Пример #1
0
class BaseView(object):
    def __init__(self, config):
        """
    Creator

    :param config: The configuration for this module
    :type config: Configuration

    :returns: BaseView
    """
        self.config = config
        self.__logger = Log(config)
        self.event_controller = EventController(config)
        self.user_controller = UserController(config)

    def get_json(self):
        json = {}
        cl = cherrypy.request.headers.get('Content-Length', None)
        if cl:
            try:
                rawbody = cherrypy.request.body.read(int(cl))
                json = loads(rawbody)
            except TypeError:
                # wonder what's wrong restangular?!?
                counter = 0
                rawbody = ''
                while True:
                    rawbody += cherrypy.request.body.readline(counter)
                    try:
                        json = loads(rawbody)
                        break
                    except ValueError:
                        counter += 1
        return json

    @property
    def logger(self):
        return self.__logger.get_logger(self.__class__.__name__)

    def _create_session(self):
        """
    creates a session in cherrypy
    """
        session = self._get_session()
        session.regenerate()
        self.logger.debug('Created a session')

    def _put_to_session(self, key, value):
        """
      puts/sets a key value pair to the session

    :param key: The key for the value
    :type key: object
    :param value: The value for the key
    :type value: object

    """
        session = self._get_session()
        session[key] = value
        self.logger.debug('Set session value {0} for key {1}'.format(
            value, key))

    def __is_session_key(self, key):
        """
    Checks if the key is existing the session, else raises a SessionNotFoundException

    :param key: The key for the value
    :type key: object

    """
        session = self._get_session()
        if key not in session.keys():
            self.logger.debug('Key {0} is not defined in session'.format(key))
            raise SessionNotFoundException(
                'Key {0} was not defined in session'.format(key))

    def _get_from_session(self, key, default_value=None):
        """
    Get a variable by key from the session

    Note: The variable stays in the session

    :param key: The key for the value
    :type key: object
    :param value: The value for the key
    :type value: object

    :returns: object
    """
        session = self._get_session()
        value = session.get(key, default_value)
        self.logger.debug('Returned session value "{0}" for key "{1}"'.format(
            value, key))
        return value

    def _pull_from_session(self, key, default_value=None):
        """
    Pulls a variable by key from the session

    Note: The variable is removed from the session

    :param key: The key for the value
    :type key: object
    :param value: The value for the key
    :type value: object

    :returns: object
    """
        session = self._get_session()
        value = session.pop(key, default_value)
        self.logger.debug(
            'Returned session value "{0}" for key "{1}" and removed it'.format(
                value, key))
        return value

    def _destroy_session(self):
        """
    Destroys a session
    """
        try:
            session = self._get_session()
            session.clear()
            session.delete()
            # session.clean_up()
            self.logger.debug('Session destroyed')
        except CherryPyException as error:
            self.logger.error(error)

    def _get_session(self):
        """
    Returns the session
    """
        session = getattr(cherrypy, 'session')
        self.logger.debug('Session returned')
        return session

    def user_authenticated(self):
        username = self._get_from_session(SESSION_KEY, None)
        return username

    def get_user(self):
        """
    Returns the user from the session

    :returns: User
    """
        user = self._get_from_session(SESSION_USER)
        if user:
            user = self.user_controller.get_user_by_username(user.username)
        return user

    def get_authorized_events_cache(self):
        """
    Returns the authorized cached events
    """
        try:
            return self._get_from_session('_cp_events_cache', dict())
        except AttributeError:
            return dict()

    def set_authorized_events_cache(self, cache):
        try:
            self._put_to_session('_cp_events_cache', cache)
        except AttributeError:
            pass

    def check_if_admin(self):
        user = self.get_user()
        isadmin = is_user_priviledged(user)
        if not isadmin:
            raise cherrypy.HTTPError(
                403, 'User {0} is not privileged'.format(user.username))

    def check_if_admin_validate(self):
        user = self.get_user()
        if not user.permissions.validate:
            raise cherrypy.HTTPError(
                403, 'User {0} cannot validate events'.format(user.username))

    def is_event_viewable(self, event, user=None):
        # The same is in the mailer
        if not user:
            user = self.get_user()
        if self.is_event_owner(event, user):
            return True
        else:
            if user:
                if user.group_id:
                    user_group = self.event_controller.group_broker.get_by_id(
                        user.group_id)
                    tlp_lvl = get_max_tlp(user_group)
                    if event.tlp_level_id >= tlp_lvl:
                        return True
                    else:
                        grp_ids = list()
                        for group in user_group.children:
                            grp_ids.append(group.identifier)
                        grp_ids.append(user.group_id)

                        for eventgroup in event.groups:
                            group = eventgroup.group
                            if group.identifier in grp_ids:
                                return True
                        return False
                else:
                    return False
            else:
                return False

    def check_if_event_is_viewable(self, event):
        user = self.get_user()
        if not self.is_event_viewable(event, user):
            raise cherrypy.HTTPError(
                403, 'User/group {0}/{1} cannot view this event'.format(
                    user.username, user.group.name))

    def is_item_viewable(self, event, item, user=None):
        if not user:
            user = self.get_user()
        if self.is_event_owner(event, user):
            return True
        else:
            # check is the event is viewable then process to the iem
            if self.is_event_viewable(event, user):
                permissions = self.get_event_user_permissions(event, user)
                if is_object_viewable(item, permissions, user):
                    return True
                else:
                    return False
            else:
                return False

    def check_item_is_viewable(self, event, item):
        user = self.get_user()
        result = self.is_item_viewable(event, item)
        # if the result is still not set throw an error
        log_msg = get_item_view_message(result, event.identifier,
                                        item.identifier, user.username,
                                        'can_view')
        # update cache
        self.logger.info(log_msg)
        if result is None:
            raise Exception(u'Unknown error occurred during event checks')
        else:
            return result

    def check_if_event_is_modifiable(self, event):
        self.check_permission(event, 'can_modify')

    def check_if_event_is_deletable(self, event):
        self.check_permission(event, 'can_delete')

    def check_if_event_group_can_change(self, event):
        self.check_permission(event, 'set_groups')

    def check_permission(self, event, permission):
        user = self.get_user()
        result = self.is_user_allowed_to_perform(event, permission, user)
        if not result:
            raise cherrypy.HTTPError(
                403,
                'User/group {0}/{1} is not authorized perform action "{3}" on event {2}'
                .format(user.username, user.group.name, event.identifier,
                        permission))

    def check_if_owner(self, event):
        user = self.get_user()
        owner = is_event_owner(event, user)
        if not owner:
            raise cherrypy.HTTPError(
                403, 'User/group {0}/{1} does not own event {2}'.format(
                    user.username, user.group.name, event.identifier))

    def check_if_user_can_add(self, event):
        user = self.get_user()
        result = is_event_owner(event, user)
        if not result:
            result = self.is_user_allowed_to_perform(event, 'can_add', user)
            if not result:
                result = self.is_user_allowed_to_perform(
                    event, 'can_propose', user)
        if not result:
            raise cherrypy.HTTPError(
                403, 'User {0}/{1} can not add contents to event {2}'.format(
                    user.username, user.group.name, event.identifier))

    def is_user_allowed_to_perform(self, event, permission, user):
        permissions = self.get_event_user_permissions(event, user)
        if permissions:
            result = getattr(permissions, permission)
            # if the result is still not set throw an error
            log_msg = get_view_message(result, event.identifier, user.username,
                                       permission)
            # update cache
            self.logger.info(log_msg)
            if result is None:
                raise Exception(u'Unknown error occurred during event checks')
            else:
                return result
        else:
            return False

    def is_user_priviledged(self, user):
        self.logger.debug(u'Checking if user {0} is privileged'.format(
            user.username))
        result = is_user_priviledged(user)
        if result:
            self.logger.info(u'User {0} is privileged'.format(user.username))
        else:
            self.logger.info(u'User {0} is not privileged'.format(
                user.username))
        return result

    def is_event_owner(self, event, user):
        self.logger.debug(
            u'Checking if user/group {0}/{1} owns event {2}'.format(
                user.username, user.group.name, event.identifier))
        result = is_event_owner(event, user)
        if result:
            self.logger.info(u'User/group {0}/{1} owns of event {2}'.format(
                user.username, user.group.name, event.identifier))
        else:
            self.logger.info(
                u'User/group {0}/{1} does not own of event {2}'.format(
                    user.username, user.group.name, event.identifier))
        return result

    def is_rest_insert(self, headers):
        webinsert = headers.get('frontend', None)
        if webinsert:
            return False
        else:
            return True

    def is_user_allowed_set_validate(self, event, old_instance, user, json):
        properties = json.get('properties', None)
        if properties:
            permissions = self.get_event_user_permissions(event, user)
            validated = properties.get('validated', None)
            if validated is not None:
                # validate is perhaps going to change
                if permissions.can_validate:
                    return True
                else:
                    # if there are changes deny them
                    if old_instance.properties.is_validated == validated:
                        # no change
                        return True
                    else:
                        self.logger.info(
                            u'User {0} has no right to validate elements of event {1}'
                            .format(user.username, event.identifier))
                        return False
        return True

    def is_user_allowed_set_share(self, event, old_instance, user, json):
        properties = json.get('properties', None)
        if properties:
            shared = properties.get('shared', None)
            if shared is not None:
                if is_event_owner(event, user):
                    return True
                else:
                    if old_instance.originating_group.identifier == user.group_id:
                        # User owns instance
                        return True
                    else:
                        if old_instance.properties.is_shareable == shared:
                            return True
                        else:
                            self.logger.info(
                                u'User/group {0}/{1} has no right to share elements of event {2}'
                                .format(user.username, user.group.name,
                                        event.identifier))
                            return False
        return True

    def check_user_allowed_set_share(self, event, old_instance, user, json):
        shared = self.is_user_allowed_set_share(event, old_instance, user,
                                                json)
        if not shared:
            raise cherrypy.HTTPError(
                403, 'User/group {0}/{1} cannot make this change'.format(
                    user.username, user.group.name))

    def check_user_allowed_set_validate(self, event, old_instance, user, json):
        validate = self.is_user_allowed_set_validate(event, old_instance, user,
                                                     json)
        if not validate:
            raise cherrypy.HTTPError(
                403,
                'User/group {0}/{1} can not validate elements of event {2}'.
                format(user.username, user.group.name, event.identifier))

    def is_if_user_can_set_validate_and_shared(self, event, old_instance, user,
                                               json):
        # TODO: Involve if user == partof the originator
        validate = self.is_user_allowed_set_validate(event, old_instance, user,
                                                     json)
        shared = self.is_user_allowed_set_validate(event, old_instance, user,
                                                   json)
        return validate and shared

    def check_if_user_can_set_validate_or_shared(self, event, old_instance,
                                                 user, json):
        self.check_user_allowed_set_share(event, old_instance, user, json)
        self.check_user_allowed_set_validate(event, old_instance, user, json)

    def get_event_user_permissions(self, event, user):
        cache = self.get_authorized_events_cache()
        permissions = None
        if event:
            # check if cache
            if cache:
                permissions = cache.get(event.identifier, None)
                # if None the event is not available inside the cache
                if permissions:
                    return permissions

            if permissions is None:
                if self.is_event_owner(event, user):
                    permissions = EventPermissions('0')
                    permissions.set_all()
                else:
                    # either there was no cache or the event was not inside the cache perform checks
                    permissions = self.event_controller.get_event_user_permissions(
                        event, user)
                    # put result in the cache if there is one
                cache[event.identifier] = permissions
                # perform checks
        else:
            permissions = EventPermissions('0')
        self.set_authorized_events_cache(cache)
        return permissions

    def put_user_to_session(self, user):
        cherrypy.request.login = user.username
        self._put_to_session('_cp_username', user.username)
        offline_user = self.__make_user_object(user)
        self._put_to_session(SESSION_USER, offline_user)

    def __make_user_object(self, user):
        # TODO: make user offline
        obj = GenObject()
        obj.name = user.name
        obj.username = user.username
        obj.identifier = user.identifier
        obj.email = user.email
        obj.group_id = user.group_id
        obj.activated = user.activated
        obj.sirname = user.sirname
        obj.permissions = UserRights(user.dbcode)

        return obj
Пример #2
0
class Ce1susAdapter(BaseController):
    def __init__(self, config, session=None):
        self.server_details = None
        self.proxies = {}
        self.verify_ssl = False
        self.ssl_cert = None
        self.session = requests.session()
        self.assembler = Assembler(config, session)
        self.event_controller = EventController(config, session)
        self.process_controller = ProcessController(config, session)

    @property
    def apiUrl(self):
        return '{0}/REST/0.3.0'.format(self.server_details.baseurl)

    @property
    def apiKey(self):
        return self.server_details.user.api_key

    def __set_complete_inflated(self, url, complete=False, inflated=False):
        if complete and not inflated:
            url = '{0}?complete=true'.format(url)
        if not complete and inflated:
            url = '{0}?inflated=true'.format(url)
        if complete and inflated:
            url = '{0}?complete=true&inflated=true'.format(url)
        return url

    def __extract_message(self, error):
        reason = error.message
        message = error.response.text
        code = error.response.status_code
        # "<p>An event with uuid "54f63b0f-0c98-4e74-ab95-60c718689696" already exists</p>
        try:
            pos = message.index('<p>') + 3
            message = message[pos:]
            pos = message.index('</p>')
            message = message[:pos]
        except ValueError:
            # In case the message is not parsable
            pass
        return code, reason, message

    def __handle_exception(self, request):
        try:
            request.raise_for_status()
        except requests.exceptions.HTTPError as error:
            code, reason, message = self.__extract_message(error)
            message = u'{0} ({1})'.format(reason, message)
            if code == 403:
                raise Ce1susAdapterForbiddenException(message)
            elif code == 404:
                raise Ce1susAdapterNothingFoundException(message)
            else:
                raise Ce1susAdapterException(message)

    def __request(self, path, method, data=None, extra_headers=None):
        try:
            url = '{0}/{1}'.format(self.apiUrl, path)
            headers = {
                'Content-Type': 'application/json; charset=utf-8',
                'User-Agent': 'Ce1sus API server client {0}'.format(APP_REL),
                'key': self.apiKey
            }
            if extra_headers:
                for key, value in extra_headers.items():
                    headers[key] = value

            if method == 'GET':
                request = self.session.get(url,
                                           headers=headers,
                                           proxies=self.proxies,
                                           verify=self.verify_ssl,
                                           cert=self.ssl_cert,
                                           cookies=self.session.cookies)
            elif method == 'PUT':
                request = self.session.put(url,
                                           json.dumps(data),
                                           headers=headers,
                                           proxies=self.proxies,
                                           verify=self.verify_ssl,
                                           cert=self.ssl_cert,
                                           cookies=self.session.cookies)
            elif method == 'DELETE':
                request = self.session.delete(url,
                                              headers=headers,
                                              proxies=self.proxies,
                                              verify=self.verify_ssl,
                                              cert=self.ssl_cert,
                                              cookies=self.session.cookies)
            elif method == 'POST':
                request = self.session.post(url,
                                            json.dumps(data),
                                            headers=headers,
                                            proxies=self.proxies,
                                            verify=self.verify_ssl,
                                            cert=self.ssl_cert,
                                            cookies=self.session.cookies)
            else:
                raise UnkownMethodException(
                    u'Mehtod {0} is not specified can only be GET,POST,PUT or DELETE'
                )

            if request.status_code == requests.codes.ok:
                return json.loads(request.text)
            else:
                self.__handle_exception(request)
        except requests.exceptions.RequestException as error:
            raise Ce1susAdapterException(error)
        except requests.ConnectionError as error:
            raise Ce1susAdapterConnectionException('{0}'.format(error.message))

    def login(self):
        text = self.__request('/login', 'POST', None)
        return text

    def logout(self):
        text = self.__request(
            '/logout',
            'GET',
        )
        if text == 'User logged out':
            return True
        else:
            return False

    def get_event_by_uuid(self,
                          uuid,
                          complete=False,
                          inflated=False,
                          poponly=True,
                          json=False):
        url = '/event/{0}'.format(uuid)
        url = self.__set_complete_inflated(url, complete, inflated)
        json = self.__request(url, 'GET', None)
        if json:
            return json
        else:
            event = self.assembler.assemble_event(json,
                                                  self.server_details.user,
                                                  False, True, poponly)
            return event

    def insert_event(self, event, complete=False, inflated=False):
        url = '/event'
        url = self.__set_complete_inflated(url, complete, inflated)
        event_permissions = self.event_controller.get_event_user_permissions(
            event, self.server_details.user)
        json = self.__request(url,
                              'POST',
                              data=event.to_dict(True, True, event_permissions,
                                                 self.server_details.user))
        owner = is_event_owner(event, self.server_details.user)
        event = self.assembler.update_event(event, json,
                                            self.server_details.user, owner,
                                            True)
        return event

    def update_event(self, event, complete=False, inflated=False):
        url = '/event/{0}'.format(event.uuid)
        url = self.__set_complete_inflated(url, complete, inflated)
        event_permissions = self.event_controller.get_event_user_permissions(
            event, self.server_details.user)
        json = self.__request(url,
                              'PUT',
                              data=event.to_dict(True, True, event_permissions,
                                                 self.server_details.user))
        owner = is_event_owner(event, self.server_details.user)
        event = self.assembler.update_event(event, json,
                                            self.server_details.user, owner,
                                            True)
        return event

    def get_index(self, server_details=None):
        url = '/events'
        if server_details:
            self.server_details = server_details
        url = self.__set_complete_inflated(url, False, False)
        json = self.__request(url, 'GET', None)
        events_json = json.get('data', list())
        result = list()
        for event_json in events_json:
            event = self.assembler.assemble_event(event_json,
                                                  self.server_details.user,
                                                  False, True, True)
            result.append(event)
        return result

    def push(self, server_details):
        try:
            self.server_details = server_details
            self.login()
            user_events = self.event_controller.get_all_for_user(
                server_details.user)
            # get the remote ones
            rem_events = self.get_index(server_details)
            rem_events_dict = dict()
            for rem_event in rem_events:
                rem_events_dict[rem_event.uuid] = rem_event

            uuids_to_push = list()
            for event in user_events:
                rem_event = rem_events_dict.get(event.uuid, None)
                if rem_event:
                    if event.last_publish_date and rem_event.last_publish_date:
                        if event.last_publish_date > rem_event.last_publish_date:
                            uuids_to_push.append(event.uuid)
                else:
                    uuids_to_push.append(event.uuid)

            # pass
            for uuid_to_push in uuids_to_push:
                self.process_controller.create_new_process(
                    ProcessType.PUSH, uuid_to_push, self.server_details.user,
                    server_details, True)
        except Ce1susAdapterException as error:
            self.logout()
            raise Ce1susAdapterException(error)
        self.logout()

    def pull(self, server_details):
        try:
            self.server_details = server_details
            self.login()
            events = self.get_index(server_details)
            event_uuids = dict()
            for event in events:
                event_uuids[event.uuid] = event

            local_events = self.event_controller.get_event_by_uuids(
                event_uuids.keys())

            items_to_remove = list()
            for local_event in local_events:
                rem_event = event_uuids[local_event.uuid]
                if local_event.last_publish_date and rem_event.last_publish_date:
                    if rem_event.last_publish_date <= local_event.last_publish_date:
                        items_to_remove.append(local_event.uuid)
                else:
                    items_to_remove.append(local_event.uuid)

            for item_to_remove in items_to_remove:
                del event_uuids[item_to_remove]

            for rem_event in event_uuids.itervalues():
                self.process_controller.create_new_process(
                    ProcessType.PULL, rem_event.uuid, server_details.user,
                    server_details, True)
            self.logout()
            return 'OK'
        except Ce1susAdapterException as error:
            self.logout()
            raise Ce1susAdapterException(error)
Пример #3
0
class Ce1susStixMapper(BaseController):
    def __init__(self, config, session=None):
        BaseController.__init__(self, config, session)
        self.cybox_mapper = CyboxMapper(config, session)
        self.indicator_controller = IndicatorController(config, session)
        self.event_controller = EventController(config, session)
        self.fh = FileHandler()

    def init(self):
        self.seen_groups = list()
        self.seen_observables = list()

    def __map_stix_header(self, event):
        self.init()
        stix_header = STIXHeader(title=event.title)
        stix_header.description = event.description
        stix_header.short_description = event.title
        identifiy = self.create_stix_identity(event)
        time = self.cybox_mapper.get_time(produced_time=event.created_at,
                                          received_time=event.modified_on)
        info_source = InformationSource(identity=identifiy, time=time)
        stix_header.information_source = info_source

        # Add TLP
        marking = Marking()
        marking_spec = MarkingSpecification()
        marking.add_marking(marking_spec)

        tlp_marking_struct = TLPMarkingStructure()
        tlp_marking_struct.color = event.tlp.upper()
        tlp_marking_struct.marking_model_ref = 'http://govcert.lu/en/docs/POL_202_V2.2_rfc2350.pdf'
        marking_spec.marking_structures = list()
        marking_spec.marking_structures.append(tlp_marking_struct)
        stix_header.handling = marking

        return stix_header

    def create_stix_identity(self, obj):
        idenfitier = 'ce1sus:Group-{0}'.format(obj.creator_group.uuid)
        if idenfitier in self.seen_groups:
            identity = Identity()
            identity.idref = idenfitier
        else:
            identity = Identity()
            identity.id_ = idenfitier
            identity.name = obj.creator_group.name
            self.seen_groups.append(idenfitier)
        return identity

    def add_custom_property(self, instance, attribute):
        if not instance.custom_properties:
            cust_props = CustomProperties()
            instance.custom_properties = cust_props

        custom_prop = Property()
        custom_prop.name = attribute.definition.name
        custom_prop.description = attribute.definition.description
        custom_prop._value = attribute.value
        if hasattr(custom_prop._value, 'condition'):
            custom_prop._value.condition = self.get_condition(attribute)
        if hasattr(custom_prop, 'condition'):
            custom_prop.condition = self.get_condition(attribute)
        instance.custom_properties.append(custom_prop)

    def create_EmailAddress(self, attribute):
        email = EmailAddress(attribute.value)
        email.condition = self.get_condition(attribute)
        return email

    def __check_set_email_header(self, cybox_email):
        if not cybox_email.header:
            cybox_email.header = EmailHeader()

    def populate_email(self, cybox_email, attribute):
        # returns a cybox email object out of a ce1sus object
        def_name = attribute.definition.name

        if def_name == 'email_attachment_file_name':
            attachment = File()
            attachment.file_name = attribute.value
            attachment.file_name.condition = self.get_condition(attribute)

            # cybox_email.attachments = Attachments()
            # cybox_email.attachments.append(File)

        elif def_name == 'email_bcc':
            self.__check_set_email_header(cybox_email)
            if not cybox_email.header.bcc:
                cybox_email.header.bcc = EmailRecipients()
            cybox_email.header.bcc.append(self.create_EmailAddress(attribute))
        elif def_name == 'email_cc':
            self.__check_set_email_header(cybox_email)
            if not cybox_email.header.cc:
                cybox_email.header.cc = EmailRecipients()
            cybox_email.header.bcc.append(self.create_EmailAddress(attribute))
        elif def_name == 'email_errors_to':
            self.__check_set_email_header(cybox_email)
            self.set_check_attr(cybox_email, 'header.errors_to', attribute)
        elif def_name == 'email_message_id':
            self.__check_set_email_header(cybox_email)
            self.set_check_attr(cybox_email, 'header.message_id', attribute)
        elif def_name == 'email_mime_version':
            self.__check_set_email_header(cybox_email)
            self.set_check_attr(cybox_email, 'header.mime_version', attribute)
        elif def_name == 'email_raw_body':
            self.set_check_attr(cybox_email, 'raw_body', attribute)
        elif def_name == 'email_raw_header':
            self.set_check_attr(cybox_email, 'raw_header', attribute)
        elif def_name == 'email_reply_to':
            if not cybox_email.header.in_reply_to:
                self.__check_set_email_header(cybox_email)
                cybox_email.header.in_reply_to = EmailRecipients()
            cybox_email.header.in_reply_to.append(
                self.create_EmailAddress(attribute))
        elif def_name == 'email_server':
            self.set_check_attr(cybox_email, 'email_server', attribute)
        elif def_name == 'email_subject':
            self.set_check_attr(cybox_email, 'subject', attribute)
        elif def_name == 'email_from':
            self.__check_set_email_header(cybox_email)
            if not cybox_email.header.from_:
                cybox_email.header.from_ = self.create_EmailAddress(attribute)
        elif def_name == 'email_to':
            self.__check_set_email_header(cybox_email)
            if not cybox_email.header.to:
                cybox_email.header.to = EmailRecipients()
            cybox_email.header.to.append(self.create_EmailAddress(attribute))
        elif def_name == 'email_x_mailer':
            self.set_check_attr(cybox_email, 'header.x_mailer', attribute)
        elif def_name == 'email_x_originating_ip':
            self.set_check_attr(cybox_email, 'header.x_originating_ip',
                                attribute)
        elif 'hash' in def_name:
            raise CyboxMapperException('Not defined')
        elif def_name == 'email_link':
            if not cybox_email.links:
                cybox_email.links = Links()
            cybox_email.links.append(Link(attribute.value))
        elif def_name == 'email_send_date':
            cybox_email.date = attribute.value
        elif def_name == 'email_in_reply_to':
            self.__check_set_email_header(cybox_email)
            cybox_email.header.in_reply_to = attribute.value
        else:
            raise CyboxMapperException('Not defined for {0}'.format(def_name))

    def set_check_attr(self, cybox_obj, proerty_name, attribute):
        # TODO make this correct
        cybox_value = None
        if '.' in proerty_name:
            properies = proerty_name.split('.')
            prop1 = getattr(cybox_obj, properies[0])
            if prop1:
                cybox_value = getattr(prop1, properies[1])
            else:
                pass
        else:
            cybox_value = getattr(cybox_obj, proerty_name, None)
        if cybox_value:
            cybox_value.condition = self.get_condition(attribute)
        else:
            setattr(cybox_obj, proerty_name, attribute.value)
            cybox_value = getattr(cybox_obj, proerty_name, None)
            if hasattr(cybox_value, 'condition'):
                cybox_value.condition = self.get_condition(attribute)

    def map_attribtue(self, instance, attribute):
        definition_name = attribute.definition.name
        if hasattr(instance, definition_name.lower()):
            setattr(instance, definition_name.lower(), attribute.value)
            value = getattr(instance, definition_name.lower())
            value.condition = self.get_condition(attribute)
        else:
            if 'hash' in definition_name:
                if attribute.condition.value:
                    if attribute.condition.value:
                        if attribute.condition.value == "Equals":
                            exact = True
                        else:
                            exact = False
                    else:
                        exact = False
                else:
                    exact = True
                h = Hash(attribute.value, exact=exact)
                h.condition = attribute.condition
                if instance.hashes is None:
                    instance.hashes = HashList()
                instance.hashes.append(h)
                pass
            elif 'email' in definition_name:
                self.populate_email(instance, attribute)
            elif definition_name == 'url':
                instance.type_ = URI.TYPE_URL
                instance.value = attribute.value
                instance.value.condition = self.get_condition(attribute)
            elif 'Full_Path' and isinstance(instance, Process):
                # TODO: check why this is set?!?
                pass
            elif definition_name == 'WindowsRegistryKey_Key':
                instance.key = attribute.value
                instance.key.condition = self.get_condition(attribute)
            elif definition_name == 'WindowsRegistryKey_Hive':
                instance.hive = attribute.value
                instance.hive.condition = self.get_condition(attribute)
            elif 'WindowsRegistryKey_RegistryValue' in definition_name:
                value = RegistryValue()
                if definition_name == 'WindowsRegistryKey_RegistryValue_Data':
                    value.data = attribute.value
                    value.data.condition = self.get_condition(attribute)
                elif definition_name == 'WindowsRegistryKey_RegistryValue_Data':
                    value.name = attribute.value
                    value.name.condition = self.get_condition(attribute)
                if not instance.values:
                    instance.values = RegistryValues()

                instance.values.append(value)
                instance.data = attribute.value
            elif definition_name == 'ipv4_addr':
                instance.category = definition_name.replace('_', '-')
                instance.address_value = attribute.value
                instance.address_value.condition = self.get_condition(
                    attribute)
            elif definition_name == 'DomainName_Value':
                instance.value = attribute.value
            elif definition_name == 'Raw_Artifact':
                path = '{0}/{1}'.format(self.fh.get_base_path(),
                                        attribute.value)
                if isfile(path):
                    with open(path, 'r') as f:
                        bin_string = f.read()
                    instance.data = bin_string
                    # TODO find the corect type
                    instance.type_ = Artifact.TYPE_GENERIC
                    instance.packaging.append(Base64Encoding())
                else:
                    instance.data = 'MIA'
                instance.type_ = Artifact.TYPE_GENERIC
                instance.packaging.append(Base64Encoding())
            elif definition_name == 'content_type':
                instance.type_ = attribute.value
            elif definition_name == 'URIType':
                instance.type_ = attribute.value
            elif not attribute.definition.cybox_std:
                self.add_custom_property(instance, attribute)
            elif isinstance(instance,
                            NetworkConnection) and definition_name in [
                                'is_type', 'Port'
                            ]:
                # TODO: check why this is set?!?
                pass
            else:
                raise Ce1susStixMapperException(
                    'Cannot map {1} on object type {0}'.format(
                        instance.__class__.__name__, definition_name))

    def get_condition(self, attribute):
        if attribute.condition:
            return attribute.condition.value
        else:
            # default condition is equals
            return 'Equals'

    def create_object(self, ce1sus_object, event_permissions, user):
        definition_name = ce1sus_object.definition.name
        obj = Object()
        identifier = 'ce1sus:Object-{0}'.format(ce1sus_object.uuid)
        obj.id_ = identifier
        # try to find automatic the object container
        try:
            clazz = get_class(
                'cybox.objects.{0}_object'.format(definition_name.lower()),
                definition_name)
            instance = clazz()
            if definition_name == 'Disk':
                # TODO: check why this must be set stix bug?
                setattr(instance, 'type_', None)
        except ImportError:
            if definition_name == 'WinEventLog':
                instance = WinEventLog()
                # TODO: check why this must be set stix bug?
                setattr(instance, 'type_', None)
            elif definition_name == 'UserAccount':
                instance = UserAccount()
            elif definition_name == 'WinService':
                instance = WinService()
            elif definition_name == 'WindowsRegistryKey':
                instance = WinRegistryKey()
            elif definition_name == 'NetworkConnection':
                instance = NetworkConnection()
            elif definition_name == 'WinVolume':
                instance = WinVolume()
                # TODO: check why this must be set stix bug?
                setattr(instance, 'drive_type', None)
            elif definition_name == 'WinKernelHook':
                instance = WinKernelHook()
            elif definition_name == 'WinDriver':
                instance = WinDriver()
            elif definition_name == 'DomainName':
                instance = DomainName()
            # TODO: try to map it manually
            elif definition_name == 'email':
                instance = EmailMessage()
            else:
                raise Ce1susStixMapperException(
                    'Required to map manually {0}'.format(definition_name))

        obj.properties = instance

        attributes = ce1sus_object.get_attributes_for_permissions(
            event_permissions, user)
        for attribute in attributes:
            self.map_attribtue(instance, attribute)

        rel_objects = ce1sus_object.get_related_objects_for_permissions(
            event_permissions, user)
        for rel_object in rel_objects:
            ob = self.create_object(rel_object.object, event_permissions, user)
            if ob:
                rel_obj = self.create_related_object(rel_object,
                                                     event_permissions, user)

                # cybox_rel_object = RelatedObject(properties=ob.properties, relationship=rel_object.relation)

                obj.related_objects.append(rel_obj)
        return obj

    def create_related_object(self, rel_object, event_permissions, user):
        ob = self.create_object(rel_object.object, event_permissions, user)
        rel_obj = RelatedObject(properties=ob.properties,
                                relationship=rel_object.relation)
        rel_obj.id_ = ob.id_

        for relobj in rel_object.object.related_objects:

            rel_child_obj = self.create_related_object(relobj,
                                                       event_permissions, user)
            rel_obj.related_objects.append(rel_child_obj)

        return rel_obj

    def create_composed_observable(self, ce1sus_composition, event_permissions,
                                   user):
        composition = ObservableComposition()
        composition.operator = ce1sus_composition.operator
        ce1sus_obs = ce1sus_composition.get_observables_for_permissions(
            event_permissions, user)
        for ce1sus_ob in ce1sus_obs:
            obs = self.create_observable(ce1sus_ob, event_permissions, user)
            composition.observables.append(obs)
        return composition

    def create_observable(self, ce1sus_obs, event_permissions, user):
        identifier = 'ce1sus:Observable-{0}'.format(ce1sus_obs.uuid)
        cybox_observable = Observable()
        if identifier in self.seen_observables:
            # if I've seen the uuid then make a reference insead
            cybox_observable.idref = identifier
        else:
            self.seen_observables.append(identifier)
            cybox_observable.id_ = identifier
            cybox_observable.title = ce1sus_obs.title
            cybox_observable.description = ce1sus_obs.description
            if ce1sus_obs.object:
                cybox_obj = self.create_object(ce1sus_obs.object,
                                               event_permissions, user)
                cybox_observable.object_ = cybox_obj
            elif ce1sus_obs.observable_composition:
                cybox_obj_composition = self.create_composed_observable(
                    ce1sus_obs.observable_composition, event_permissions, user)
                cybox_observable.observable_composition = cybox_obj_composition

        return cybox_observable

    def create_indicator(self, ce1sus_indicator, event_permissions, user):
        indicator = Indicator()
        indicator.id_ = 'ce1sus:Indicator-{0}'.format(ce1sus_indicator.uuid)
        indicator.title = ce1sus_indicator.title
        indicator.description = ce1sus_indicator.description
        indicator.short_description = ce1sus_indicator.short_description
        if ce1sus_indicator.confidence:
            indicator.confidence = ce1sus_indicator.confidence.title()
        else:
            indicator.confidence = 'Low'
        # TODO: handling
        # TODO: markings
        for type_ in ce1sus_indicator.types:
            indicator.add_indicator_type(type_.name)

        if ce1sus_indicator.operator:
            indicator.observable_composition_operator = ce1sus_indicator.operator
        # Todo Add confidence
        # indicator_attachment.confidence = "Low"
        creator = self.create_stix_identity(ce1sus_indicator)
        time = self.cybox_mapper.get_time(
            produced_time=ce1sus_indicator.created_at)
        info_source = InformationSource(identity=creator, time=time)
        indicator.producer = info_source
        observables = ce1sus_indicator.get_observables_for_permissions(
            event_permissions, user)
        for obs in observables:
            cybox_obs = self.create_observable(obs, event_permissions, user)
            indicator.add_observable(cybox_obs)
        valid_time = ValidTime(start_time=ce1sus_indicator.created_at,
                               end_time=ce1sus_indicator.created_at)
        indicator.add_valid_time_position(valid_time)
        return indicator

    def create_stix(self, event, user):
        stix_package = STIXPackage()

        stix_package.id_ = 'ce1sus:Event-{0}'.format(event.uuid)
        stix_header = self.__map_stix_header(event)
        stix_package.stix_header = stix_header
        event_permissions = self.event_controller.get_event_user_permissions(
            event, user)
        # observables
        if event.observables:
            for observable in event.get_observables_for_permissions(
                    event_permissions, user):
                cybox_obs = self.create_observable(observable,
                                                   event_permissions, user)
                stix_package.add_observable(cybox_obs)
        # indicators
        if event.indicators:
            indicators = event.get_indicators_for_permissions(
                event_permissions, user)
        else:
            # generate indicators
            indicators = self.indicator_controller.get_generic_indicators(
                event, user)

        for indicator in indicators:
            stix_indicator = self.create_indicator(indicator,
                                                   event_permissions, user)
            stix_package.add_indicator(stix_indicator)
        return stix_package
Пример #4
0
class MISPAdapter(BaseView):
    def __init__(self, config, session=None):
        BaseView.__init__(self, config)
        self.event_controller = EventController(config, session)
        self.server_broker = self.event_controller.broker_factory(
            SyncServerBroker)
        self.ce1sus_to_misp = Ce1susMISP(config, session)
        self.login_handler = LoginHandler(config)
        self.logout_handler = LogoutHandler(config)
        self.misp_converter = MispConverter(config, None, None, None, session)
        dump = config.get('MISPAdapter', 'dump', False)
        file_loc = config.get('MISPAdapter', 'file', None)
        self.misp_converter.dump = dump
        self.misp_converter.file_location = file_loc
        self.merger = Merger(config, session)
        self.process_controller = ProcessController(config, session)

    @cherrypy.expose
    @cherrypy.tools.allow(methods=['POST'])
    @require()
    def upload_xml(self, *vpath, **params):
        try:
            input_json = self.get_json()
            filename = input_json['name']
            data = input_json['data']['data']
            xml_string = base64.b64decode(data)
            complete = params.get('complete', False)
            inflated = params.get('inflated', False)
            user = self.get_user()
            user = self.user_controller.get_user_by_username(user.username)
            if 'XML' in filename or 'xml' in filename:
                self.logger.info(
                    'Starting to import xml form file {0}'.format(filename))
                self.misp_converter.user = user
                event_uuid = self.misp_converter.get_uuid_from_event_xml(
                    xml_string)
                try:
                    event = self.misp_converter.get_event_from_xml(
                        xml_string, None)
                    self.logger.info('Received Event {0}'.format(event.uuid))
                    self.event_controller.insert_event(user, event, True, True)
                except ControllerIntegrityException as error:
                    local_event = self.event_controller.get_event_by_uuid(
                        event_uuid)
                    event = self.misp_converter.get_event_from_xml(
                        xml_string, local_event)
                    # merge event with existing event

                    if self.is_event_viewable(local_event, user):
                        event_permissions = self.get_event_user_permissions(
                            event, user)
                        try:
                            merged_event = self.merger.merge_event(
                                local_event, event, user, event_permissions)
                        except MergingException:
                            raise MISPAdapterException405()
                            # raise cherrypy.HTTPError(405)
                    else:
                        # TODO log the changes
                        self.logger.warning(
                            'user {0} tried to change event {1} but does not have the right to see it'
                            .format(user.username, event.identifer))
                        raise HTTPError(403, 'Not authorized')

                    if merged_event:
                        self.logger.info('Received Event {0} updates'.format(
                            merged_event.uuid))
                        self.event_controller.update_event(
                            user, merged_event, True, True)
                        event = merged_event
                    else:
                        self.logger.info(
                            'Received Event {0} did not need to update as it is up to date'
                            .format(event.uuid))
                        # Log errors however
                        self.event_controller.event_broker.do_commit()
                event_permissions = self.event_controller.get_event_user_permissions(
                    event, user)
                cherrypy.response.headers[
                    'Content-Type'] = 'application/json; charset=UTF-8'
                return event.to_dict(complete, inflated, event_permissions,
                                     user)
            else:
                raise HTTPError(409, 'File does not end in xml or XML')
        except MispConverterException as error:
            self.logger.error(error)
            raise HTTPError(409, 'File is not a MISP XML')
        except ControllerException as error:
            self.logger.error(error)
            raise HTTPError(400, '{0}'.format(error.message))
        except Exception as error:
            self.logger.critical(error)
            raise HTTPError(500, '{0}'.format(error.message))

    @cherrypy.expose
    @cherrypy.tools.allow(methods=['GET'])
    def shadow_attributes(self, *vpath, **params):
        # this is called from the misp server to see it his know events have new proposals
        # TODO: Proposal for misp
        raise cherrypy.HTTPError(404)

    def get_all_events(self, server_user):
        events = self.event_controller.get_all()
        result = list()
        for event in events:
            if event.properties.is_validated:
                if self.is_event_viewable(event, server_user):
                    result.append(event)
            else:
                if event.originating_group.identifier == server_user.group.identifier:
                    result.append(event)
        return result

    def make_index(self, server_user):
        result = self.get_all_events(server_user)
        return self.ce1sus_to_misp.make_index(result)

    def pull(self, server_details):
        # use the logged in user for these request
        if server_details.type != 'MISP':
            raise MISPAdapterException(
                'Server {0} is not a MISP server'.format(
                    server_details.identifier))

        self.misp_converter.api_key = server_details.user.api_key
        self.misp_converter.api_url = server_details.baseurl
        self.misp_converter.tag = server_details.name
        # TODO check if it is a pull server
        user = self.event_controller.user_broker.get_by_id(
            self.get_user().identifier)
        self.misp_converter.user = user

        recent_events = self.misp_converter.get_index()
        local_events = self.event_controller.get_event_by_uuids(
            recent_events.keys())
        items_to_remove = list()

        # find the ones do not need to be updated
        for local_event in local_events:
            values = recent_events[local_event.uuid]
            if values[1] <= local_event.last_publish_date:
                items_to_remove.append(local_event.uuid)

        for item_to_remove in items_to_remove:
            del recent_events[item_to_remove]

        for value in recent_events.itervalues():
            self.process_controller.create_new_process(ProcessType.PULL,
                                                       value[0], user,
                                                       server_details)

            # fetch one event from misp
            # misp_event_xml = self.misp_converter.get_xml_event(value[0])
            # make insert/merge
            # try:
            #  self.ins_merg_event(server_details, misp_event_xml)
            # except BrokerException as error:
            #  self.logger.error(error)
            # TODO dump xml or log it in browser

        return 'OK'

    def push(self, server_details):
        if server_details.type != 'MISP':
            raise MISPAdapterException(
                'Server {0} is not a MISP server'.format(
                    server_details.identifier))
        self.misp_converter.api_key = server_details.user.api_key
        self.misp_converter.api_url = server_details.baseurl
        self.misp_converter.tag = server_details.name
        # TODO check if it is a pull server
        user = self.event_controller.user_broker.get_by_id(
            self.get_user().identifier)
        self.misp_converter.user = user

        # everything is handled inside here
        return self.misp_converter.filter_event_push(self, server_details)

    def make_misp_xml(self, event, server_user):

        flat_attribtues = self.ce1sus_to_misp.relations_controller.get_flat_attributes_for_event(
            event)
        result = list()
        for flat_attribtue in flat_attribtues:
            if self.is_item_viewable(
                    event, flat_attribtue,
                    server_user) and flat_attribtue.properties.is_shareable:
                result.append(flat_attribtue)

        references = list()
        for report in event.reports:
            for reference in report.references:
                if self.is_item_viewable(
                        event, reference,
                        server_user) and reference.properties.is_shareable:
                    references.append(reference)
        result = self.ce1sus_to_misp.create_event_xml(event, result,
                                                      references)
        return result

    @cherrypy.expose
    @cherrypy.tools.allow(methods=['GET', 'POST'])
    def events(self, *vpath, **params):

        headers = cherrypy.request.headers
        authkey = headers.get('Authorization')

        # reset key
        headers['key'] = authkey
        self.login_handler.login(headers=headers)
        # does not handle sessions well :P
        try:
            server_user = self.event_controller.user_broker.get_user_by_api_key(
                authkey)
        except BrokerException as error:
            self.logger.error(error)
            raise cherrypy.HTTPError(403)

        rawbody = ''
        path = vpath
        method = cherrypy.request.method
        cl = headers.get('Content-Length', None)
        if cl:
            rawbody = cherrypy.request.body.read(int(cl))

        content_type = headers.get('Content-Type', 'application/json')
        if content_type == 'application/json':
            body = json.loads(rawbody)
        elif content_type == 'application/xml':
            body = rawbody
        else:
            raise
        # check aut else a 405 exception

        if len(path) > 0:
            detected = False
            if path[0] == 'filterEventIdsForPush':
                if method == 'POST':
                    return_message = self.perform_push(body)
                    detected = True
            elif path[0] == 'index':
                if method == 'GET':
                    cherrypy.response.headers[
                        'Content-Type'] = 'application/xml; charset=UTF-8'
                    return_message = self.make_index(server_user)
                    detected = True
            if not detected:
                try:
                    event_id = int(path[0])
                    event = self.event_controller.get_event_by_id(event_id)
                    self.is_event_viewable(event, server_user)
                    # TODO check if user can view event
                    # convert event to misp event
                    cherrypy.response.headers[
                        'Content-Type'] = 'application/xml; charset=UTF-8'
                    misp_event = self.make_misp_xml(event, server_user)
                    return_message = misp_event
                except ValueError:
                    raise cherrypy.HTTPError(404)
        else:
            # it is an insert of an event
            if method == 'POST':
                cherrypy.response.headers[
                    'Content-Type'] = 'application/xml; charset=UTF-8'
                return_message = self.pushed_event(body, server_user)

        self.logout_handler.logout()
        return return_message

    def ins_merg_event(self,
                       server_details,
                       xml_string,
                       server_user=None,
                       user=None):
        if server_details.type == 'MISP':
            if user:
                pass
            else:
                user = self.event_controller.user_broker.get_by_id(
                    self.get_user().identifier)
            self.misp_converter.api_key = server_details.user.api_key
            self.misp_converter.api_url = server_details.baseurl
            self.misp_converter.tag = server_details.name
            self.misp_converter.user = user
            merged_event = None
            try:
                event_uuid = self.misp_converter.get_uuid_from_event_xml(
                    xml_string)
                try:
                    event = self.misp_converter.get_event_from_xml(
                        xml_string, None)
                    self.logger.info('Received Event {0}'.format(event.uuid))
                    event.properties.is_validated = False
                    self.event_controller.insert_event(user, event, True, True)
                except ControllerIntegrityException as error:
                    local_event = self.event_controller.get_event_by_uuid(
                        event_uuid)
                    event = self.misp_converter.get_event_from_xml(
                        xml_string, local_event)
                    # merge event with existing event

                    if self.is_event_viewable(local_event, server_user):
                        event_permissions = self.get_event_user_permissions(
                            event, user)
                        try:
                            merged_event = self.merger.merge_event(
                                local_event, event, user, event_permissions)
                        except MergingException:
                            raise MISPAdapterException405()
                            # raise cherrypy.HTTPError(405)
                    else:
                        # TODO log the changes
                        self.logger.warning(
                            'user {0} tried to change event {1} but does not have the right to see it'
                            .format(user.username, event.identifer))
                    if merged_event:
                        self.logger.info('Received Event {0} updates'.format(
                            merged_event.uuid))
                        self.event_controller.update_event(
                            user, merged_event, True, True)
                        event = merged_event
                    else:
                        self.logger.info(
                            'Received Event {0} did not need to update as it is up to date'
                            .format(event.uuid))
                        # Log errors however
                        self.event_controller.event_broker.do_commit()

                return self.make_misp_xml(event, server_user)
            except BrokerException as error:
                self.logger.error('Received a MISP Event which caused errors')
                self.logger.error(error)
                # TODO Dump xml
                raise MISPAdapterException500()
                # raise cherrypy.HTTPError(500)
        else:
            raise MISPAdapterException409('Server is not a MISP Server')
            # raise cherrypy.HTTPError(409, 'Server is not a MISP Server')

    def pushed_event(self, xml_string, server_user):
        # instantiate misp converter
        user = self.get_user()
        try:
            server_details = self.server_broker.get_server_by_user_id(
                user.identifier)
            if server_details.type != 'MISP':
                raise cherrypy.HTTPError(409, 'Server is not a MISP Server')
            # check if it is a misp server else raise
            return self.ins_merg_event(server_details, xml_string, server_user)
        except BrokerException as error:
            self.logger.error(error)
            raise cherrypy.HTTPError(404)
        except MISPAdapterException405 as error:
            raise cherrypy.HTTPError(405)
        except MISPAdapterException409 as error:
            raise cherrypy.HTTPError(409)
        except MISPAdapterException500 as error:
            raise cherrypy.HTTPError(500)

    def perform_push(self, send_events):
        incomming_events = dict()

        for send_event in send_events:
            uuid = send_event['Event']['uuid']

            incomming_events[uuid] = send_event['Event']['timestamp']
        remove = list()
        # find all events matching the uuids
        local_events = self.event_controller.get_event_by_uuids(
            incomming_events.keys())
        for local_event in local_events:
            # check if the local events were not modified
            date = incomming_events[local_event.uuid]
            datetime_from_string = datetime.utcfromtimestamp(int(date))

            if local_event.last_publish_date >= datetime_from_string:
                # remove the ones which are either new or
                remove.append(local_event.uuid)
            # check if the local event is not locked -> does not exist in ours
            # TODO: implement a lock?

        result = list()

        # create array of uuids
        for key in incomming_events.iterkeys():
            if key not in remove:
                result.append(key)
        cherrypy.response.headers[
            'Content-Type'] = 'application/json; charset=UTF-8'
        return json.dumps(result)

    @cherrypy.expose
    @cherrypy.tools.allow(methods=['GET'])
    @require()
    def event(self, *vpath, **params):
        if len(vpath) > 0:
            uuid_string = vpath[0]
            # check if it is a uuid
            # check the mode
            make_file = params.get('file', None)
            if make_file == '':
                cherrypy.response.headers[
                    'Content-Type'] = 'application/x-download'
                cherrypy.response.headers[
                    "Content-Disposition"] = 'attachment; filename=Event_{0}_MISP.xml'.format(
                        uuid_string)
            else:
                cherrypy.response.headers['Content-Type'] = 'text/xml'
            try:
                UUID(uuid_string, version=4)
            except ValueError as error:
                print error
                raise HTTPError(
                    400,
                    'The provided uuid "{0}" is not valid'.format(uuid_string))
            try:
                event = self.event_controller.get_event_by_uuid(uuid_string)
                return self.make_misp_xml(event, self.get_user())
            except ControllerNothingFoundException as error:
                raise HTTPError(404, '{0}'.format(error.message))
        else:
            raise HTTPError(400, 'Cannot be called without a uuid')