(to_string(key)), to_string(value))
        self.replace_root_hash(old_root, self.root_node)
Пример #3
0
 def set_root_hash(self, root_hash):
     assert is_string(root_hash)
     assert len(root_hash) in [0, 32]
     if self.transient:
         self.transient_root_hash = root_hash
         return
     if root_hash == BLANK_ROOT:
         self.root_node = BLANK_NODE
         return
     # print(repr(root_hash))
     self.root_node = self._decode_to_node(root_hash)
Пример #4
0
    def delete(self, key):
        """
        :param key: a string with length of [0, 32]
        """
        if not is_string(key):
            raise Exception("Key must be string")

        if len(key) > 32:
            raise Exception("Max key length is 32")

        old_root = copy.deepcopy(self.root_node)
        self.root_node = self._delete_and_delete_storage(
            self.root_node, bin_to_nibbles(to_string(key)))
        self.replace_root_hash(old_root, self.root_node)
Пример #5
0
def decint(n, signed=False):  # pylint: disable=invalid-name,too-many-branches
    """ Decode an unsigned/signed integer. """

    if isinstance(n, str):
        n = utils.to_string(n)

    if n is True:
        return 1

    if n is False:
        return 0

    if n is None:
        return 0

    if is_numeric(n):
        if signed:
            if not -TT255 <= n <= TT255 - 1:
                raise EncodingError('Number out of range: %r' % n)
        else:
            if not 0 <= n <= TT256 - 1:
                raise EncodingError('Number out of range: %r' % n)

        return n

    if is_string(n):
        if len(n) > 32:
            raise EncodingError('String too long: %r' % n)

        if len(n) == 40:
            int_bigendian = decode_hex(n)
        else:
            int_bigendian = n  # pylint: disable=redefined-variable-type

        result = big_endian_to_int(int_bigendian)
        if signed:
            if result >= TT255:
                result -= TT256

            if not -TT255 <= result <= TT255 - 1:
                raise EncodingError('Number out of range: %r' % n)
        else:
            if not 0 <= result <= TT256 - 1:
                raise EncodingError('Number out of range: %r' % n)

        return result

    raise EncodingError('Cannot decode integer: %r' % n)
Пример #6
0
def vm_execute(ext, msg, code):
    # precompute trace flag
    # if we trace vm, we're in slow mode anyway
    trace_vm = log_vm_op.is_active('trace')

    compustate = Compustate(gas=msg.gas)
    stk = compustate.stack
    mem = compustate.memory

    if code in code_cache:
        processed_code = code_cache[code]
    else:
        processed_code = preprocess_code(code)
        code_cache[code] = processed_code
        # print(processed_code.keys(), code)

    codelen = len(code)

    s = time.time()
    steps = 0
    _prevop = None  # for trace only

    while compustate.pc in processed_code:
        ops, minstack, maxstack, totgas, nextpos = processed_code[
            compustate.pc]

        if len(compustate.stack) < minstack:
            return vm_exception('INSUFFICIENT STACK')
        if len(compustate.stack) > maxstack:
            return vm_exception('STACK SIZE LIMIT EXCEEDED')
        if totgas > compustate.gas:
            return vm_exception('OUT OF GAS %d %d' % (totgas, compustate.gas))
        jumped = False

        compustate.gas -= totgas
        compustate.pc = nextpos

        # Invalid operation; can only come at the end of a chunk
        if ops[-1][0] == 'INVALID':
            return vm_exception('INVALID OP', opcode=ops[-1][1])

        for op, opcode, pushval in ops:

            if trace_vm:
                """
                This diverges from normal logging, as we use the logging namespace
                only to decide which features get logged in 'bible.vm.op'
                i.e. tracing can not be activated by activating a sub
                like 'bible.vm.op.stack'
                """
                trace_data = {}
                trace_data['stack'] = list(
                    map(to_string, list(compustate.stack)))
                if _prevop in ('MLOAD', 'MSTORE', 'MSTORE8', 'SHA3', 'CALL',
                               'CALLCODE', 'CREATE', 'CALLDATACOPY',
                               'CODECOPY', 'EXTCODECOPY'):
                    if len(compustate.memory) < 1024:
                        trace_data['memory'] = \
                            ''.join([encode_hex(ascii_chr(x)) for x
                                     in compustate.memory])
                    else:
                        trace_data['sha3memory'] = \
                            encode_hex(utils.sha3(b''.join([ascii_chr(x) for
                                                            x in compustate.memory])))
                if _prevop in ('SSTORE', ) or steps == 0:
                    trace_data['storage'] = ext.log_storage(msg.to)
                trace_data['gas'] = to_string(compustate.gas + totgas)
                trace_data['inst'] = opcode
                trace_data['pc'] = to_string(compustate.pc - 1)
                if steps == 0:
                    trace_data['depth'] = msg.depth
                    trace_data['address'] = msg.to
                trace_data['steps'] = steps
                trace_data['depth'] = msg.depth
                if op[:4] == 'PUSH':
                    trace_data['pushvalue'] = pushval
                log_vm_op.trace('vm', op=op, **trace_data)
                steps += 1
                _prevop = op

            # Valid operations
            # Pushes first because they are very frequent
            if 0x60 <= opcode <= 0x7f:
                # compustate.pc += opcode - 0x5f # Move 1 byte forward for
                # 0x60, up to 32 bytes for 0x7f
                stk.append(pushval)
            elif opcode < 0x10:
                if op == 'STOP':
                    return peaceful_exit('STOP', compustate.gas, [])
                elif op == 'ADD':
                    stk.append((stk.pop() + stk.pop()) & TT256M1)
                elif op == 'SUB':
                    stk.append((stk.pop() - stk.pop()) & TT256M1)
                elif op == 'MUL':
                    stk.append((stk.pop() * stk.pop()) & TT256M1)
                elif op == 'DIV':
                    s0, s1 = stk.pop(), stk.pop()
                    stk.append(0 if s1 == 0 else s0 // s1)
                elif op == 'MOD':
                    s0, s1 = stk.pop(), stk.pop()
                    stk.append(0 if s1 == 0 else s0 % s1)
                elif op == 'SDIV':
                    s0, s1 = utils.to_signed(stk.pop()), utils.to_signed(
                        stk.pop())
                    stk.append(0 if s1 == 0 else (abs(s0) // abs(s1) *
                                                  (-1 if s0 * s1 < 0 else 1))
                               & TT256M1)
                elif op == 'SMOD':
                    s0, s1 = utils.to_signed(stk.pop()), utils.to_signed(
                        stk.pop())
                    stk.append(0 if s1 == 0 else (abs(s0) % abs(s1) *
                                                  (-1 if s0 < 0 else 1))
                               & TT256M1)
                elif op == 'ADDMOD':
                    s0, s1, s2 = stk.pop(), stk.pop(), stk.pop()
                    stk.append((s0 + s1) % s2 if s2 else 0)
                elif op == 'MULMOD':
                    s0, s1, s2 = stk.pop(), stk.pop(), stk.pop()
                    stk.append((s0 * s1) % s2 if s2 else 0)
                elif op == 'EXP':
                    base, exponent = stk.pop(), stk.pop()
                    # fee for exponent is dependent on its bytes
                    # calc n bytes to represent exponent
                    nbytes = len(utils.encode_int(exponent))
                    expfee = nbytes * opcodes.GEXPONENTBYTE
                    if ext.post_clearing_hardfork():
                        expfee += opcodes.EXP_SUPPLEMENTAL_GAS * nbytes
                    if compustate.gas < expfee:
                        compustate.gas = 0
                        return vm_exception('OOG EXPONENT')
                    compustate.gas -= expfee
                    stk.append(pow(base, exponent, TT256))
                elif op == 'SIGNEXTEND':
                    s0, s1 = stk.pop(), stk.pop()
                    if s0 <= 31:
                        testbit = s0 * 8 + 7
                        if s1 & (1 << testbit):
                            stk.append(s1 | (TT256 - (1 << testbit)))
                        else:
                            stk.append(s1 & ((1 << testbit) - 1))
                    else:
                        stk.append(s1)
            elif opcode < 0x20:
                if op == 'LT':
                    stk.append(1 if stk.pop() < stk.pop() else 0)
                elif op == 'GT':
                    stk.append(1 if stk.pop() > stk.pop() else 0)
                elif op == 'SLT':
                    s0, s1 = utils.to_signed(stk.pop()), utils.to_signed(
                        stk.pop())
                    stk.append(1 if s0 < s1 else 0)
                elif op == 'SGT':
                    s0, s1 = utils.to_signed(stk.pop()), utils.to_signed(
                        stk.pop())
                    stk.append(1 if s0 > s1 else 0)
                elif op == 'EQ':
                    stk.append(1 if stk.pop() == stk.pop() else 0)
                elif op == 'ISZERO':
                    stk.append(0 if stk.pop() else 1)
                elif op == 'AND':
                    stk.append(stk.pop() & stk.pop())
                elif op == 'OR':
                    stk.append(stk.pop() | stk.pop())
                elif op == 'XOR':
                    stk.append(stk.pop() ^ stk.pop())
                elif op == 'NOT':
                    stk.append(TT256M1 - stk.pop())
                elif op == 'BYTE':
                    s0, s1 = stk.pop(), stk.pop()
                    if s0 >= 32:
                        stk.append(0)
                    else:
                        stk.append((s1 // 256**(31 - s0)) % 256)
            elif opcode < 0x40:
                if op == 'SHA3':
                    s0, s1 = stk.pop(), stk.pop()
                    compustate.gas -= opcodes.GSHA3WORD * \
                        (utils.ceil32(s1) // 32)
                    if compustate.gas < 0:
                        return vm_exception('OOG PAYING FOR SHA3')
                    if not mem_extend(mem, compustate, op, s0, s1):
                        return vm_exception('OOG EXTENDING MEMORY')
                    data = bytearray_to_bytestr(mem[s0:s0 + s1])
                    stk.append(utils.big_endian_to_int(utils.sha3(data)))
                elif op == 'ADDRESS':
                    stk.append(utils.coerce_to_int(msg.to))
                elif op == 'BALANCE':
                    if ext.post_anti_dos_hardfork():
                        if not eat_gas(compustate,
                                       opcodes.BALANCE_SUPPLEMENTAL_GAS):
                            return vm_exception("OUT OF GAS")
                    addr = utils.coerce_addr_to_hex(stk.pop() % 2**160)
                    stk.append(ext.get_balance(addr))
                elif op == 'ORIGIN':
                    stk.append(utils.coerce_to_int(ext.tx_origin))
                elif op == 'CALLER':
                    stk.append(utils.coerce_to_int(msg.sender))
                elif op == 'CALLVALUE':
                    stk.append(msg.value)
                elif op == 'CALLDATALOAD':
                    stk.append(msg.data.extract32(stk.pop()))
                elif op == 'CALLDATASIZE':
                    stk.append(msg.data.size)
                elif op == 'CALLDATACOPY':
                    mstart, dstart, size = stk.pop(), stk.pop(), stk.pop()
                    if not mem_extend(mem, compustate, op, mstart, size):
                        return vm_exception('OOG EXTENDING MEMORY')
                    if not data_copy(compustate, size):
                        return vm_exception('OOG COPY DATA')
                    msg.data.extract_copy(mem, mstart, dstart, size)
                elif op == 'CODESIZE':
                    stk.append(len(code))
                elif op == 'CODECOPY':
                    mstart, dstart, size = stk.pop(), stk.pop(), stk.pop()
                    if not mem_extend(mem, compustate, op, mstart, size):
                        return vm_exception('OOG EXTENDING MEMORY')
                    if not data_copy(compustate, size):
                        return vm_exception('OOG COPY DATA')
                    for i in range(size):
                        if dstart + i < len(code):
                            mem[mstart + i] = utils.safe_ord(code[dstart + i])
                        else:
                            mem[mstart + i] = 0
                elif op == 'RETURNDATACOPY':
                    mstart, dstart, size = stk.pop(), stk.pop(), stk.pop()
                    if not mem_extend(mem, compustate, op, mstart, size):
                        return vm_exception('OOG EXTENDING MEMORY')
                    if not data_copy(compustate, size):
                        return vm_exception('OOG COPY DATA')
                    if dstart + size > len(compustate.last_returned):
                        return vm_exception('RETURNDATACOPY out of range')
                    mem[mstart:mstart + size] = compustate.last_returned
                elif op == 'RETURNDATASIZE':
                    stk.append(len(compustate.last_returned))
                elif op == 'GASPRICE':
                    stk.append(ext.tx_gasprice)
                elif op == 'EXTCODESIZE':
                    if ext.post_anti_dos_hardfork():
                        if not eat_gas(compustate,
                                       opcodes.EXTCODELOAD_SUPPLEMENTAL_GAS):
                            return vm_exception("OUT OF GAS")
                    addr = utils.coerce_addr_to_hex(stk.pop() % 2**160)
                    stk.append(len(ext.get_code(addr) or b''))
                elif op == 'EXTCODECOPY':
                    if ext.post_anti_dos_hardfork():
                        if not eat_gas(compustate,
                                       opcodes.EXTCODELOAD_SUPPLEMENTAL_GAS):
                            return vm_exception("OUT OF GAS")
                    addr = utils.coerce_addr_to_hex(stk.pop() % 2**160)
                    start, s2, size = stk.pop(), stk.pop(), stk.pop()
                    extcode = ext.get_code(addr) or b''
                    assert utils.is_string(extcode)
                    if not mem_extend(mem, compustate, op, start, size):
                        return vm_exception('OOG EXTENDING MEMORY')
                    if not data_copy(compustate, size):
                        return vm_exception('OOG COPY DATA')
                    for i in range(size):
                        if s2 + i < len(extcode):
                            mem[start + i] = utils.safe_ord(extcode[s2 + i])
                        else:
                            mem[start + i] = 0
            elif opcode < 0x50:
                if op == 'BLOCKHASH':
                    if ext.post_metropolis_hardfork() and False:
                        bh_addr = ext.blockhash_store
                        stk.append(ext.get_storage_data(bh_addr, stk.pop()))
                    else:
                        stk.append(
                            utils.big_endian_to_int(ext.block_hash(stk.pop())))
                elif op == 'COINBASE':
                    stk.append(utils.big_endian_to_int(ext.block_coinbase))
                elif op == 'TIMESTAMP':
                    stk.append(ext.block_timestamp)
                elif op == 'NUMBER':
                    stk.append(ext.block_number)
                elif op == 'DIFFICULTY':
                    stk.append(ext.block_difficulty)
                elif op == 'GASLIMIT':
                    stk.append(ext.block_gas_limit)
            elif opcode < 0x60:
                if op == 'POP':
                    stk.pop()
                elif op == 'MLOAD':
                    s0 = stk.pop()
                    if not mem_extend(mem, compustate, op, s0, 32):
                        return vm_exception('OOG EXTENDING MEMORY')
                    stk.append(utils.bytes_to_int(mem[s0:s0 + 32]))
                elif op == 'MSTORE':
                    s0, s1 = stk.pop(), stk.pop()
                    if not mem_extend(mem, compustate, op, s0, 32):
                        return vm_exception('OOG EXTENDING MEMORY')
                    mem[s0:s0 + 32] = utils.encode_int32(s1)
                elif op == 'MSTORE8':
                    s0, s1 = stk.pop(), stk.pop()
                    if not mem_extend(mem, compustate, op, s0, 1):
                        return vm_exception('OOG EXTENDING MEMORY')
                    mem[s0] = s1 % 256
                elif op == 'SLOAD':
                    if ext.post_anti_dos_hardfork():
                        if not eat_gas(compustate,
                                       opcodes.SLOAD_SUPPLEMENTAL_GAS):
                            return vm_exception("OUT OF GAS")
                    stk.append(ext.get_storage_data(msg.to, stk.pop()))
                elif op == 'SSTORE':
                    s0, s1 = stk.pop(), stk.pop()
                    if msg.static:
                        return vm_exception(
                            'Cannot SSTORE inside a static context')
                    if ext.get_storage_data(msg.to, s0):
                        gascost = opcodes.GSTORAGEMOD if s1 else opcodes.GSTORAGEKILL
                        refund = 0 if s1 else opcodes.GSTORAGEREFUND
                    else:
                        gascost = opcodes.GSTORAGEADD if s1 else opcodes.GSTORAGEMOD
                        refund = 0
                    if compustate.gas < gascost:
                        return vm_exception('OUT OF GAS')
                    compustate.gas -= gascost
                    # adds neg gascost as a refund if below zero
                    ext.add_refund(refund)
                    ext.set_storage_data(msg.to, s0, s1)
                elif op == 'JUMP':
                    compustate.pc = stk.pop()
                    opnew = code[
                        compustate.pc] if compustate.pc < codelen else 0
                    jumped = True
                    if opnew != JUMPDEST:
                        return vm_exception('BAD JUMPDEST')
                elif op == 'JUMPI':
                    s0, s1 = stk.pop(), stk.pop()
                    if s1:
                        compustate.pc = s0
                        opnew = code[
                            compustate.pc] if compustate.pc < codelen else 0
                        jumped = True
                        if opnew != JUMPDEST:
                            return vm_exception('BAD JUMPDEST')
                elif op == 'PC':
                    stk.append(compustate.pc - 1)
                elif op == 'MSIZE':
                    stk.append(len(mem))
                elif op == 'GAS':
                    stk.append(compustate.gas)  # AFTER subtracting cost 1
            elif op[:3] == 'DUP':
                # 0x7f - opcode is a negative number, -1 for 0x80 ... -16 for
                # 0x8f
                stk.append(stk[0x7f - opcode])
            elif op[:4] == 'SWAP':
                # 0x8e - opcode is a negative number, -2 for 0x90 ... -17 for
                # 0x9f
                temp = stk[0x8e - opcode]
                stk[0x8e - opcode] = stk[-1]
                stk[-1] = temp

            elif op[:3] == 'LOG':
                """
                0xa0 ... 0xa4, 32/64/96/128/160 + len(data) gas
                a. Opcodes LOG0...LOG4 are added, takes 2-6 stack arguments
                        MEMSTART MEMSZ (TOPIC1) (TOPIC2) (TOPIC3) (TOPIC4)
                b. Logs are kept track of during tx execution exactly the same way as suicides
                   (except as an ordered list, not a set).
                   Each log is in the form [address, [topic1, ... ], data] where:
                   * address is what the ADDRESS opcode would output
                   * data is mem[MEMSTART: MEMSTART + MEMSZ]
                   * topics are as provided by the opcode
                c. The ordered list of logs in the transaction are expressed as [log0, log1, ..., logN].
                """
                depth = int(op[3:])
                mstart, msz = stk.pop(), stk.pop()
                topics = [stk.pop() for x in range(depth)]
                compustate.gas -= msz * opcodes.GLOGBYTE
                if msg.static:
                    return vm_exception('Cannot LOG inside a static context')
                if not mem_extend(mem, compustate, op, mstart, msz):
                    return vm_exception('OOG EXTENDING MEMORY')
                data = bytearray_to_bytestr(mem[mstart:mstart + msz])
                ext.log(msg.to, topics, data)
                log_log.trace('LOG',
                              to=msg.to,
                              topics=topics,
                              data=list(map(utils.safe_ord, data)))
                # print('LOG', msg.to, topics, list(map(ord, data)))

            elif op == 'CREATE':
                value, mstart, msz = stk.pop(), stk.pop(), stk.pop()
                if not mem_extend(mem, compustate, op, mstart, msz):
                    return vm_exception('OOG EXTENDING MEMORY')
                if msg.static:
                    return vm_exception(
                        'Cannot CREATE inside a static context')
                if ext.get_balance(msg.to) >= value and msg.depth < MAX_DEPTH:
                    cd = CallData(mem, mstart, msz)
                    ingas = compustate.gas
                    if ext.post_anti_dos_hardfork():
                        ingas = all_but_1n(ingas,
                                           opcodes.CALL_CHILD_LIMIT_DENOM)
                    create_msg = Message(msg.to, b'', value, ingas, cd,
                                         msg.depth + 1)
                    o, gas, addr = ext.create(create_msg)
                    if o:
                        stk.append(utils.coerce_to_int(addr))
                    else:
                        stk.append(0)
                    compustate.gas = compustate.gas - ingas + gas
                else:
                    stk.append(0)
            elif op in ('CALL', 'CALLCODE', 'DELEGATECALL', 'STATICCALL'):
                # Pull arguments from the stack
                if op in ('CALL', 'CALLCODE'):
                    gas, to, value, meminstart, meminsz, memoutstart, memoutsz = \
                        stk.pop(), stk.pop(), stk.pop(), stk.pop(), stk.pop(), stk.pop(), stk.pop()
                else:
                    gas, to, meminstart, meminsz, memoutstart, memoutsz = \
                        stk.pop(), stk.pop(), stk.pop(), stk.pop(), stk.pop(), stk.pop()
                    value = 0
                # Static context prohibition
                if msg.static and value > 0:
                    return vm_exception(
                        'Cannot make a non-zero-value call inside a static context'
                    )
                # Expand memory
                if not mem_extend(mem, compustate, op, meminstart, meminsz) or \
                        not mem_extend(mem, compustate, op, memoutstart, memoutsz):
                    return vm_exception('OOG EXTENDING MEMORY')
                to = utils.int_to_addr(to)
                # Extra gas costs based on hard fork-dependent factors
                extra_gas = (not ext.account_exists(to)) * (op == 'CALL') * (value > 0 or not ext.post_clearing_hardfork()) * opcodes.GCALLNEWACCOUNT + \
                    (value > 0) * opcodes.GCALLVALUETRANSFER + \
                    ext.post_anti_dos_hardfork() * opcodes.CALL_SUPPLEMENTAL_GAS
                # Compute child gas limit
                if ext.post_anti_dos_hardfork():
                    if compustate.gas < extra_gas:
                        return vm_exception('OUT OF GAS', needed=extra_gas)
                    gas = min(
                        gas,
                        all_but_1n(compustate.gas - extra_gas,
                                   opcodes.CALL_CHILD_LIMIT_DENOM))
                else:
                    if compustate.gas < gas + extra_gas:
                        return vm_exception('OUT OF GAS',
                                            needed=gas + extra_gas)
                submsg_gas = gas + opcodes.GSTIPEND * (value > 0)
                # Verify that there is sufficient balance and depth
                if ext.get_balance(msg.to) < value or msg.depth >= MAX_DEPTH:
                    compustate.gas -= (gas + extra_gas - submsg_gas)
                    stk.append(0)
                else:
                    # Subtract gas from parent
                    compustate.gas -= (gas + extra_gas)
                    assert compustate.gas >= 0
                    cd = CallData(mem, meminstart, meminsz)
                    # Generate the message
                    if op == 'CALL':
                        call_msg = Message(msg.to,
                                           to,
                                           value,
                                           submsg_gas,
                                           cd,
                                           msg.depth + 1,
                                           code_address=to,
                                           static=msg.static)
                    elif ext.post_homestead_hardfork(
                    ) and op == 'DELEGATECALL':
                        call_msg = Message(msg.sender,
                                           msg.to,
                                           msg.value,
                                           submsg_gas,
                                           cd,
                                           msg.depth + 1,
                                           code_address=to,
                                           transfers_value=False,
                                           static=msg.static)
                    elif op == 'DELEGATECALL':
                        return vm_exception('OPCODE INACTIVE')
                    elif op == 'CALLCODE':
                        call_msg = Message(msg.to,
                                           msg.to,
                                           value,
                                           submsg_gas,
                                           cd,
                                           msg.depth + 1,
                                           code_address=to,
                                           static=msg.static)
                    elif op == 'STATICCALL':
                        call_msg = Message(msg.to,
                                           to,
                                           value,
                                           submsg_gas,
                                           cd,
                                           msg.depth + 1,
                                           code_address=to,
                                           static=True)
                    else:
                        raise Exception("Lolwut")
                    # Get result
                    result, gas, data = ext.msg(call_msg)
                    if result == 0:
                        stk.append(0)
                    else:
                        stk.append(1)
                    # Set output memory
                    for i in range(min(len(data), memoutsz)):
                        mem[memoutstart + i] = data[i]
                    compustate.gas += gas
                    compustate.last_returned = bytearray(data)
            elif op == 'RETURN':
                s0, s1 = stk.pop(), stk.pop()
                if not mem_extend(mem, compustate, op, s0, s1):
                    return vm_exception('OOG EXTENDING MEMORY')
                return peaceful_exit('RETURN', compustate.gas, mem[s0:s0 + s1])
            elif op == 'REVERT':
                if not ext.post_metropolis_hardfork():
                    return vm_exception('Opcode not yet enabled')
                s0, s1 = stk.pop(), stk.pop()
                if not mem_extend(mem, compustate, op, s0, s1):
                    return vm_exception('OOG EXTENDING MEMORY')
                return revert(compustate.gas, mem[s0:s0 + s1])
            elif op == 'SUICIDE':
                if msg.static:
                    return vm_exception(
                        'Cannot SUICIDE inside a static context')
                to = utils.encode_int(stk.pop())
                to = ((b'\x00' * (32 - len(to))) + to)[12:]
                xfer = ext.get_balance(msg.to)
                if ext.post_anti_dos_hardfork():
                    extra_gas = opcodes.SUICIDE_SUPPLEMENTAL_GAS + \
                        (not ext.account_exists(
                            to)) * (xfer > 0 or not ext.post_clearing_hardfork()) * opcodes.GCALLNEWACCOUNT
                    if not eat_gas(compustate, extra_gas):
                        return vm_exception("OUT OF GAS")
                ext.set_balance(to, ext.get_balance(to) + xfer)
                ext.set_balance(msg.to, 0)
                ext.add_suicide(msg.to)
                log_msg.debug('SUICIDING',
                              addr=utils.checksum_encode(msg.to),
                              to=utils.checksum_encode(to),
                              xferring=xfer)
                return 1, compustate.gas, []

            # assert utils.is_numeric(compustate.gas)
            # this is slow!
            # for a in stk:
            #     assert is_numeric(a), (op, stk)
            #     assert a >= 0 and a < 2**256, (a, op, stk)
        # if not jumped:
        #    assert compustate.pc == nextpos
        #    compustate.pc = nextpos
    if compustate.pc >= codelen:
        return peaceful_exit('CODE OUT OF RANGE', compustate.gas, [])
    return vm_exception('INVALID JUMP')
Пример #7
0
 def encode_node(nd):
     if is_string(nd):
         return encode_hex(nd)
     else:
         return encode_hex(rlp_encode(nd))
Пример #8
0
def snapshot_form(val):
    if is_numeric(val):
        return str(val)
    elif is_string(val):
        return b'0x' + encode_hex(val)
Пример #9
0
 def _dec(x):
     if utils.is_string(x) and x.startswith(b'0x'):
         return utils.decode_hex(x[2:])
     return x
Пример #10
0
    def __init__(self, contract_interface):
        if is_string(contract_interface):
            contract_interface = json_decode(contract_interface)

        self.fallback_data = None
        self.constructor_data = None
        self.function_data = {}
        self.event_data = {}

        for description in contract_interface:
            entry_type = description.get('type', 'function')
            encode_types = []
            signature = []

            # If it's a function/constructor/event
            if entry_type != 'fallback' and 'inputs' in description:
                encode_types = [
                    element['type']
                    for element in description.get('inputs', [])
                ]

                signature = [
                    (element['type'], element['name'])
                    for element in description.get('inputs', [])
                ]

            if entry_type == 'function':
                normalized_name = normalize_name(description['name'])
                prefix = method_id(normalized_name, encode_types)

                decode_types = [
                    element['type']
                    for element in description.get('outputs', [])
                ]

                self.function_data[normalized_name] = {
                    'prefix': prefix,
                    'encode_types': encode_types,
                    'decode_types': decode_types,
                    'is_constant': description.get('constant', False),
                    'signature': signature,
                    'payable': description.get('payable', False),
                }

            elif entry_type == 'event':
                normalized_name = normalize_name(description['name'])

                indexed = [
                    element['indexed']
                    for element in description['inputs']
                ]
                names = [
                    element['name']
                    for element in description['inputs']
                ]
                # event_id == topics[0]
                self.event_data[event_id(normalized_name, encode_types)] = {
                    'types': encode_types,
                    'name': normalized_name,
                    'names': names,
                    'indexed': indexed,
                    'anonymous': description.get('anonymous', False),
                }

            elif entry_type == 'constructor':
                if self.constructor_data is not None:
                    raise ValueError('Only one constructor is supported.')

                self.constructor_data = {
                    'encode_types': encode_types,
                    'signature': signature,
                }

            elif entry_type == 'fallback':
                if self.fallback_data is not None:
                    raise ValueError(
                        'Only one fallback function is supported.')
                self.fallback_data = {'payable': description['payable']}

            else:
                raise ValueError('Unknown type {}'.format(description['type']))
Пример #11
0
def encode_single(typ, arg):  # pylint: disable=too-many-return-statements,too-many-branches,too-many-statements,too-many-locals
    """ Encode `arg` as `typ`.

    `arg` will be encoded in a best effort manner, were necessary the function
    will try to correctly define the underlying binary representation (ie.
    decoding a hex-encoded address/hash).

    Args:
        typ (Tuple[(str, int, list)]): A 3-tuple defining the `arg` type.

            The first element defines the type name.
            The second element defines the type length in bits.
            The third element defines if it's an array type.

            Together the first and second defines the elementary type, the third
            element must be present but is ignored.

            Valid type names are:
                - uint
                - int
                - bool
                - ufixed
                - fixed
                - string
                - bytes
                - hash
                - address

        arg (object): The object to be encoded, it must be a python object
            compatible with the `typ`.

    Raises:
        ValueError: when an invalid `typ` is supplied.
        ValueOutOfBounds: when `arg` cannot be encoded as `typ` because of the
            binary contraints.

    Note:
        This function don't work with array types, for that use the `enc`
        function.
    """
    base, sub, _ = typ

    if base == 'uint':
        sub = int(sub)

        if not (0 < sub <= 256 and sub % 8 == 0):
            raise ValueError(
                'invalid unsigned integer bit length {}'.format(sub))

        try:
            i = decint(arg, signed=False)
        except EncodingError:
            # arg is larger than 2**256
            raise ValueOutOfBounds(repr(arg))

        if not 0 <= i < 2 ** sub:
            raise ValueOutOfBounds(repr(arg))

        value_encoded = int_to_big_endian(i)
        return zpad(value_encoded, 32)

    if base == 'int':
        sub = int(sub)
        bits = sub - 1

        if not (0 < sub <= 256 and sub % 8 == 0):
            raise ValueError('invalid integer bit length {}'.format(sub))

        try:
            i = decint(arg, signed=True)
        except EncodingError:
            # arg is larger than 2**255
            raise ValueOutOfBounds(repr(arg))

        if not -2 ** bits <= i < 2 ** bits:
            raise ValueOutOfBounds(repr(arg))

        value = i % 2 ** 256  # convert negative to "equivalent" positive
        value_encoded = int_to_big_endian(value)
        return zpad(value_encoded, 32)

    if base == 'bool':
        if arg is True:
            value_encoded = int_to_big_endian(1)
        elif arg is False:
            value_encoded = int_to_big_endian(0)
        else:
            raise ValueError('%r is not bool' % arg)

        return zpad(value_encoded, 32)

    if base == 'ufixed':
        sub = str(sub)  # pylint: disable=redefined-variable-type

        high_str, low_str = sub.split('x')
        high = int(high_str)
        low = int(low_str)

        if not (0 < high + low <= 256 and high % 8 == 0 and low % 8 == 0):
            raise ValueError('invalid unsigned fixed length {}'.format(sub))

        if not 0 <= arg < 2 ** high:
            raise ValueOutOfBounds(repr(arg))

        float_point = arg * 2 ** low
        fixed_point = int(float_point)
        return zpad(int_to_big_endian(fixed_point), 32)

    if base == 'fixed':
        sub = str(sub)  # pylint: disable=redefined-variable-type

        high_str, low_str = sub.split('x')
        high = int(high_str)
        low = int(low_str)
        bits = high - 1

        if not (0 < high + low <= 256 and high % 8 == 0 and low % 8 == 0):
            raise ValueError('invalid unsigned fixed length {}'.format(sub))

        if not -2 ** bits <= arg < 2 ** bits:
            raise ValueOutOfBounds(repr(arg))

        float_point = arg * 2 ** low
        fixed_point = int(float_point)
        value = fixed_point % 2 ** 256
        return zpad(int_to_big_endian(value), 32)

    # Decimals
    if base == 'decimal':
        val_to_encode = int(arg * 10**int(sub))
        return zpad(encode_int(val_to_encode % 2**256), 32)

    if base == 'string':
        if isinstance(arg, utils.unicode):
            arg = arg.encode('utf8')
        else:
            try:
                arg.decode('utf8')
            except UnicodeDecodeError:
                raise ValueError('string must be utf8 encoded')

        if len(sub):  # fixed length
            if not 0 <= len(arg) <= int(sub):
                raise ValueError('invalid string length {}'.format(sub))

            if not 0 <= int(sub) <= 32:
                raise ValueError('invalid string length {}'.format(sub))

            return rzpad(arg, 32)

        if not 0 <= len(arg) < TT256:
            raise Exception('Integer invalid or out of range: %r' % arg)

        length_encoded = zpad(int_to_big_endian(len(arg)), 32)
        value_encoded = rzpad(arg, utils.ceil32(len(arg)))

        return length_encoded + value_encoded

    if base == 'bytes':
        if not is_string(arg):
            if isinstance(arg, str):
                arg = bytes(arg, 'utf8')
            else:
                raise EncodingError('Expecting string: %r' % arg)

        arg = utils.to_string(arg)  # py2: force unicode into str

        if len(sub):  # fixed length
            if not 0 <= len(arg) <= int(sub):
                raise ValueError('string must be utf8 encoded')

            if not 0 <= int(sub) <= 32:
                raise ValueError('string must be utf8 encoded')

            return rzpad(arg, 32)

        if not 0 <= len(arg) < TT256:
            raise Exception('Integer invalid or out of range: %r' % arg)

        length_encoded = zpad(int_to_big_endian(len(arg)), 32)
        value_encoded = rzpad(arg, utils.ceil32(len(arg)))

        return length_encoded + value_encoded

    if base == 'hash':
        if not (int(sub) and int(sub) <= 32):
            raise EncodingError('too long: %r' % arg)

        if is_numeric(arg):
            return zpad(encode_int(arg), 32)

        if len(arg) == int(sub):
            return zpad(arg, 32)

        if len(arg) == int(sub) * 2:
            return zpad(decode_hex(arg), 32)

        raise EncodingError('Could not parse hash: %r' % arg)

    if base == 'address':
        assert sub == ''

        if is_numeric(arg):
            return zpad(encode_int(arg), 32)

        if len(arg) == 20:
            return zpad(arg, 32)

        if len(arg) == 40:
            return zpad(decode_hex(arg), 32)

        if len(arg) == 42 and arg[:2] == '0x':
            return zpad(decode_hex(arg[2:]), 32)

        raise EncodingError('Could not parse address: %r' % arg)
    raise EncodingError('Unhandled type: %r %r' % (base, sub))
Пример #12
0
    def add_block(self, block):
        now = self.localtime
        # Are we receiving the block too early?
        if block.header.timestamp > now:
            i = 0
            while i < len(self.time_queue
                          ) and block.timestamp > self.time_queue[i].timestamp:
                i += 1
            self.time_queue.insert(i, block)
            log.info(
                'Block received too early (%d vs %d). Delaying for %d seconds'
                % (now, block.header.timestamp, block.header.timestamp - now))
            return False
        # Is the block being added to the head?
        if block.header.prevhash == self.head_hash:
            log.info('Adding to head',
                     head=encode_hex(block.header.prevhash[:4]))
            self.state.deletes = []
            self.state.changed = {}
            try:
                apply_block(self.state, block)
            except (AssertionError, KeyError, ValueError, InvalidTransaction,
                    VerificationFailed) as e:
                log.info('Block %d (%s) with parent %s invalid, reason: %s' %
                         (block.number, encode_hex(block.header.hash[:4]),
                          encode_hex(block.header.prevhash[:4]), str(e)))
                return False
            self.db.put(b'block:%d' % block.header.number, block.header.hash)
            # side effect: put 'score:' cache in db
            block_score = self.get_score(block)
            self.head_hash = block.header.hash
            for i, tx in enumerate(block.transactions):
                self.db.put(b'txindex:' + tx.hash,
                            rlp.encode([block.number, i]))
            assert self.get_blockhash_by_number(
                block.header.number) == block.header.hash
            deletes = self.state.deletes
            changed = self.state.changed
        # Or is the block being added to a chain that is not currently the
        # head?
        elif block.header.prevhash in self.env.db:
            log.info(
                'Receiving block %d (%s) not on head (%s), adding to secondary post state %s'
                % (block.number, encode_hex(
                    block.header.hash[:4]), encode_hex(self.head_hash[:4]),
                   encode_hex(block.header.prevhash[:4])))
            temp_state = self.mk_poststate_of_blockhash(block.header.prevhash)
            try:
                apply_block(temp_state, block)
            except (AssertionError, KeyError, ValueError, InvalidTransaction,
                    VerificationFailed) as e:
                log.info('Block %s with parent %s invalid, reason: %s' %
                         (encode_hex(block.header.hash[:4]),
                          encode_hex(block.header.prevhash[:4]), str(e)))
                return False
            deletes = temp_state.deletes
            block_score = self.get_score(block)
            changed = temp_state.changed
            # If the block should be the new head, replace the head
            if block_score > self.get_score(self.head):
                b = block
                new_chain = {}
                # Find common ancestor
                while b.header.number >= int(self.db.get(b'GENESIS_NUMBER')):
                    new_chain[b.header.number] = b
                    key = b'block:%d' % b.header.number
                    orig_at_height = self.db.get(
                        key) if key in self.db else None
                    if orig_at_height == b.header.hash:
                        break
                    if b.prevhash not in self.db or self.db.get(
                            b.prevhash) == b'GENESIS':
                        break
                    b = self.get_parent(b)
                replace_from = b.header.number
                # Replace block index and tx indices, and edit the state cache

                # Get a list of all accounts that have been edited along the old and
                # new chains
                changed_accts = {}
                # Read: for i in range(common ancestor block number...new block
                # number)
                for i in itertools.count(replace_from):
                    log.info('Rewriting height %d' % i)
                    key = b'block:%d' % i
                    # Delete data for old blocks
                    orig_at_height = self.db.get(
                        key) if key in self.db else None
                    if orig_at_height:
                        orig_block_at_height = self.get_block(orig_at_height)
                        log.info('%s no longer in main chain' %
                                 encode_hex(orig_block_at_height.header.hash))
                        # Delete from block index
                        self.db.delete(key)
                        # Delete from txindex
                        for tx in orig_block_at_height.transactions:
                            if b'txindex:' + tx.hash in self.db:
                                self.db.delete(b'txindex:' + tx.hash)
                        # Add to changed list
                        acct_list = self.db.get(b'changed:' +
                                                orig_block_at_height.hash)
                        for j in range(0, len(acct_list), 20):
                            changed_accts[acct_list[j:j + 20]] = True
                    # Add data for new blocks
                    if i in new_chain:
                        new_block_at_height = new_chain[i]
                        log.info('%s now in main chain' %
                                 encode_hex(new_block_at_height.header.hash))
                        # Add to block index
                        self.db.put(key, new_block_at_height.header.hash)
                        # Add to txindex
                        for j, tx in enumerate(
                                new_block_at_height.transactions):
                            self.db.put(
                                b'txindex:' + tx.hash,
                                rlp.encode([new_block_at_height.number, j]))
                        # Add to changed list
                        if i < b.number:
                            acct_list = self.db.get(b'changed:' +
                                                    new_block_at_height.hash)
                            for j in range(0, len(acct_list), 20):
                                changed_accts[acct_list[j:j + 20]] = True
                    if i not in new_chain and not orig_at_height:
                        break
                # Add changed list from new head to changed list
                for c in changed.keys():
                    changed_accts[c] = True
                # Update the on-disk state cache
                for addr in changed_accts.keys():
                    data = temp_state.trie.get(addr)
                    if data:
                        self.state.db.put(b'address:' + addr, data)
                    else:
                        try:
                            self.state.db.delete(b'address:' + addr)
                        except KeyError:
                            pass
                self.head_hash = block.header.hash
                self.state = temp_state
                self.state.executing_on_head = True
        # Block has no parent yet
        else:
            if block.header.prevhash not in self.parent_queue:
                self.parent_queue[block.header.prevhash] = []
            self.parent_queue[block.header.prevhash].append(block)
            log.info(
                'Got block %d (%s) with prevhash %s, parent not found. Delaying for now'
                % (block.number, encode_hex(
                    block.hash[:4]), encode_hex(block.prevhash[:4])))
            return False
        self.add_child(block)

        self.db.put(b'head_hash', self.head_hash)

        self.db.put(block.hash, rlp.encode(block))
        self.db.put(
            b'changed:' + block.hash, b''.join([
                k.encode() if not is_string(k) else k
                for k in list(changed.keys())
            ]))
        print('Saved %d address change logs' % len(changed.keys()))
        self.db.put(b'deletes:' + block.hash, b''.join(deletes))
        log.debug('Saved %d trie node deletes for block %d (%s)' %
                  (len(deletes), block.number, utils.encode_hex(block.hash)))
        # Delete old junk data
        old_block_hash = self.get_blockhash_by_number(block.number -
                                                      self.max_history)
        if old_block_hash:
            try:
                deletes = self.db.get(b'deletes:' + old_block_hash)
                log.debug('Deleting up to %d trie nodes' %
                          (len(deletes) // 32))
                rdb = RefcountDB(self.db)
                for i in range(0, len(deletes), 32):
                    rdb.delete(deletes[i:i + 32])
                self.db.delete(b'deletes:' + old_block_hash)
                self.db.delete(b'changed:' + old_block_hash)
            except KeyError as e:
                print(e)
                pass
        self.db.commit()
        assert (b'deletes:' + block.hash) in self.db
        log.info('Added block %d (%s) with %d txs and %d gas' %
                 (block.header.number, encode_hex(block.header.hash)[:8],
                  len(block.transactions), block.header.gas_used))
        # Call optional callback
        if self.new_head_cb and block.header.number != 0:
            self.new_head_cb(block)
        # Are there blocks that we received that were waiting for this block?
        # If so, process them.
        if block.header.hash in self.parent_queue:
            for _blk in self.parent_queue[block.header.hash]:
                self.add_block(_blk)
            del self.parent_queue[block.header.hash]
        return True
Пример #13
0
def vm_execute(ext, msg, code):
    # precompute trace flag
    # if we trace vm, we're in slow mode anyway
    trace_vm = log_vm_op.is_active('trace')

    compustate = Compustate(gas=msg.gas)
    stk = compustate.stack
    mem = compustate.memory

    processed_code = preprocess_code(code)

    s = time.time()
    op = None
    steps = 0
    _prevop = None  # for trace only

    while True:
        # print('op: ', op, time.time() - s)
        # s = time.time()
        # stack size limit error
        if compustate.pc not in processed_code:
            return vm_exception('INVALID START POINT')

        _data = processed_code[compustate.pc]
        gas, min_stack, max_stack, compustate.pc = _data[:4]
        ops = _data[4:]

        # out of gas error
        if gas > compustate.gas:
            return vm_exception('OUT OF GAS')

        # insufficient stack error
        if not (min_stack <= len(compustate.stack) <= max_stack):
            return vm_exception('INCOMPATIBLE STACK LENGTH',
                                min_stack=min_stack,
                                have=len(compustate.stack),
                                max_stack=max_stack)

        # Apply operation
        compustate.gas -= gas

        for op in ops:

            if trace_vm:
                """
                This diverges from normal logging, as we use the logging namespace
                only to decide which features get logged in 'bible.vm.op'
                i.e. tracing can not be activated by activating a sub
                like 'bible.vm.op.stack'
                """
                trace_data = {}
                trace_data['stack'] = list(
                    map(to_string, list(compustate.stack)))
                if _prevop in (op_MLOAD, op_MSTORE, op_MSTORE8, op_SHA3,
                               op_CALL, op_CALLCODE, op_CREATE,
                               op_CALLDATACOPY, op_CODECOPY, op_EXTCODECOPY):
                    if len(compustate.memory) < 1024:
                        trace_data['memory'] = \
                            b''.join([encode_hex(ascii_chr(x)) for x
                                      in compustate.memory])
                    else:
                        trace_data['sha3memory'] = \
                            encode_hex(utils.sha3(''.join([ascii_chr(x) for
                                                           x in compustate.memory])))
                if _prevop in (op_SSTORE, op_SLOAD) or steps == 0:
                    trace_data['storage'] = ext.log_storage(msg.to)
                # trace_data['gas'] = to_string(compustate.gas + fee)
                trace_data['inst'] = op
                trace_data['pc'] = to_string(compustate.pc - 1)
                if steps == 0:
                    trace_data['depth'] = msg.depth
                    trace_data['address'] = msg.to
                trace_data['op'] = op
                trace_data['steps'] = steps
                # if op[:4] == 'PUSH':
                #     trace_data['pushvalue'] = pushval
                log_vm_op.trace('vm', **trace_data)
                steps += 1
                _prevop = op

            # Invalid operation
            if op == INVALID:
                return vm_exception('INVALID OP', opcode=op)

            # Valid operations
            if op < 0x10:
                if op == op_STOP:
                    return peaceful_exit('STOP', compustate.gas, [])
                elif op == op_ADD:
                    stk.append((stk.pop() + stk.pop()) & TT256M1)
                elif op == op_SUB:
                    stk.append((stk.pop() - stk.pop()) & TT256M1)
                elif op == op_MUL:
                    stk.append((stk.pop() * stk.pop()) & TT256M1)
                elif op == op_DIV:
                    s0, s1 = stk.pop(), stk.pop()
                    stk.append(0 if s1 == 0 else s0 // s1)
                elif op == op_MOD:
                    s0, s1 = stk.pop(), stk.pop()
                    stk.append(0 if s1 == 0 else s0 % s1)
                elif op == op_SDIV:
                    s0, s1 = utils.to_signed(stk.pop()), utils.to_signed(
                        stk.pop())
                    stk.append(0 if s1 == 0 else (abs(s0) // abs(s1) *
                                                  (-1 if s0 * s1 < 0 else 1))
                               & TT256M1)
                elif op == op_SMOD:
                    s0, s1 = utils.to_signed(stk.pop()), utils.to_signed(
                        stk.pop())
                    stk.append(0 if s1 == 0 else (abs(s0) % abs(s1) *
                                                  (-1 if s0 < 0 else 1))
                               & TT256M1)
                elif op == op_ADDMOD:
                    s0, s1, s2 = stk.pop(), stk.pop(), stk.pop()
                    stk.append((s0 + s1) % s2 if s2 else 0)
                elif op == op_MULMOD:
                    s0, s1, s2 = stk.pop(), stk.pop(), stk.pop()
                    stk.append((s0 * s1) % s2 if s2 else 0)
                elif op == op_EXP:
                    base, exponent = stk.pop(), stk.pop()
                    # fee for exponent is dependent on its bytes
                    # calc n bytes to represent exponent
                    nbytes = len(utils.encode_int(exponent))
                    expfee = nbytes * opcodes.GEXPONENTBYTE
                    if compustate.gas < expfee:
                        compustate.gas = 0
                        return vm_exception('OOG EXPONENT')
                    compustate.gas -= expfee
                    stk.append(pow(base, exponent, TT256))
                elif op == op_SIGNEXTEND:
                    s0, s1 = stk.pop(), stk.pop()
                    if s0 <= 31:
                        testbit = s0 * 8 + 7
                        if s1 & (1 << testbit):
                            stk.append(s1 | (TT256 - (1 << testbit)))
                        else:
                            stk.append(s1 & ((1 << testbit) - 1))
                    else:
                        stk.append(s1)
            elif op < 0x20:
                if op == op_LT:
                    stk.append(1 if stk.pop() < stk.pop() else 0)
                elif op == op_GT:
                    stk.append(1 if stk.pop() > stk.pop() else 0)
                elif op == op_SLT:
                    s0, s1 = utils.to_signed(stk.pop()), utils.to_signed(
                        stk.pop())
                    stk.append(1 if s0 < s1 else 0)
                elif op == op_SGT:
                    s0, s1 = utils.to_signed(stk.pop()), utils.to_signed(
                        stk.pop())
                    stk.append(1 if s0 > s1 else 0)
                elif op == op_EQ:
                    stk.append(1 if stk.pop() == stk.pop() else 0)
                elif op == op_ISZERO:
                    stk.append(0 if stk.pop() else 1)
                elif op == op_AND:
                    stk.append(stk.pop() & stk.pop())
                elif op == op_OR:
                    stk.append(stk.pop() | stk.pop())
                elif op == op_XOR:
                    stk.append(stk.pop() ^ stk.pop())
                elif op == op_NOT:
                    stk.append(TT256M1 - stk.pop())
                elif op == op_BYTE:
                    s0, s1 = stk.pop(), stk.pop()
                    if s0 >= 32:
                        stk.append(0)
                    else:
                        stk.append((s1 // 256**(31 - s0)) % 256)
            elif op < 0x40:
                if op == op_SHA3:
                    s0, s1 = stk.pop(), stk.pop()
                    compustate.gas -= opcodes.GSHA3WORD * \
                        (utils.ceil32(s1) // 32)
                    if compustate.gas < 0:
                        return vm_exception('OOG PAYING FOR SHA3')
                    if not mem_extend(mem, compustate, op, s0, s1):
                        return vm_exception('OOG EXTENDING MEMORY')
                    data = b''.join(map(ascii_chr, mem[s0:s0 + s1]))
                    stk.append(utils.big_endian_to_int(utils.sha3(data)))
                elif op == op_ADDRESS:
                    stk.append(utils.coerce_to_int(msg.to))
                elif op == op_BALANCE:
                    addr = utils.coerce_addr_to_hex(stk.pop() % 2**160)
                    stk.append(ext.get_balance(addr))
                elif op == op_ORIGIN:
                    stk.append(utils.coerce_to_int(ext.tx_origin))
                elif op == op_CALLER:
                    stk.append(utils.coerce_to_int(msg.sender))
                elif op == op_CALLVALUE:
                    stk.append(msg.value)
                elif op == op_CALLDATALOAD:
                    stk.append(msg.data.extract32(stk.pop()))
                elif op == op_CALLDATASIZE:
                    stk.append(msg.data.size)
                elif op == op_CALLDATACOPY:
                    mstart, dstart, size = stk.pop(), stk.pop(), stk.pop()
                    if not mem_extend(mem, compustate, op, mstart, size):
                        return vm_exception('OOG EXTENDING MEMORY')
                    if not data_copy(compustate, size):
                        return vm_exception('OOG COPY DATA')
                    msg.data.extract_copy(mem, mstart, dstart, size)
                elif op == op_CODESIZE:
                    stk.append(len(code))
                elif op == op_CODECOPY:
                    start, s1, size = stk.pop(), stk.pop(), stk.pop()
                    if not mem_extend(mem, compustate, op, start, size):
                        return vm_exception('OOG EXTENDING MEMORY')
                    if not data_copy(compustate, size):
                        return vm_exception('OOG COPY DATA')
                    for i in range(size):
                        if s1 + i < len(code):
                            mem[start + i] = utils.safe_ord(code[s1 + i])
                        else:
                            mem[start + i] = 0
                elif op == op_GASPRICE:
                    stk.append(ext.tx_gasprice)
                elif op == op_EXTCODESIZE:
                    addr = utils.coerce_addr_to_hex(stk.pop() % 2**160)
                    stk.append(len(ext.get_code(addr) or b''))
                elif op == op_EXTCODECOPY:
                    addr = utils.coerce_addr_to_hex(stk.pop() % 2**160)
                    start, s2, size = stk.pop(), stk.pop(), stk.pop()
                    extcode = ext.get_code(addr) or b''
                    assert utils.is_string(extcode)
                    if not mem_extend(mem, compustate, op, start, size):
                        return vm_exception('OOG EXTENDING MEMORY')
                    if not data_copy(compustate, size):
                        return vm_exception('OOG COPY DATA')
                    for i in range(size):
                        if s2 + i < len(extcode):
                            mem[start + i] = utils.safe_ord(extcode[s2 + i])
                        else:
                            mem[start + i] = 0
            elif op < 0x50:
                if op == op_BLOCKHASH:
                    stk.append(
                        utils.big_endian_to_int(ext.block_hash(stk.pop())))
                elif op == op_COINBASE:
                    stk.append(utils.big_endian_to_int(ext.block_coinbase))
                elif op == op_TIMESTAMP:
                    stk.append(ext.block_timestamp)
                elif op == op_NUMBER:
                    stk.append(ext.block_number)
                elif op == op_DIFFICULTY:
                    stk.append(ext.block_difficulty)
                elif op == op_GASLIMIT:
                    stk.append(ext.block_gas_limit)
            elif op < 0x60:
                if op == op_POP:
                    stk.pop()
                elif op == op_MLOAD:
                    s0 = stk.pop()
                    if not mem_extend(mem, compustate, op, s0, 32):
                        return vm_exception('OOG EXTENDING MEMORY')
                    data = 0
                    for c in mem[s0:s0 + 32]:
                        data = (data << 8) + c
                    stk.append(data)
                elif op == op_MSTORE:
                    s0, s1 = stk.pop(), stk.pop()
                    if not mem_extend(mem, compustate, op, s0, 32):
                        return vm_exception('OOG EXTENDING MEMORY')
                    v = s1
                    for i in range(31, -1, -1):
                        mem[s0 + i] = v % 256
                        v //= 256
                elif op == op_MSTORE8:
                    s0, s1 = stk.pop(), stk.pop()
                    if not mem_extend(mem, compustate, op, s0, 1):
                        return vm_exception('OOG EXTENDING MEMORY')
                    mem[s0] = s1 % 256
                elif op == op_SLOAD:
                    stk.append(ext.get_storage_data(msg.to, stk.pop()))
                elif op == op_SSTORE:
                    s0, s1 = stk.pop(), stk.pop()
                    if ext.get_storage_data(msg.to, s0):
                        gascost = opcodes.GSTORAGEMOD if s1 else opcodes.GSTORAGEKILL
                        refund = 0 if s1 else opcodes.GSTORAGEREFUND
                    else:
                        gascost = opcodes.GSTORAGEADD if s1 else opcodes.GSTORAGEMOD
                        refund = 0
                    if compustate.gas < gascost:
                        return vm_exception('OUT OF GAS')
                    compustate.gas -= gascost
                    # adds neg gascost as a refund if below zero
                    ext.add_refund(refund)
                    ext.set_storage_data(msg.to, s0, s1)
                elif op == op_JUMP:
                    compustate.pc = stk.pop()
                    opnew = processed_code[compustate.pc][4] if \
                        compustate.pc in processed_code else op_STOP
                    if opnew != op_JUMPDEST:
                        return vm_exception('BAD JUMPDEST')
                elif op == op_JUMPI:
                    s0, s1 = stk.pop(), stk.pop()
                    if s1:
                        compustate.pc = s0
                        opnew = processed_code[compustate.pc][4] if \
                            compustate.pc in processed_code else op_STOP
                        if opnew != op_JUMPDEST:
                            return vm_exception('BAD JUMPDEST')
                elif op == op_PC:
                    stk.append(compustate.pc - 1)
                elif op == op_MSIZE:
                    stk.append(len(mem))
                elif op == op_GAS:
                    stk.append(compustate.gas)  # AFTER subtracting cost 1
            elif op_PUSH1 <= (op & 255) <= op_PUSH32:
                # Hide push value in high-order bytes of op
                stk.append(op >> 8)
            elif op_DUP1 <= op <= op_DUP16:
                depth = op - op_DUP1 + 1
                stk.append(stk[-depth])
            elif op_SWAP1 <= op <= op_SWAP16:
                depth = op - op_SWAP1 + 1
                temp = stk[-depth - 1]
                stk[-depth - 1] = stk[-1]
                stk[-1] = temp

            elif op_LOG0 <= op <= op_LOG4:
                """
                0xa0 ... 0xa4, 32/64/96/128/160 + len(data) gas
                a. Opcodes LOG0...LOG4 are added, takes 2-6 stack arguments
                        MEMSTART MEMSZ (TOPIC1) (TOPIC2) (TOPIC3) (TOPIC4)
                b. Logs are kept track of during tx execution exactly the same way as suicides
                   (except as an ordered list, not a set).
                   Each log is in the form [address, [topic1, ... ], data] where:
                   * address is what the ADDRESS opcode would output
                   * data is mem[MEMSTART: MEMSTART + MEMSZ]
                   * topics are as provided by the opcode
                c. The ordered list of logs in the transaction are expressed as [log0, log1, ..., logN].
                """
                depth = op - op_LOG0
                mstart, msz = stk.pop(), stk.pop()
                topics = [stk.pop() for x in range(depth)]
                compustate.gas -= msz * opcodes.GLOGBYTE
                if not mem_extend(mem, compustate, op, mstart, msz):
                    return vm_exception('OOG EXTENDING MEMORY')
                data = b''.join(map(ascii_chr, mem[mstart:mstart + msz]))
                ext.log(msg.to, topics, data)
                log_log.trace('LOG',
                              to=msg.to,
                              topics=topics,
                              data=list(map(utils.safe_ord, data)))
                # print('LOG', msg.to, topics, list(map(ord, data)))

            elif op == op_CREATE:
                value, mstart, msz = stk.pop(), stk.pop(), stk.pop()
                if not mem_extend(mem, compustate, op, mstart, msz):
                    return vm_exception('OOG EXTENDING MEMORY')
                if ext.get_balance(msg.to) >= value and msg.depth < 1024:
                    cd = CallData(mem, mstart, msz)
                    create_msg = Message(msg.to, b'', value, compustate.gas,
                                         cd, msg.depth + 1)
                    o, gas, addr = ext.create(create_msg)
                    if o:
                        stk.append(utils.coerce_to_int(addr))
                        compustate.gas = gas
                    else:
                        stk.append(0)
                        compustate.gas = 0
                else:
                    stk.append(0)
            elif op == op_CALL:
                gas, to, value, meminstart, meminsz, memoutstart, memoutsz = \
                    stk.pop(), stk.pop(), stk.pop(), stk.pop(), stk.pop(), stk.pop(), stk.pop()
                if not mem_extend(mem, compustate, op, meminstart, meminsz) or \
                        not mem_extend(mem, compustate, op, memoutstart, memoutsz):
                    return vm_exception('OOG EXTENDING MEMORY')
                to = utils.encode_int(to)
                to = ((b'\x00' * (32 - len(to))) + to)[12:]
                extra_gas = (not ext.account_exists(to)) * opcodes.GCALLNEWACCOUNT + \
                    (value > 0) * opcodes.GCALLVALUETRANSFER
                submsg_gas = gas + opcodes.GSTIPEND * (value > 0)
                if compustate.gas < gas + extra_gas:
                    return vm_exception('OUT OF GAS', needed=gas + extra_gas)
                if ext.get_balance(msg.to) >= value and msg.depth < 1024:
                    compustate.gas -= (gas + extra_gas)
                    cd = CallData(mem, meminstart, meminsz)
                    call_msg = Message(msg.to,
                                       to,
                                       value,
                                       submsg_gas,
                                       cd,
                                       msg.depth + 1,
                                       code_address=to)
                    result, gas, data = ext.msg(call_msg)
                    if result == 0:
                        stk.append(0)
                    else:
                        stk.append(1)
                        compustate.gas += gas
                        for i in range(min(len(data), memoutsz)):
                            mem[memoutstart + i] = data[i]
                else:
                    compustate.gas -= (gas + extra_gas - submsg_gas)
                    stk.append(0)
            elif op == op_CALLCODE:
                gas, to, value, meminstart, meminsz, memoutstart, memoutsz = \
                    stk.pop(), stk.pop(), stk.pop(), stk.pop(), stk.pop(), stk.pop(), stk.pop()
                if not mem_extend(mem, compustate, op, meminstart, meminsz) or \
                        not mem_extend(mem, compustate, op, memoutstart, memoutsz):
                    return vm_exception('OOG EXTENDING MEMORY')
                extra_gas = (value > 0) * opcodes.GCALLVALUETRANSFER
                submsg_gas = gas + opcodes.GSTIPEND * (value > 0)
                if compustate.gas < gas + extra_gas:
                    return vm_exception('OUT OF GAS', needed=gas + extra_gas)
                if ext.get_balance(msg.to) >= value and msg.depth < 1024:
                    compustate.gas -= (gas + extra_gas)
                    to = utils.encode_int(to)
                    to = ((b'\x00' * (32 - len(to))) + to)[12:]
                    cd = CallData(mem, meminstart, meminsz)
                    call_msg = Message(msg.to,
                                       msg.to,
                                       value,
                                       submsg_gas,
                                       cd,
                                       msg.depth + 1,
                                       code_address=to)
                    result, gas, data = ext.msg(call_msg)
                    if result == 0:
                        stk.append(0)
                    else:
                        stk.append(1)
                        compustate.gas += gas
                        for i in range(min(len(data), memoutsz)):
                            mem[memoutstart + i] = data[i]
                else:
                    compustate.gas -= (gas + extra_gas - submsg_gas)
                    stk.append(0)
            elif op == op_RETURN:
                s0, s1 = stk.pop(), stk.pop()
                if not mem_extend(mem, compustate, op, s0, s1):
                    return vm_exception('OOG EXTENDING MEMORY')
                return peaceful_exit('RETURN', compustate.gas, mem[s0:s0 + s1])
            elif op == op_SUICIDE:
                to = utils.encode_int(stk.pop())
                to = ((b'\x00' * (32 - len(to))) + to)[12:]
                xfer = ext.get_balance(msg.to)
                ext.set_balance(to, ext.get_balance(to) + xfer)
                ext.set_balance(msg.to, 0)
                ext.add_suicide(msg.to)
                # print('suiciding %s %s %d' % (msg.to, to, xfer))
                return 1, compustate.gas, []