def main(model='diehl_and_cook_2015', data='mnist', param_string=None, cmap='hot_r', p_destroy=0, p_delete=0):
    assert param_string is not None, 'Pass "--param_string" argument on command line or main method.'

    f = os.path.join(ROOT_DIR, 'params', data, model, f'{param_string}.pt')
    if not os.path.isfile(f):
        print('File not found locally. Attempting download from swarm2 cluster.')
        download_params.main(model=model, data=data, param_string=param_string)

    network = torch.load(open(f, 'rb'))

    if data in ['mnist', 'letters', 'fashion_mnist']:
        if model in ['diehl_and_cook_2015', 'two_level_inhibition', 'real_dac', 'unclamp_dac']:
            params = param_string.split('_')
            n_sqrt = int(np.ceil(np.sqrt(int(params[1]))))
            side = int(np.sqrt(network.layers['X'].n))

            w = network.connections['X', 'Y'].w
            w = get_square_weights(w, n_sqrt, side)
            plot_weights(w, cmap=cmap)

        elif model in ['conv']:
            w = network.connections['X', 'Y'].w
            plot_conv2d_weights(w, wmax=network.connections['X', 'Y'].wmax, cmap=cmap)

        elif model in ['fully_conv', 'locally_connected', 'crop_locally_connected', 'bern_crop_locally_connected']:
            params = param_string.split('_')
            kernel_size = int(params[1])
            stride = int(params[2])
            n_filters = int(params[3])

            if model in ['crop_locally_connected', 'bern_crop_locally_connected']:
                crop = int(params[4])
                side_length = 28 - crop * 2
            else:
                side_length = 28

            if kernel_size == side_length:
                conv_size = 1
            else:
                conv_size = int((side_length - kernel_size) / stride) + 1

            locations = torch.zeros(kernel_size, kernel_size, conv_size, conv_size).long()
            for c1 in range(conv_size):
                for c2 in range(conv_size):
                    for k1 in range(kernel_size):
                        for k2 in range(kernel_size):
                            location = c1 * stride * side_length + c2 * stride + k1 * side_length + k2
                            locations[k1, k2, c1, c2] = location

            locations = locations.view(kernel_size ** 2, conv_size ** 2)

            w = network.connections[('X', 'Y')].w

            mask = torch.bernoulli(p_destroy * torch.ones(w.size())).byte()
            w[mask] = 0

            mask = torch.bernoulli(p_delete * torch.ones(w.size(1))).byte()
            w[:, mask] = 0

            plot_locally_connected_weights(
                w, n_filters, kernel_size, conv_size, locations, side_length, wmin=w.min(), wmax=w.max(), cmap=cmap
            )

        elif model in ['backprop']:
            w = network.connections['X', 'Y'].w
            weights = [
                w[:, i].view(28, 28) for i in range(10)
            ]
            w = torch.zeros(5 * 28, 2 * 28)
            for i in range(5):
                for j in range(2):
                    w[i * 28: (i + 1) * 28, j * 28: (j + 1) * 28] = weights[i + j * 5]

            plot_weights(w, wmin=-1, wmax=1, cmap=cmap)

        elif model in ['two_layer_backprop']:
            params = param_string.split('_')
            sqrt = int(np.ceil(np.sqrt(int(params[1]))))

            w = network.connections['Y', 'Z'].w
            weights = [
                w[:, i].view(sqrt, sqrt) for i in range(10)
            ]
            w = torch.zeros(5 * sqrt, 2 * sqrt)
            for i in range(5):
                for j in range(2):
                    w[i * sqrt: (i + 1) * sqrt, j * sqrt: (j + 1) * sqrt] = weights[i + j * 5]

            plot_weights(w, wmin=-1, wmax=1, cmap=cmap)

            w = network.connections['X', 'Y'].w
            square_weights = get_square_weights(w, sqrt, 28)
            plot_weights(square_weights, wmin=-1, wmax=1, cmap=cmap)

        else:
            raise NotImplementedError('Weight plotting not implemented for this data, model combination.')

    elif data in ['breakout']:
        if model in ['crop', 'rebalance', 'two_level']:
            params = param_string.split('_')
            n_sqrt = int(np.ceil(np.sqrt(int(params[1]))))
            side = (50, 72)

            if model in ['crop', 'rebalance']:
                w = network.connections[('X', 'Ae')].w
            else:
                w = network.connections[('X', 'Y')].w

            w = get_square_weights(w, n_sqrt, side)
            plot_weights(w, cmap=cmap)

        elif model in ['backprop']:
            w = network.connections['X', 'Y'].w
            weights = [
                w[:, i].view(50, 72) for i in range(4)
            ]
            w = torch.zeros(2 * 50, 2 * 72)
            for j in range(2):
                for k in range(2):
                    w[j * 50: (j + 1) * 50, k * 72: (k + 1) * 72] = weights[j + k * 2]

            plot_weights(w, cmap=cmap)

        else:
            raise NotImplementedError('Weight plotting not implemented for this data, model combination.')

    if data in ['cifar10']:
        if model in ['backprop']:
            wmin = network.connections['X', 'Y'].wmin
            wmax = network.connections['X', 'Y'].wmax

            w = network.connections['X', 'Y'].w
            weights = [w[:, i].view(32, 32, 3).mean(2) for i in range(10)]
            w = torch.zeros(5 * 32, 2 * 32)
            for i in range(5):
                for j in range(2):
                    w[i * 32: (i + 1) * 32, j * 32: (j + 1) * 32] = weights[i + j * 5]

            plot_weights(w, wmin=wmin, wmax=wmax, cmap=cmap)

        else:
            raise NotImplementedError('Weight plotting not implemented for this data, model combination.')

    path = os.path.join(ROOT_DIR, 'plots', data, model, 'weights')
    if not os.path.isdir(path):
        os.makedirs(path)

    plt.savefig(os.path.join(path, f'{param_string}.png'))

    plt.ioff()
    plt.show()
def main(seed=0,
         n_train=60000,
         n_test=10000,
         inhib=250,
         kernel_size=(16, ),
         stride=(2, ),
         time=50,
         n_filters=25,
         crop=0,
         lr=1e-2,
         lr_decay=0.99,
         dt=1,
         theta_plus=0.05,
         theta_decay=1e-7,
         norm=0.2,
         progress_interval=10,
         update_interval=250,
         train=True,
         relabel=False,
         plot=False,
         gpu=False):

    assert n_train % update_interval == 0 and n_test % update_interval == 0 or relabel, \
        'No. examples must be divisible by update_interval'

    params = [
        seed, kernel_size, stride, n_filters, crop, lr, lr_decay, n_train,
        inhib, time, dt, theta_plus, theta_decay, norm, progress_interval,
        update_interval
    ]

    model_name = '_'.join([str(x) for x in params])

    if not train:
        test_params = [
            seed, kernel_size, stride, n_filters, crop, lr, lr_decay, n_train,
            n_test, inhib, time, dt, theta_plus, theta_decay, norm,
            progress_interval, update_interval
        ]

    np.random.seed(seed)

    if gpu:
        torch.set_default_tensor_type('torch.cuda.FloatTensor')
        torch.cuda.manual_seed_all(seed)
    else:
        torch.manual_seed(seed)

    side_length = 28 - crop * 2
    n_inpt = side_length**2
    n_examples = n_train if train else n_test
    n_classes = 10

    # Build network.
    if train:
        network = LocallyConnectedNetwork(
            n_inpt=n_inpt,
            input_shape=[side_length, side_length],
            kernel_size=kernel_size,
            stride=stride,
            n_filters=n_filters,
            inh=inhib,
            dt=dt,
            nu=[.1 * lr, lr],
            theta_plus=theta_plus,
            theta_decay=theta_decay,
            wmin=0,
            wmax=1.0,
            norm=norm)
        network.layers['Y'].thresh = 1
        network.layers['Y'].reset = 0
        network.layers['Y'].rest = 0

    else:
        network = load_network(os.path.join(params_path, model_name + '.pt'))
        network.connections['X', 'Y'].update_rule = NoOp(
            connection=network.connections['X', 'Y'],
            nu=network.connections['X', 'Y'].nu)
        network.layers['Y'].theta_decay = 0
        network.layers['Y'].theta_plus = 0

    conv_size = network.connections['X', 'Y'].conv_size
    locations = network.connections['X', 'Y'].locations
    conv_prod = int(np.prod(conv_size))
    n_neurons = n_filters * conv_prod

    # Voltage recording for excitatory and inhibitory layers.
    voltage_monitor = Monitor(network.layers['Y'], ['v'], time=time)
    network.add_monitor(voltage_monitor, name='output_voltage')

    # Load Fashion-MNIST data.
    dataset = FashionMNIST(path=data_path, download=True)

    if train:
        images, labels = dataset.get_train()
    else:
        images, labels = dataset.get_test()

    if crop != 0:
        images = images[:, crop:-crop, crop:-crop]

    # Record spikes during the simulation.
    if not train:
        update_interval = n_examples

    spike_record = torch.zeros(update_interval, time, n_neurons)

    # Neuron assignments and spike proportions.
    if train:
        assignments = -torch.ones_like(torch.Tensor(n_neurons))
        proportions = torch.zeros_like(torch.Tensor(n_neurons, 10))
        rates = torch.zeros_like(torch.Tensor(n_neurons, 10))
        ngram_scores = {}
    else:
        path = os.path.join(params_path,
                            '_'.join(['auxiliary', model_name]) + '.pt')
        assignments, proportions, rates, ngram_scores = torch.load(
            open(path, 'rb'))

    if train:
        best_accuracy = 0

    # Sequence of accuracy estimates.
    curves = {'all': [], 'proportion': [], 'ngram': []}
    predictions = {scheme: torch.Tensor().long() for scheme in curves.keys()}

    spikes = {}
    for layer in set(network.layers):
        spikes[layer] = Monitor(network.layers[layer],
                                state_vars=['s'],
                                time=time)
        network.add_monitor(spikes[layer], name=f'{layer}_spikes')

    # Train the network.
    if train:
        print('\nBegin training.\n')
    else:
        print('\nBegin test.\n')

    spike_ims = None
    spike_axes = None
    weights_im = None

    start = t()
    for i in range(n_examples):
        if i % progress_interval == 0 and train:
            network.connections['X', 'Y'].update_rule.nu[1] *= lr_decay

        if i % progress_interval == 0:
            print(f'Progress: {i} / {n_examples} ({t() - start:.4f} seconds)')
            start = t()

        if i % update_interval == 0 and i > 0:
            if i % len(labels) == 0:
                current_labels = labels[-update_interval:]
            else:
                current_labels = labels[i % len(images) - update_interval:i %
                                        len(images)]

            # Update and print accuracy evaluations.
            curves, preds = update_curves(curves,
                                          current_labels,
                                          n_classes,
                                          spike_record=spike_record,
                                          assignments=assignments,
                                          proportions=proportions,
                                          ngram_scores=ngram_scores,
                                          n=2)
            print_results(curves)

            for scheme in preds:
                predictions[scheme] = torch.cat(
                    [predictions[scheme], preds[scheme]], -1)

            # Save accuracy curves to disk.
            to_write = ['train'] + params if train else ['test'] + params
            f = '_'.join([str(x) for x in to_write]) + '.pt'
            torch.save((curves, update_interval, n_examples),
                       open(os.path.join(curves_path, f), 'wb'))

            if train:
                if any([x[-1] > best_accuracy for x in curves.values()]):
                    print(
                        'New best accuracy! Saving network parameters to disk.'
                    )

                    # Save network to disk.
                    network.save(os.path.join(params_path, model_name + '.pt'))
                    path = os.path.join(
                        params_path,
                        '_'.join(['auxiliary', model_name]) + '.pt')
                    torch.save((assignments, proportions, rates, ngram_scores),
                               open(path, 'wb'))

                    best_accuracy = max([x[-1] for x in curves.values()])

                # Assign labels to excitatory layer neurons.
                assignments, proportions, rates = assign_labels(
                    spike_record, current_labels, n_classes, rates)

                # Compute ngram scores.
                ngram_scores = update_ngram_scores(spike_record,
                                                   current_labels, n_classes,
                                                   2, ngram_scores)

            print()

        # Get next input sample.
        image = images[i % len(images)].contiguous().view(-1)
        sample = poisson(datum=image, time=time, dt=dt)
        inpts = {'X': sample}

        # Run the network on the input.
        network.run(inpts=inpts, time=time)

        retries = 0
        while spikes['Y'].get('s').sum() < 5 and retries < 3:
            retries += 1
            image *= 2
            sample = poisson(datum=image, time=time, dt=dt)
            inpts = {'X': sample}
            network.run(inpts=inpts, time=time)

        # Add to spikes recording.
        spike_record[i % update_interval] = spikes['Y'].get('s').t()

        # Optionally plot various simulation information.
        if plot:
            _spikes = {
                'X': spikes['X'].get('s').view(side_length**2, time),
                'Y': spikes['Y'].get('s').view(n_filters * conv_prod, time)
            }

            spike_ims, spike_axes = plot_spikes(spikes=_spikes,
                                                ims=spike_ims,
                                                axes=spike_axes)
            weights_im = plot_locally_connected_weights(
                network.connections['X', 'Y'].w,
                n_filters,
                kernel_size,
                conv_size,
                locations,
                side_length,
                im=weights_im,
                wmin=0,
                wmax=1)

            plt.pause(1e-8)

        network.reset_()  # Reset state variables.

    print(f'Progress: {n_examples} / {n_examples} ({t() - start:.4f} seconds)')

    i += 1

    if i % len(labels) == 0:
        current_labels = labels[-update_interval:]
    else:
        current_labels = labels[i % len(images) - update_interval:i %
                                len(images)]

    if not train and relabel:
        # Assign labels to excitatory layer neurons.
        assignments, proportions, rates = assign_labels(
            spike_record, current_labels, n_classes, rates)

        # Compute ngram scores.
        ngram_scores = update_ngram_scores(spike_record, current_labels,
                                           n_classes, 2, ngram_scores)

    # Update and print accuracy evaluations.
    curves, preds = update_curves(curves,
                                  current_labels,
                                  n_classes,
                                  spike_record=spike_record,
                                  assignments=assignments,
                                  proportions=proportions,
                                  ngram_scores=ngram_scores,
                                  n=2)
    print_results(curves)

    for scheme in preds:
        predictions[scheme] = torch.cat([predictions[scheme], preds[scheme]],
                                        -1)

    if train:
        if any([x[-1] > best_accuracy for x in curves.values()]):
            print('New best accuracy! Saving network parameters to disk.')

            # Save network to disk.
            network.save(os.path.join(params_path, model_name + '.pt'))
            path = os.path.join(params_path,
                                '_'.join(['auxiliary', model_name]) + '.pt')
            torch.save((assignments, proportions, rates, ngram_scores),
                       open(path, 'wb'))

    if train:
        print('\nTraining complete.\n')
    else:
        print('\nTest complete.\n')

    print('Average accuracies:\n')
    for scheme in curves.keys():
        print('\t%s: %.2f' % (scheme, float(np.mean(curves[scheme]))))

    # Save accuracy curves to disk.
    to_write = ['train'] + params if train else ['test'] + params
    f = '_'.join([str(x) for x in to_write]) + '.pt'
    torch.save((curves, update_interval, n_examples),
               open(os.path.join(curves_path, f), 'wb'))

    # Save results to disk.
    path = os.path.join('..', '..', 'results', data, model)
    if not os.path.isdir(path):
        os.makedirs(path)

    results = [
        np.mean(curves['all']),
        np.mean(curves['proportion']),
        np.mean(curves['ngram']),
        np.max(curves['all']),
        np.max(curves['proportion']),
        np.max(curves['ngram'])
    ]

    to_write = params + results if train else test_params + results
    to_write = [str(x) for x in to_write]
    name = 'train.csv' if train else 'test.csv'

    if not os.path.isfile(os.path.join(results_path, name)):
        with open(os.path.join(path, name), 'w') as f:
            if train:
                f.write(
                    'random_seed,kernel_size,stride,n_filters,crop,n_train,inhib,time,lr,lr_decay,timestep,theta_plus,'
                    'theta_decay,norm,progress_interval,update_interval,mean_all_activity,mean_proportion_weighting,'
                    'mean_ngram,max_all_activity,max_proportion_weighting,max_ngram\n'
                )
            else:
                f.write(
                    'random_seed,kernel_size,stride,n_filters,crop,n_train,n_test,inhib,time,lr,lr_decay,timestep,'
                    'theta_plus,theta_decay,norm,progress_interval,update_interval,mean_all_activity,'
                    'mean_proportion_weighting,mean_ngram,max_all_activity,max_proportion_weighting,max_ngram\n'
                )

    with open(os.path.join(results_path, name), 'a') as f:
        f.write(','.join(to_write) + '\n')

    if labels.numel() > n_examples:
        labels = labels[:n_examples]
    else:
        while labels.numel() < n_examples:
            if 2 * labels.numel() > n_examples:
                labels = torch.cat(
                    [labels, labels[:n_examples - labels.numel()]])
            else:
                labels = torch.cat([labels, labels])

    # Compute confusion matrices and save them to disk.
    confusions = {}
    for scheme in predictions:
        confusions[scheme] = confusion_matrix(labels, predictions[scheme])

    to_write = ['train'] + params if train else ['test'] + test_params
    f = '_'.join([str(x) for x in to_write]) + '.pt'
    torch.save(confusions, os.path.join(confusion_path, f))
    if plot:
        # Optionally plot various simulation information.
        _spikes = {
            'X': network.monitors['X_spikes'].get('s').view(n_input, time),
            'Y': network.monitors['Y_spikes'].get('s').view(n_neurons, time)
        }

        spike_ims, spike_axes = plot_spikes(spikes=_spikes,
                                            ims=spike_ims,
                                            axes=spike_axes)

        w = network.connections[('X', 'Y')].w
        weights_im = plot_locally_connected_weights(w,
                                                    150,
                                                    12, (3, 3),
                                                    locations,
                                                    20,
                                                    im=weights_im)
        weights2_im = plot_weights(model.coef_, im=weights2_im)

        spikes = spikes.view(
            network.connections['X', 'Y'].n_filters,
            network.connections['X', 'Y'].conv_size[0] *
            network.connections['X', 'Y'].conv_size[1])

        _, max_indices = torch.max(spikes, dim=0)

        w = w.view(400, 9 * 150)
        w = w[locations[:, max_indices % 9], max_indices]

        print(max_indices % 9)
Пример #4
0
def main(seed=0, n_examples=100, gpu=False, plot=False):

    np.random.seed(seed)

    if gpu:
        torch.set_default_tensor_type('torch.cuda.FloatTensor')
        torch.cuda.manual_seed_all(seed)
    else:
        torch.manual_seed(seed)

    model_name = '0_12_4_150_4_0.01_0.99_60000_250.0_250_1.0_0.05_1e-07_0.5_0.2_10_250'

    network = load_network(os.path.join(params_path, f'{model_name}.pt'))

    for l in network.layers:
        network.layers[l].dt = network.dt

    for c in network.connections:
        network.connections[c].dt = network.dt

    network.layers['Y'].one_spike = True
    network.layers['Y'].lbound = None

    kernel_size = 12
    side_length = 20
    n_filters = 150
    time = 250
    intensity = 0.5
    crop = 4
    conv_size = network.connections['X', 'Y'].conv_size
    locations = network.connections['X', 'Y'].locations
    conv_prod = int(np.prod(conv_size))
    n_neurons = n_filters * conv_prod
    n_classes = 10

    # Voltage recording for excitatory and inhibitory layers.
    voltage_monitor = Monitor(network.layers['Y'], ['v'], time=time)
    network.add_monitor(voltage_monitor, name='output_voltage')

    # Load MNIST data.
    dataset = MNIST(path=data_path, download=True)

    images, labels = dataset.get_test()
    images *= intensity
    images = images[:, crop:-crop, crop:-crop]

    # Neuron assignments and spike proportions.
    path = os.path.join(params_path,
                        '_'.join(['auxiliary', model_name]) + '.pt')
    assignments, proportions, rates, ngram_scores = torch.load(open(
        path, 'rb'))

    spikes = {}
    for layer in set(network.layers):
        spikes[layer] = Monitor(network.layers[layer],
                                state_vars=['s'],
                                time=time)
        network.add_monitor(spikes[layer], name=f'{layer}_spikes')

    # Train the network.
    print('\nBegin black box adversarial attack.\n')

    spike_ims = None
    spike_axes = None
    weights_im = None
    inpt_ims = None
    inpt_axes = None

    max_iters = 25
    delta = 0.1
    epsilon = 0.1

    for i in range(n_examples):
        # Get next input sample.
        original = images[i % len(images)].contiguous().view(-1)
        label = labels[i % len(images)]

        # Check if the image is correctly classified.
        sample = poisson(datum=original, time=time)
        inpts = {'X': sample}

        # Run the network on the input.
        network.run(inpts=inpts, time=time)

        # Check for incorrect classification.
        s = spikes['Y'].get('s').view(1, n_neurons, time)
        prediction = ngram(spikes=s,
                           ngram_scores=ngram_scores,
                           n_labels=10,
                           n=2).item()

        if prediction != label:
            continue

        # Create adversarial example.
        adversarial = False
        while not adversarial:
            adv_example = 255 * torch.rand(original.size())
            sample = poisson(datum=adv_example, time=time)
            inpts = {'X': sample}

            # Run the network on the input.
            network.run(inpts=inpts, time=time)

            # Check for incorrect classification.
            s = spikes['Y'].get('s').view(1, n_neurons, time)
            prediction = ngram(spikes=s,
                               ngram_scores=ngram_scores,
                               n_labels=n_classes,
                               n=2).item()

            if prediction == label:
                adversarial = True

        j = 0
        current = original.clone()
        while j < max_iters:
            # Orthogonal perturbation.
            # perturb = orthogonal_perturbation(delta=delta, image=adv_example, target=original)
            # temp = adv_example + perturb

            # # Forward perturbation.
            # temp = temp.clone() + forward_perturbation(epsilon * get_diff(temp, original), temp, adv_example)

            # print(temp)

            perturbation = torch.randn(original.size())

            unnormed_source_direction = original - perturbation
            source_norm = torch.norm(unnormed_source_direction)
            source_direction = unnormed_source_direction / source_norm

            dot = torch.dot(perturbation, source_direction)
            perturbation -= dot * source_direction
            perturbation *= epsilon * source_norm / torch.norm(perturbation)

            D = 1 / np.sqrt(epsilon**2 + 1)
            direction = perturbation - unnormed_source_direction
            spherical_candidate = current + D * direction

            spherical_candidate = torch.clamp(spherical_candidate, 0, 255)

            new_source_direction = original - spherical_candidate
            new_source_direction_norm = torch.norm(new_source_direction)

            # length if spherical_candidate would be exactly on the sphere
            length = delta * source_norm

            # length including correction for deviation from sphere
            deviation = new_source_direction_norm - source_norm
            length += deviation

            # make sure the step size is positive
            length = max(0, length)

            # normalize the length
            length = length / new_source_direction_norm

            candidate = spherical_candidate + length * new_source_direction
            candidate = torch.clamp(candidate, 0, 255)

            sample = poisson(datum=candidate, time=time)
            inpts = {'X': sample}

            # Run the network on the input.
            network.run(inpts=inpts, time=time)

            # Check for incorrect classification.
            s = spikes['Y'].get('s').view(1, n_neurons, time)
            prediction = ngram(spikes=s,
                               ngram_scores=ngram_scores,
                               n_labels=10,
                               n=2).item()

            # Optionally plot various simulation information.
            if plot:
                _input = original.view(side_length, side_length)
                reconstruction = candidate.view(side_length, side_length)
                _spikes = {
                    'X': spikes['X'].get('s').view(side_length**2, time),
                    'Y': spikes['Y'].get('s').view(n_neurons, time)
                }
                w = network.connections['X', 'Y'].w

                spike_ims, spike_axes = plot_spikes(spikes=_spikes,
                                                    ims=spike_ims,
                                                    axes=spike_axes)
                weights_im = plot_locally_connected_weights(w,
                                                            n_filters,
                                                            kernel_size,
                                                            conv_size,
                                                            locations,
                                                            side_length,
                                                            im=weights_im)
                inpt_axes, inpt_ims = plot_input(_input,
                                                 reconstruction,
                                                 label=labels[i],
                                                 ims=inpt_ims,
                                                 axes=inpt_axes)

                plt.pause(1e-8)

            if prediction == label:
                print('Attack failed.')
            else:
                print('Attack succeeded.')
                adv_example = candidate

            j += 1

        network.reset_()  # Reset state variables.

    print('\nAdversarial attack complete.\n')
        network.run(inpts=inpts, time=time)

    # Add to spikes recording.
    spike_record[i % update_interval] = spikes['Y'].get('s').t()

    # Optionally plot various simulation information.
    if plot:
        inpt = images[i % len(images)].view(80, 80)
        reconstruction = inpts['X'].view(time, 80 ** 2).sum(0).view(80, 80)
        _spikes = {layer: spikes[layer].get('s') for layer in spikes}
        input_exc_weights = network.connections[('X', 'Y')].w

        inpt_axes, inpt_ims = plot_input(inpt, reconstruction, label=labels[i], axes=inpt_axes, ims=inpt_ims)
        spike_ims, spike_axes = plot_spikes(_spikes, ims=spike_ims, axes=spike_axes)
        weights_im = plot_locally_connected_weights(
            input_exc_weights, n_filters, kernel_size, conv_size, locations, 80, im=weights_im
        )
        perf_ax = plot_performance(curves, ax=perf_ax)

        plt.pause(1e-8)

    network.reset_()  # Reset state variables.

print(f'Progress: {n_examples} / {n_examples} ({t() - start:.4f} seconds)')

i += 1

if i % len(labels) == 0:
    current_labels = labels[-update_interval:]
else:
    current_labels = labels[i % len(labels) - update_interval:i % len(labels)]
def main(seed=0,
         n_train=60000,
         n_test=10000,
         inhib=250,
         kernel_size=(16, ),
         stride=(2, ),
         n_filters=25,
         n_output=100,
         time=100,
         crop=0,
         lr=1e-2,
         lr_decay=0.99,
         dt=1,
         theta_plus=0.05,
         theta_decay=1e-7,
         intensity=1,
         norm=0.2,
         progress_interval=10,
         update_interval=250,
         train=True,
         plot=False,
         gpu=False):

    assert n_train % update_interval == 0, 'No. examples must be divisible by update_interval'

    params = [
        seed, kernel_size, stride, n_filters, crop, lr, lr_decay, n_train,
        inhib, time, dt, theta_plus, theta_decay, intensity, norm,
        progress_interval, update_interval
    ]

    model_name = '_'.join([str(x) for x in params])

    if not train:
        test_params = [
            seed, kernel_size, stride, n_filters, crop, lr, lr_decay, n_train,
            n_test, inhib, time, dt, theta_plus, theta_decay, intensity, norm,
            progress_interval, update_interval
        ]

    np.random.seed(seed)

    if gpu:
        torch.set_default_tensor_type('torch.cuda.FloatTensor')
        torch.cuda.manual_seed_all(seed)
    else:
        torch.manual_seed(seed)

    side_length = 28 - crop * 2
    n_inpt = side_length**2
    n_examples = n_train if train else n_test
    n_classes = 10

    # Build network.
    if train:
        network = load_network(
            os.path.join(
                ROOT_DIR, 'params', 'mnist', 'crop_locally_connected',
                '0_12_4_150_4_0.01_0.99_60000_250.0_250_1.0_0.05_1e-07_0.5_0.2_10_250.pt'
            ))

        for l in network.layers:
            network.layers[l].dt = 1
            network.layers[l].lbound = None

        for m in network.monitors:
            network.monitors[m].record_length = 0

        network.connections['X', 'Y'].update_rule = NoOp(
            connection=network.connections['X', 'Y'],
            nu=network.connections['X', 'Y'].nu)

        network.layers['Y'].theta_decay = 0
        network.layers['Y'].theta_plus = 0
        network.layers['Y'].theta -= 0.5 * network.layers['Y'].theta.mean()
        network.layers['Y'].one_spike = False

        del network.connections['Y', 'Y']

        output_layer = DiehlAndCookNodes(n=n_output,
                                         traces=True,
                                         rest=0,
                                         reset=0,
                                         thresh=1,
                                         refrac=0,
                                         decay=1e-2,
                                         trace_tc=5e-2)

        hidden_output_connection = Connection(
            network.layers['Y'],
            output_layer,
            nu=[0, lr],
            update_rule=WeightDependentPostPre,
            wmin=0,
            wmax=1,
            norm=norm * network.layers['Y'].n)

        w = -inhib * (torch.ones(n_output, n_output) -
                      torch.diag(torch.ones(n_output)))
        output_recurrent_connection = Connection(output_layer,
                                                 output_layer,
                                                 w=w,
                                                 update_rule=NoOp,
                                                 wmin=-inhib,
                                                 wmax=0)

        network.add_layer(output_layer, name='Z')
        network.add_connection(hidden_output_connection,
                               source='Y',
                               target='Z')
        network.add_connection(output_recurrent_connection,
                               source='Z',
                               target='Z')
    else:
        network = load_network(os.path.join(params_path, model_name + '.pt'))

        network.connections['Y', 'Z'].update_rule = NoOp(
            connection=network.connections['Y', 'Z'], nu=0)

        # network.layers['Z'].theta = 0
        # network.layers['Z'].theta_decay = 0
        # network.layers['Z'].theta_plus = 0

        # del network.connections['Z', 'Z']

    conv_size = network.connections['X', 'Y'].conv_size
    locations = network.connections['X', 'Y'].locations
    conv_prod = int(np.prod(conv_size))
    n_neurons = n_filters * conv_prod

    # Voltage recording for excitatory and inhibitory layers.
    voltage_monitor = Monitor(network.layers['Y'], ['v'], time=time)
    network.add_monitor(voltage_monitor, name='output_voltage')

    # Load MNIST data.
    dataset = MNIST(path=data_path, download=True)

    if train:
        images, labels = dataset.get_train()
    else:
        images, labels = dataset.get_test()

    images *= intensity
    images = images[:, crop:-crop,
                    crop:-crop].contiguous().view(-1, side_length**2)

    spikes = {}
    for layer in set(network.layers):
        spikes[layer] = Monitor(network.layers[layer],
                                state_vars=['s'],
                                time=time)
        network.add_monitor(spikes[layer], name=f'{layer}_spikes')

    # Train the network.
    if train:
        print('\nBegin training.\n')
    else:
        print('\nBegin test.\n')

    spike_ims = None
    spike_axes = None
    weights_im = None
    weights2_im = None

    unclamps = {}
    per_class = int(n_output / n_classes)
    for label in range(n_classes):
        unclamp = torch.ones(n_output).byte()
        unclamp[label * per_class:(label + 1) * per_class] = 0
        unclamps[label] = unclamp

    predictions = torch.zeros(n_examples)
    corrects = torch.zeros(n_examples)

    start = t()
    for i in range(n_examples):
        if i % progress_interval == 0:
            print(f'Progress: {i} / {n_examples} ({t() - start:.4f} seconds)')
            start = t()

        if i % update_interval == 0 and i > 0:
            if train:
                network.save(os.path.join(params_path, model_name + '.pt'))
                network.connections['X', 'Y'].update_rule.nu[1] *= lr_decay

        # Get next input sample.
        image = images[i % len(images)]
        label = labels[i % len(images)].item()
        sample = poisson(datum=image, time=time, dt=dt)
        inpts = {'X': sample}

        # Run the network on the input.
        if train:
            network.run(inpts=inpts, time=time, unclamp={'Z': unclamps[label]})
        else:
            network.run(inpts=inpts, time=time)

        if not train:
            retries = 0
            while spikes['Z'].get('s').sum() < 5 and retries < 3:
                retries += 1
                image *= 1.5
                sample = poisson(datum=image, time=time, dt=dt)
                inpts = {'X': sample}

                if train:
                    network.run(inpts=inpts,
                                time=time,
                                unclamp={'Z': unclamps[label]})
                else:
                    network.run(inpts=inpts, time=time)

        output = spikes['Z'].get('s')
        summed_neurons = output.sum(dim=1).view(per_class, n_classes)
        summed_classes = summed_neurons.sum(dim=1)
        prediction = torch.argmax(summed_classes).item()
        correct = prediction == label

        predictions[i] = prediction
        corrects[i] = int(correct)

        # print(spikes[].get('s').sum(), spikes['Z'].get('s').sum())

        # Optionally plot various simulation information.
        if plot:
            _spikes = {
                'X': spikes['X'].get('s').view(side_length**2, time),
                'Y': spikes['Y'].get('s').view(n_neurons, time),
                'Z': spikes['Z'].get('s').view(n_output, time)
            }

            spike_ims, spike_axes = plot_spikes(spikes=_spikes,
                                                ims=spike_ims,
                                                axes=spike_axes)
            weights_im = plot_locally_connected_weights(
                network.connections['X', 'Y'].w,
                n_filters,
                kernel_size,
                conv_size,
                locations,
                side_length,
                im=weights_im)

            w = network.connections['Y', 'Z'].w
            weights2_im = plot_weights(w, im=weights2_im, wmax=1)

            plt.pause(1e-8)

        network.reset_()  # Reset state variables.

    print(f'Progress: {n_examples} / {n_examples} ({t() - start:.4f} seconds)')

    if train:
        network.save(os.path.join(params_path, model_name + '.pt'))

    if train:
        print('\nTraining complete.\n')
    else:
        print('\nTest complete.\n')

    accuracy = torch.mean(corrects).item() * 100

    print(f'\nAccuracy: {accuracy}\n')

    to_write = params + [accuracy] if train else test_params + [accuracy]
    to_write = [str(x) for x in to_write]
    name = 'train.csv' if train else 'test.csv'

    if not os.path.isfile(os.path.join(results_path, name)):
        with open(os.path.join(results_path, name), 'w') as f:
            if train:
                f.write(
                    'random_seed,kernel_size,stride,n_filters,crop,lr,lr_decay,n_train,inhib,time,timestep,theta_plus,'
                    'theta_decay,intensity,norm,progress_interval,accuracy\n')
            else:
                f.write(
                    'random_seed,kernel_size,stride,n_filters,crop,lr,lr_decay,n_train,n_test,inhib,time,timestep,'
                    'theta_plus,theta_decay,intensity,norm,progress_interval,update_interval,accuracy\n'
                )

    with open(os.path.join(results_path, name), 'a') as f:
        f.write(','.join(to_write) + '\n')

    if labels.numel() > n_examples:
        labels = labels[:n_examples]
    else:
        while labels.numel() < n_examples:
            if 2 * labels.numel() > n_examples:
                labels = torch.cat(
                    [labels, labels[:n_examples - labels.numel()]])
            else:
                labels = torch.cat([labels, labels])

    # Compute confusion matrices and save them to disk.
    confusion = confusion_matrix(labels, predictions)

    to_write = ['train'] + params if train else ['test'] + test_params
    f = '_'.join([str(x) for x in to_write]) + '.pt'
    torch.save(confusion, os.path.join(confusion_path, f))
        reconstruction = inpts['X'].view(time, 50 * 72).sum(0).view(50, 72)
        _spikes = {layer: spikes[layer].get('s') for layer in spikes}
        input_exc_weights = network.connections[('X', 'Y')].w

        inpt_axes, inpt_ims = plot_input(inpt,
                                         reconstruction,
                                         label=labels[i],
                                         axes=inpt_axes,
                                         ims=inpt_ims)
        spike_ims, spike_axes = plot_spikes(_spikes,
                                            ims=spike_ims,
                                            axes=spike_axes)
        weights_im = plot_locally_connected_weights(
            network.connections[('X', 'Y')].w,
            n_filters,
            kernel_size,
            conv_size,
            locations, (50, 72),
            im=weights_im)
        perf_ax = plot_performance(curves, ax=perf_ax)

        plt.pause(1e-8)

    network.reset_()  # Reset state variables.

print(f'Progress: {n_examples} / {n_examples} ({t() - start:.4f} seconds)')

i += 1

if i % len(labels) == 0:
    current_labels = labels[-update_interval:]
def main(seed=0, n_train=60000, n_test=10000, inhib=250, kernel_size=(16,), stride=(2,), n_filters=25, crop=4, lr=0.01,
         lr_decay=1, time=100, dt=1, theta_plus=0.05, theta_decay=1e-7, intensity=1, norm=0.2, progress_interval=10,
         update_interval=250, plot=False, train=True, gpu=False):

    assert n_train % update_interval == 0 and n_test % update_interval == 0, \
        'No. examples must be divisible by update_interval'

    params = [
        seed, kernel_size, stride, n_filters, crop, lr, lr_decay, n_train, inhib, time, dt,
        theta_plus, theta_decay, intensity, norm, progress_interval, update_interval
    ]

    model_name = '_'.join([str(x) for x in params])

    if not train:
        test_params = [
            seed, kernel_size, stride, n_filters, crop, lr, lr_decay, n_train, n_test, inhib, time, dt,
            theta_plus, theta_decay, intensity, norm, progress_interval, update_interval
        ]

    np.random.seed(seed)

    if gpu:
        torch.set_default_tensor_type('torch.cuda.FloatTensor')
        torch.cuda.manual_seed_all(seed)
    else:
        torch.manual_seed(seed)

    side_length = 28 - crop * 2
    n_examples = n_train if train else n_test

    network = load_network(os.path.join(params_path, model_name + '.pt'))

    network.layers['X'] = Input(n=400)
    network.layers['Y'] = DiehlAndCookNodes(
        n=network.layers['Y'].n, thresh=network.layers['Y'].thresh, rest=network.layers['Y'].rest,
        reset=network.layers['Y'].reset, theta_plus=network.layers['Y'].theta_plus,
        theta_decay=network.layers['Y'].theta_decay
    )

    network.add_layer(network.layers['X'], name='X')
    network.add_layer(network.layers['Y'], name='Y')

    network.connections['X', 'Y'].source = network.layers['X']
    network.connections['X', 'Y'].target = network.layers['Y']

    network.connections['X', 'Y'].update_rule = NoOp(
        connection=network.connections['X', 'Y'], nu=network.connections['X', 'Y'].nu
    )
    network.layers['Y'].theta_decay = 0
    network.layers['Y'].theta_plus = 0

    conv_size = network.connections['X', 'Y'].conv_size
    locations = network.connections['X', 'Y'].locations
    conv_prod = int(np.prod(conv_size))
    n_neurons = n_filters * conv_prod
    n_classes = 10

    # Voltage recording for excitatory and inhibitory layers.
    voltage_monitor = Monitor(network.layers['Y'], ['v'], time=time)
    network.add_monitor(voltage_monitor, name='output_voltage')

    # Load MNIST data.
    dataset = MNIST(path=data_path, download=True)

    images, labels = dataset.get_test()
    images *= intensity
    images = images[:, crop:-crop, crop:-crop]

    # Neuron assignments and spike proportions.
    path = os.path.join(params_path, '_'.join(['auxiliary', model_name]) + '.pt')
    assignments, proportions, rates, ngram_scores = torch.load(open(path, 'rb'))

    spikes = {}
    for layer in set(network.layers):
        spikes[layer] = Monitor(network.layers[layer], state_vars=['s'], time=time)
        network.add_monitor(spikes[layer], name=f'{layer}_spikes')

    # Train the network.
    print('\nBegin black box adversarial attack.\n')

    spike_ims = None
    spike_axes = None
    weights_im = None
    inpt_ims = None
    inpt_axes = None

    max_iters = 25
    delta = 0.1
    epsilon = 0.1

    for i in range(n_examples):
        # Get next input sample.
        original = images[i % len(images)].contiguous().view(-1)
        label = labels[i % len(images)]

        # Check if the image is correctly classified.
        sample = poisson(datum=original, time=time)
        inpts = {'X': sample}

        # Run the network on the input.
        network.run(inpts=inpts, time=time)

        # Check for incorrect classification.
        s = spikes['Y'].get('s').view(1, n_neurons, time)
        prediction = ngram(spikes=s, ngram_scores=ngram_scores, n_labels=10, n=2).item()

        if prediction != label:
            continue

        # Create adversarial example.
        adversarial = False
        while not adversarial:
            adv_example = 255 * torch.rand(original.size())
            sample = poisson(datum=adv_example, time=time)
            inpts = {'X': sample}

            # Run the network on the input.
            network.run(inpts=inpts, time=time)

            # Check for incorrect classification.
            s = spikes['Y'].get('s').view(1, n_neurons, time)
            prediction = ngram(spikes=s, ngram_scores=ngram_scores, n_labels=n_classes, n=2).item()

            if prediction == label:
                adversarial = True

        j = 0
        current = original.clone()
        while j < max_iters:
            # Orthogonal perturbation.
            # perturb = orthogonal_perturbation(delta=delta, image=adv_example, target=original)
            # temp = adv_example + perturb

            # # Forward perturbation.
            # temp = temp.clone() + forward_perturbation(epsilon * get_diff(temp, original), temp, adv_example)

            # print(temp)

            perturbation = torch.randn(original.size())

            unnormed_source_direction = original - perturbation
            source_norm = torch.norm(unnormed_source_direction)
            source_direction = unnormed_source_direction / source_norm

            dot = torch.dot(perturbation, source_direction)
            perturbation -= dot * source_direction
            perturbation *= epsilon * source_norm / torch.norm(perturbation)

            D = 1 / np.sqrt(epsilon ** 2 + 1)
            direction = perturbation - unnormed_source_direction
            spherical_candidate = current + D * direction

            spherical_candidate = torch.clamp(spherical_candidate, 0, 255)

            new_source_direction = original - spherical_candidate
            new_source_direction_norm = torch.norm(new_source_direction)

            # length if spherical_candidate would be exactly on the sphere
            length = delta * source_norm

            # length including correction for deviation from sphere
            deviation = new_source_direction_norm - source_norm
            length += deviation

            # make sure the step size is positive
            length = max(0, length)

            # normalize the length
            length = length / new_source_direction_norm

            candidate = spherical_candidate + length * new_source_direction
            candidate = torch.clamp(candidate, 0, 255)

            sample = poisson(datum=candidate, time=time)
            inpts = {'X': sample}

            # Run the network on the input.
            network.run(inpts=inpts, time=time)

            # Check for incorrect classification.
            s = spikes['Y'].get('s').view(1, n_neurons, time)
            prediction = ngram(spikes=s, ngram_scores=ngram_scores, n_labels=10, n=2).item()

            # Optionally plot various simulation information.
            if plot:
                _input = original.view(side_length, side_length)
                reconstruction = candidate.view(side_length, side_length)
                _spikes = {
                    'X': spikes['X'].get('s').view(side_length ** 2, time),
                    'Y': spikes['Y'].get('s').view(n_neurons, time)
                }
                w = network.connections['X', 'Y'].w

                spike_ims, spike_axes = plot_spikes(spikes=_spikes, ims=spike_ims, axes=spike_axes)
                weights_im = plot_locally_connected_weights(
                    w, n_filters, kernel_size, conv_size, locations, side_length, im=weights_im
                )
                inpt_axes, inpt_ims = plot_input(
                    _input, reconstruction, label=labels[i], ims=inpt_ims, axes=inpt_axes
                )

                plt.pause(1e-8)

            if prediction == label:
                print('Attack failed.')
            else:
                print('Attack succeeded.')
                adv_example = candidate

            j += 1

        network.reset_()  # Reset state variables.

    print('\nAdversarial attack complete.\n')
Пример #9
0
def main(seed=0, n_train=60000, n_test=10000, c_low=1, c_high=25, p_low=0.5, kernel_size=(16,), stride=(2,),
         n_filters=25, crop=4, lr=0.01, lr_decay=1, time=100, dt=1, theta_plus=0.05, theta_decay=1e-7, intensity=1,
         norm=0.2, progress_interval=10, update_interval=250, plot=False, train=True, gpu=False):

    assert n_train % update_interval == 0 and n_test % update_interval == 0, \
        'No. examples must be divisible by update_interval'

    params = [
        seed, kernel_size, stride, n_filters, crop, lr, lr_decay, n_train, c_low, c_high, p_low, time, dt,
        theta_plus, theta_decay, intensity, norm, progress_interval, update_interval
    ]

    model_name = '_'.join([str(x) for x in params])

    if not train:
        test_params = [
            seed, kernel_size, stride, n_filters, crop, lr, lr_decay, n_train, n_test, c_low, c_high, p_low, time, dt,
            theta_plus, theta_decay, intensity, norm, progress_interval, update_interval
        ]

    np.random.seed(seed)

    if gpu:
        torch.set_default_tensor_type('torch.cuda.FloatTensor')
        torch.cuda.manual_seed_all(seed)
    else:
        torch.manual_seed(seed)

    side_length = 28 - crop * 2
    n_inpt = side_length ** 2
    input_shape = [side_length, side_length]
    n_examples = n_train if train else n_test
    n_classes = 10

    if _pair(kernel_size) == input_shape:
        conv_size = [1, 1]
    else:
        conv_size = (int((input_shape[0] - _pair(kernel_size)[0]) / _pair(stride)[0]) + 1,
                     int((input_shape[1] - _pair(kernel_size)[1]) / _pair(stride)[1]) + 1)

    # Build network.
    if train:
        network = Network()

        input_layer = Input(n=n_inpt, traces=True, trace_tc=5e-2)
        output_layer = DiehlAndCookNodes(
            n=n_filters * conv_size[0] * conv_size[1], traces=True, rest=-65.0, reset=-60.0,
            thresh=-52.0, refrac=5, decay=1e-2, trace_tc=5e-2, theta_plus=theta_plus, theta_decay=theta_decay
        )
        input_output_conn = LocallyConnectedConnection(
            input_layer, output_layer, kernel_size=kernel_size, stride=stride, n_filters=n_filters,
            nu=[0, lr], update_rule=PostPre, wmin=0, wmax=1, norm=norm, input_shape=input_shape
        )

        w = torch.zeros(n_filters, *conv_size, n_filters, *conv_size)
        for fltr1 in range(n_filters):
            for fltr2 in range(n_filters):
                if fltr1 != fltr2:
                    for j in range(conv_size[0]):
                        for k in range(conv_size[1]):
                            x1, y1 = fltr1 // np.sqrt(n_filters), fltr1 % np.sqrt(n_filters)
                            x2, y2 = fltr2 // np.sqrt(n_filters), fltr2 % np.sqrt(n_filters)

                            w[fltr1, j, k, fltr2, j, k] = max(-c_high, -c_low * np.sqrt(euclidean([x1, y1], [x2, y2])))

        w = w.view(n_filters * conv_size[0] * conv_size[1], n_filters * conv_size[0] * conv_size[1])
        recurrent_conn = Connection(output_layer, output_layer, w=w)

        plt.matshow(w)
        plt.colorbar()

        network.add_layer(input_layer, name='X')
        network.add_layer(output_layer, name='Y')
        network.add_connection(input_output_conn, source='X', target='Y')
        network.add_connection(recurrent_conn, source='Y', target='Y')
    else:
        network = load_network(os.path.join(params_path, model_name + '.pt'))
        network.connections['X', 'Y'].update_rule = NoOp(
            connection=network.connections['X', 'Y'], nu=network.connections['X', 'Y'].nu
        )
        network.layers['Y'].theta_decay = 0
        network.layers['Y'].theta_plus = 0

    conv_size = network.connections['X', 'Y'].conv_size
    locations = network.connections['X', 'Y'].locations
    conv_prod = int(np.prod(conv_size))
    n_neurons = n_filters * conv_prod

    # Voltage recording for excitatory and inhibitory layers.
    voltage_monitor = Monitor(network.layers['Y'], ['v'], time=time)
    network.add_monitor(voltage_monitor, name='output_voltage')

    # Load MNIST data.
    dataset = MNIST(path=data_path, download=True)

    if train:
        images, labels = dataset.get_train()
    else:
        images, labels = dataset.get_test()

    images *= intensity
    images = images[:, crop:-crop, crop:-crop]

    # Record spikes during the simulation.
    spike_record = torch.zeros(update_interval, time, n_neurons)

    # Neuron assignments and spike proportions.
    if train:
        assignments = -torch.ones_like(torch.Tensor(n_neurons))
        proportions = torch.zeros_like(torch.Tensor(n_neurons, 10))
        rates = torch.zeros_like(torch.Tensor(n_neurons, 10))
        ngram_scores = {}
    else:
        path = os.path.join(params_path, '_'.join(['auxiliary', model_name]) + '.pt')
        assignments, proportions, rates, ngram_scores = torch.load(open(path, 'rb'))

    if train:
        best_accuracy = 0

    # Sequence of accuracy estimates.
    curves = {'all': [], 'proportion': [], 'ngram': []}
    predictions = {
        scheme: torch.Tensor().long() for scheme in curves.keys()
    }

    spikes = {}
    for layer in set(network.layers):
        spikes[layer] = Monitor(network.layers[layer], state_vars=['s'], time=time)
        network.add_monitor(spikes[layer], name=f'{layer}_spikes')

    # Train the network.
    if train:
        print('\nBegin training.\n')
    else:
        print('\nBegin test.\n')

    spike_ims = None
    spike_axes = None
    weights_im = None

    # Calculate linear increase every update interval.
    if train:
        n_increase = int(p_low * n_examples) / update_interval
        increase = (c_high - c_low) / n_increase
        increases = 0
        inhib = c_low

    start = t()
    for i in range(n_examples):
        if i % progress_interval == 0:
            print(f'Progress: {i} / {n_examples} ({t() - start:.4f} seconds)')
            start = t()

        if i % update_interval == 0 and i > 0:
            if train:
                network.connections['X', 'Y'].update_rule.nu[1] *= lr_decay

                if increases < n_increase:
                    inhib = inhib + increase

                    print(f'\nIncreasing inhibition to {inhib}.\n')

                    w = torch.zeros(n_filters, *conv_size, n_filters, *conv_size)
                    for fltr1 in range(n_filters):
                        for fltr2 in range(n_filters):
                            if fltr1 != fltr2:
                                for j in range(conv_size[0]):
                                    for k in range(conv_size[1]):
                                        x1, y1 = fltr1 // np.sqrt(n_filters), fltr1 % np.sqrt(n_filters)
                                        x2, y2 = fltr2 // np.sqrt(n_filters), fltr2 % np.sqrt(n_filters)

                                        w[fltr1, j, k, fltr2, j, k] = max(-c_high, -c_low * np.sqrt(euclidean([x1, y1], [x2, y2])))

                    w = w.view(n_filters * conv_size[0] * conv_size[1], n_filters * conv_size[0] * conv_size[1])
                    network.connections['Y', 'Y'].w = w

            if i % len(labels) == 0:
                current_labels = labels[-update_interval:]
            else:
                current_labels = labels[i % len(images) - update_interval:i % len(images)]

            # Update and print accuracy evaluations.
            curves, preds = update_curves(
                curves, current_labels, n_classes, spike_record=spike_record, assignments=assignments,
                proportions=proportions, ngram_scores=ngram_scores, n=2
            )
            print_results(curves)

            for scheme in preds:
                predictions[scheme] = torch.cat([predictions[scheme], preds[scheme]], -1)

            # Save accuracy curves to disk.
            to_write = ['train'] + params if train else ['test'] + params
            f = '_'.join([str(x) for x in to_write]) + '.pt'
            torch.save((curves, update_interval, n_examples), open(os.path.join(curves_path, f), 'wb'))

            if train:
                if any([x[-1] > best_accuracy for x in curves.values()]):
                    print('New best accuracy! Saving network parameters to disk.')

                    # Save network to disk.
                    network.save(os.path.join(params_path, model_name + '.pt'))
                    path = os.path.join(params_path, '_'.join(['auxiliary', model_name]) + '.pt')
                    torch.save((assignments, proportions, rates, ngram_scores), open(path, 'wb'))

                    best_accuracy = max([x[-1] for x in curves.values()])

                # Assign labels to excitatory layer neurons.
                assignments, proportions, rates = assign_labels(spike_record, current_labels, 10, rates)

                # Compute ngram scores.
                ngram_scores = update_ngram_scores(spike_record, current_labels, 10, 2, ngram_scores)

            print()

        # Get next input sample.
        image = images[i % update_interval].contiguous().view(-1)
        sample = poisson(datum=image, time=time, dt=dt)
        inpts = {'X': sample}

        # Run the network on the input.
        network.run(inpts=inpts, time=time)

        retries = 0
        while spikes['Y'].get('s').sum() < 5 and retries < 3:
            retries += 1
            image *= 2
            sample = poisson(datum=image, time=time, dt=dt)
            inpts = {'X': sample}
            network.run(inpts=inpts, time=time)

        # Add to spikes recording.
        spike_record[i % update_interval] = spikes['Y'].get('s').t()

        # Optionally plot various simulation information.
        if plot:
            _spikes = {
                'X': spikes['X'].get('s').view(side_length ** 2, time),
                'Y': spikes['Y'].get('s').view(n_filters * conv_prod, time)
            }

            spike_ims, spike_axes = plot_spikes(spikes=_spikes, ims=spike_ims, axes=spike_axes)
            weights_im = plot_locally_connected_weights(
                network.connections[('X', 'Y')].w, n_filters, kernel_size, conv_size, locations, side_length, im=weights_im
            )

            plt.pause(1e-8)

        network.reset_()  # Reset state variables.

    print(f'Progress: {n_examples} / {n_examples} ({t() - start:.4f} seconds)')

    i += 1

    if i % len(labels) == 0:
        current_labels = labels[-update_interval:]
    else:
        current_labels = labels[i % len(images) - update_interval:i % len(images)]

    # Update and print accuracy evaluations.
    curves, preds = update_curves(
        curves, current_labels, n_classes, spike_record=spike_record, assignments=assignments,
        proportions=proportions, ngram_scores=ngram_scores, n=2
    )
    print_results(curves)

    for scheme in preds:
        predictions[scheme] = torch.cat([predictions[scheme], preds[scheme]], -1)

    if train:
        if any([x[-1] > best_accuracy for x in curves.values()]):
            print('New best accuracy! Saving network parameters to disk.')

            # Save network to disk.
            network.save(os.path.join(params_path, model_name + '.pt'))
            path = os.path.join(params_path, '_'.join(['auxiliary', model_name]) + '.pt')
            torch.save((assignments, proportions, rates, ngram_scores), open(path, 'wb'))

    if train:
        print('\nTraining complete.\n')
    else:
        print('\nTest complete.\n')

    print('Average accuracies:\n')
    for scheme in curves.keys():
        print('\t%s: %.2f' % (scheme, float(np.mean(curves[scheme]))))

    # Save accuracy curves to disk.
    to_write = ['train'] + params if train else ['test'] + params
    f = '_'.join([str(x) for x in to_write]) + '.pt'
    torch.save((curves, update_interval, n_examples), open(os.path.join(curves_path, f), 'wb'))

    # Save results to disk.
    results = [
        np.mean(curves['all']), np.mean(curves['proportion']), np.mean(curves['ngram']),
        np.max(curves['all']), np.max(curves['proportion']), np.max(curves['ngram'])
    ]

    to_write = params + results if train else test_params + results
    to_write = [str(x) for x in to_write]
    name = 'train.csv' if train else 'test.csv'

    if not os.path.isfile(os.path.join(results_path, name)):
        with open(os.path.join(results_path, name), 'w') as f:
            if train:
                f.write(
                    'random_seed,kernel_size,stride,n_filters,crop,lr,lr_decay,n_train,c_low,c_high,p_low,time,timestep,theta_plus,'
                    'theta_decay,intensity,norm,progress_interval,update_interval,mean_all_activity,'
                    'mean_proportion_weighting,mean_ngram,max_all_activity,max_proportion_weighting,max_ngram\n'
                )
            else:
                f.write(
                    'random_seed,kernel_size,stride,n_filters,crop,lr,lr_decay,n_train,n_test,c_low,c_high,p_low,time,timestep,'
                    'theta_plus,theta_decay,intensity,norm,progress_interval,update_interval,mean_all_activity,'
                    'mean_proportion_weighting,mean_ngram,max_all_activity,max_proportion_weighting,max_ngram\n'
                )

    with open(os.path.join(results_path, name), 'a') as f:
        f.write(','.join(to_write) + '\n')

    if labels.numel() > n_examples:
        labels = labels[:n_examples]
    else:
        while labels.numel() < n_examples:
            if 2 * labels.numel() > n_examples:
                labels = torch.cat([labels, labels[:n_examples - labels.numel()]])
            else:
                labels = torch.cat([labels, labels])

    # Compute confusion matrices and save them to disk.
    confusions = {}
    for scheme in predictions:
        confusions[scheme] = confusion_matrix(labels, predictions[scheme])

    to_write = ['train'] + params if train else ['test'] + test_params
    f = '_'.join([str(x) for x in to_write]) + '.pt'
    torch.save(confusions, os.path.join(confusion_path, f))