class WebDriver(object):
"""
Controls a browser by sending commands to a remote server.
This server is expected to be running the WebDriver wire protocol as defined
here: http://code.google.com/p/selenium/wiki/JsonWireProtocol
:Attributes:
- command_executor - The command.CommandExecutor object used to execute commands.
- error_handler - errorhandler.ErrorHandler object used to verify that the server did not return an error.
- session_id - The session ID to send with every command.
- capabilities - A dictionary of capabilities of the underlying browser for this instance's session.
"""
def __init__(self, command_executor='http://127.0.0.1:4444/wd/hub',
desired_capabilities=None, browser_profile=None):
"""
Create a new driver that will issue commands using the wire protocol.
:Args:
- command_executor - Either a command.CommandExecutor object or a string that specifies the URL of a remote server to send commands to.
- desired_capabilities - Dictionary holding predefined values for starting a browser
- browser_profile - A selenium.webdriver.firefox.firefox_profile.FirefoxProfile object. Only used if Firefox is requested.
"""
if desired_capabilities is None:
raise WebDriverException("Desired Capabilities can't be None")
self.command_executor = command_executor
if type(self.command_executor) is str:
self.command_executor = RemoteConnection(command_executor)
self.session_id = None
self.capabilities = {}
self.error_handler = ErrorHandler()
self.start_client()
self.start_session(desired_capabilities, browser_profile)
@property
def name(self):
"""Returns the name of the underlying browser for this instance.
:Usage:
- driver.name
"""
if 'browserName' in self.capabilities:
return self.capabilities['browserName']
else:
raise KeyError('browserName not specified in session capabilities')
def start_client(self):
"""
Called before starting a new session. This method may be overridden
to define custom startup behavior.
"""
pass
def stop_client(self):
"""
Called after executing a quit command. This method may be overridden
to define custom shutdown behavior.
"""
pass
def start_session(self, desired_capabilities, browser_profile=None):
"""
Creates a new session with the desired capabilities.
:Args:
- browser_name - The name of the browser to request.
- version - Which browser version to request.
- platform - Which platform to request the browser on.
- javascript_enabled - Whether the new session should support JavaScript.
- browser_profile - A selenium.webdriver.firefox.firefox_profile.FirefoxProfile object. Only used if Firefox is requested.
"""
if browser_profile:
desired_capabilities['firefox_profile'] = browser_profile.encoded
response = self.execute(Command.NEW_SESSION, {
'desiredCapabilities': desired_capabilities,
})
self.session_id = response['sessionId']
self.capabilities = response['value']
def _wrap_value(self, value):
if isinstance(value, dict):
converted = {}
for key, val in value.items():
converted[key] = self._wrap_value(val)
return converted
elif isinstance(value, WebElement):
return {'ELEMENT': value.id}
elif isinstance(value, list):
return list(self._wrap_value(item) for item in value)
else:
return value
def create_web_element(self, element_id):
"""
Creates a web element with the specified element_id.
"""
return WebElement(self, element_id)
def _unwrap_value(self, value):
if isinstance(value, dict) and 'ELEMENT' in value:
return self.create_web_element(value['ELEMENT'])
elif isinstance(value, list):
return list(self._unwrap_value(item) for item in value)
else:
return value
def execute(self, driver_command, params=None):
"""
Sends a command to be executed by a command.CommandExecutor.
:Args:
- driver_command: The name of the command to execute as a string.
- params: A dictionary of named parameters to send with the command.
:Returns:
The command's JSON response loaded into a dictionary object.
"""
if not params:
params = {'sessionId': self.session_id}
elif 'sessionId' not in params:
params['sessionId'] = self.session_id
params = self._wrap_value(params)
response = self.command_executor.execute(driver_command, params)
if response:
self.error_handler.check_response(response)
response['value'] = self._unwrap_value(
response.get('value', None))
return response
# If the server doesn't send a response, assume the command was
# a success
return {'success': 0, 'value': None, 'sessionId': self.session_id}
def get(self, url):
"""
Loads a web page in the current browser session.
"""
self.execute(Command.GET, {'url': url})
@property
def title(self):
"""Returns the title of the current page.
:Usage:
driver.title
"""
resp = self.execute(Command.GET_TITLE)
return resp['value'] if resp['value'] is not None else ""
def find_element_by_id(self, id_):
"""Finds an element by id.
:Args:
- id\_ - The id of the element to be found.
:Usage:
driver.find_element_by_id('foo')
"""
return self.find_element(by=By.ID, value=id_)
def find_elements_by_id(self, id_):
"""
Finds multiple elements by id.
:Args:
- id\_ - The id of the elements to be found.
:Usage:
driver.find_element_by_id('foo')
"""
return self.find_elements(by=By.ID, value=id_)
def find_element_by_xpath(self, xpath):
"""
Finds an element by xpath.
:Args:
- xpath - The xpath locator of the element to find.
:Usage:
driver.find_element_by_xpath('//div/td[1]')
"""
return self.find_element(by=By.XPATH, value=xpath)
def find_elements_by_xpath(self, xpath):
"""
Finds multiple elements by xpath.
:Args:
- xpath - The xpath locator of the elements to be found.
:Usage:
driver.find_elements_by_xpath("//div[contains(@class, 'foo')]")
"""
return self.find_elements(by=By.XPATH, value=xpath)
def find_element_by_link_text(self, link_text):
"""
Finds an element by link text.
:Args:
- link_text: The text of the element to be found.
:Usage:
driver.find_element_by_link_text('Sign In')
"""
return self.find_element(by=By.LINK_TEXT, value=link_text)
def find_elements_by_link_text(self, text):
"""
Finds elements by link text.
:Args:
- link_text: The text of the elements to be found.
:Usage:
driver.find_elements_by_link_text('Sign In')
"""
return self.find_elements(by=By.LINK_TEXT, value=text)
def find_element_by_partial_link_text(self, link_text):
"""
Finds an element by a partial match of its link text.
:Args:
- link_text: The text of the element to partially match on.
:Usage:
driver.find_element_by_partial_link_text('Sign')
"""
return self.find_element(by=By.PARTIAL_LINK_TEXT, value=link_text)
def find_elements_by_partial_link_text(self, link_text):
"""
Finds elements by a partial match of their link text.
:Args:
- link_text: The text of the element to partial match on.
:Usage:
driver.find_element_by_partial_link_text('Sign')
"""
return self.find_elements(by=By.PARTIAL_LINK_TEXT, value=link_text)
def find_element_by_name(self, name):
"""
Finds an element by name.
:Args:
- name: The name of the element to find.
:Usage:
driver.find_element_by_name('foo')
"""
return self.find_element(by=By.NAME, value=name)
def find_elements_by_name(self, name):
"""
Finds elements by name.
:Args:
- name: The name of the elements to find.
:Usage:
driver.find_elements_by_name('foo')
"""
return self.find_elements(by=By.NAME, value=name)
def find_element_by_tag_name(self, name):
"""
Finds an element by tag name.
:Args:
- name: The tag name of the element to find.
:Usage:
driver.find_element_by_tag_name('foo')
"""
return self.find_element(by=By.TAG_NAME, value=name)
def find_elements_by_tag_name(self, name):
"""
Finds elements by tag name.
:Args:
- name: The tag name the use when finding elements.
:Usage:
driver.find_elements_by_tag_name('foo')
"""
return self.find_elements(by=By.TAG_NAME, value=name)
def find_element_by_class_name(self, name):
"""
Finds an element by class name.
:Args:
- name: The class name of the element to find.
:Usage:
driver.find_element_by_class_name('foo')
"""
return self.find_element(by=By.CLASS_NAME, value=name)
def find_elements_by_class_name(self, name):
"""
Finds elements by class name.
:Args:
- name: The class name of the elements to find.
:Usage:
driver.find_elements_by_class_name('foo')
"""
return self.find_elements(by=By.CLASS_NAME, value=name)
def find_element_by_css_selector(self, css_selector):
"""
Finds an element by css selector.
:Args:
- css_selector: The css selector to use when finding elements.
:Usage:
driver.find_element_by_css_selector('#foo')
"""
return self.find_element(by=By.CSS_SELECTOR, value=css_selector)
def find_elements_by_css_selector(self, css_selector):
"""
Finds elements by css selector.
:Args:
- css_selector: The css selector to use when finding elements.
:Usage:
driver.find_element_by_css_selector('#foo')
"""
return self.find_elements(by=By.CSS_SELECTOR, value=css_selector)
def execute_script(self, script, *args):
"""
Synchronously Executes JavaScript in the current window/frame.
:Args:
- script: The JavaScript to execute.
- \*args: Any applicable arguments for your JavaScript.
:Usage:
driver.execute_script('document.title')
"""
if len(args) == 1:
converted_args = args[0]
else:
converted_args = list(args)
converted_args = list(args)
return self.execute(Command.EXECUTE_SCRIPT,
{'script': script, 'args':converted_args})['value']
def execute_async_script(self, script, *args):
"""
Asynchronously Executes JavaScript in the current window/frame.
:Args:
- script: The JavaScript to execute.
- \*args: Any applicable arguments for your JavaScript.
:Usage:
driver.execute_async_script('document.title')
"""
if len(args) == 1:
converted_args = args[0]
else:
converted_args = list(args)
converted_args = list(args)
return self.execute(Command.EXECUTE_ASYNC_SCRIPT,
{'script': script, 'args':converted_args})['value']
@property
def current_url(self):
"""
Gets the URL of the current page.
:Usage:
driver.current_url
"""
return self.execute(Command.GET_CURRENT_URL)['value']
@property
def page_source(self):
"""
Gets the source of the current page.
:Usage:
driver.page_source
"""
return self.execute(Command.GET_PAGE_SOURCE)['value']
def close(self):
"""
Closes the current window.
:Usage:
driver.close()
"""
self.execute(Command.CLOSE)
def quit(self):
"""
Quits the driver and closes every associated window.
:Usage:
driver.quit()
"""
try:
self.execute(Command.QUIT)
finally:
self.stop_client()
@property
def current_window_handle(self):
"""
Returns the handle of the current window.
:Usage:
driver.current_window_handle
"""
return self.execute(Command.GET_CURRENT_WINDOW_HANDLE)['value']
@property
def window_handles(self):
"""
Returns the handles of all windows within the current session.
:Usage:
driver.window_handles
"""
return self.execute(Command.GET_WINDOW_HANDLES)['value']
def maximize_window(self):
"""
Maximizes the current window that webdriver is using
"""
self.execute(Command.MAXIMIZE_WINDOW, {"windowHandle": "current"})
#Target Locators
def switch_to_active_element(self):
"""
Returns the element with focus, or BODY if nothing has focus.
:Usage:
driver.switch_to_active_element()
"""
return self.execute(Command.GET_ACTIVE_ELEMENT)['value']
def switch_to_window(self, window_name):
"""
Switches focus to the specified window.
:Args:
- window_name: The name or window handle of the window to switch to.
:Usage:
driver.switch_to_window('main')
"""
self.execute(Command.SWITCH_TO_WINDOW, {'name': window_name})
def switch_to_frame(self, frame_reference):
"""
Switches focus to the specified frame, by index, name, or webelement.
:Args:
- frame_reference: The name of the window to switch to, an integer representing the index,
or a webelement that is an (i)frame to switch to.
:Usage:
driver.switch_to_frame('frame_name')
driver.switch_to_frame(1)
driver.switch_to_frame(driver.find_elements_by_tag_name("iframe")[0])
"""
self.execute(Command.SWITCH_TO_FRAME, {'id': frame_reference})
def switch_to_default_content(self):
"""
Switch focus to the default frame.
:Usage:
driver.switch_to_default_content()
"""
self.execute(Command.SWITCH_TO_FRAME, {'id': None})
def switch_to_alert(self):
"""
Switches focus to an alert on the page.
:Usage:
driver.switch_to_alert()
"""
return Alert(self)
#Navigation
def back(self):
"""
Goes one step backward in the browser history.
:Usage:
driver.back()
"""
self.execute(Command.GO_BACK)
def forward(self):
"""
Goes one step forward in the browser history.
:Usage:
driver.forward()
"""
self.execute(Command.GO_FORWARD)
def refresh(self):
"""
Refreshes the current page.
:Usage:
driver.refresh()
"""
self.execute(Command.REFRESH)
# Options
def get_cookies(self):
"""
Returns a set of dictionaries, corresponding to cookies visible in the current session.
:Usage:
driver.get_cookies()
"""
return self.execute(Command.GET_ALL_COOKIES)['value']
def get_cookie(self, name):
"""
Get a single cookie by name. Returns the cookie if found, None if not.
:Usage:
driver.get_cookie('my_cookie')
"""
cookies = self.get_cookies()
for cookie in cookies:
if cookie['name'] == name:
return cookie
return None
def delete_cookie(self, name):
"""
Deletes a single cookie with the given name.
:Usage:
driver.delete_cookie('my_cookie')
"""
self.execute(Command.DELETE_COOKIE, {'name': name})
def delete_all_cookies(self):
"""
Delete all cookies in the scope of the session.
:Usage:
driver.delete_all_cookies()
"""
self.execute(Command.DELETE_ALL_COOKIES)
def add_cookie(self, cookie_dict):
"""
Adds a cookie to your current session.
:Args:
- cookie_dict: A dictionary object, with required keys - "name" and "value";
optional keys - "path", "domain", "secure", "expiry"
Usage:
driver.add_cookie({'name' : 'foo', 'value' : 'bar'})
driver.add_cookie({'name' : 'foo', 'value' : 'bar', 'path' : '/'})
driver.add_cookie({'name' : 'foo', 'value' : 'bar', 'path' : '/', 'secure':True})
"""
self.execute(Command.ADD_COOKIE, {'cookie': cookie_dict})
# Timeouts
def implicitly_wait(self, time_to_wait):
"""
Sets a sticky timeout to implicitly wait for an element to be found,
or a command to complete. This method only needs to be called one
time per session. To set the timeout for calls to
execute_async_script, see set_script_timeout.
:Args:
- time_to_wait: Amount of time to wait (in seconds)
:Usage:
driver.implicitly_wait(30)
"""
self.execute(Command.IMPLICIT_WAIT, {'ms': float(time_to_wait) * 1000})
def set_script_timeout(self, time_to_wait):
"""
Set the amount of time that the script should wait during an
execute_async_script call before throwing an error.
:Args:
- time_to_wait: The amount of time to wait
:Usage:
driver.set_script_timeout(30)
"""
self.execute(Command.SET_SCRIPT_TIMEOUT,
{'ms': float(time_to_wait) * 1000})
def find_element(self, by=By.ID, value=None):
"""
'Private' method used by the find_element_by_* methods.
:Usage:
Use the corresponding find_element_by_* instead of this.
"""
return self.execute(Command.FIND_ELEMENT,
{'using': by, 'value': value})['value']
def find_elements(self, by=By.ID, value=None):
"""
'Private' method used by the find_elements_by_* methods.
:Usage:
Use the corresponding find_elements_by_* instead of this.
"""
return self.execute(Command.FIND_ELEMENTS,
{'using': by, 'value': value})['value']
@property
def desired_capabilities(self):
"""
returns the drivers current desired capabilities being used
"""
return self.capabilities
def get_screenshot_as_file(self, filename):
"""
Gets the screenshot of the current window. Returns False if there is
any IOError, else returns True. Use full paths in your filename.
:Args:
- filename: The full path you wish to save your screenshot to.
:Usage:
driver.get_screenshot_as_file('/Screenshots/foo.png')
"""
png = self.execute(Command.SCREENSHOT)['value']
try:
with open(filename, 'wb') as f:
f.write(base64.decodestring(png))
except IOError:
return False
del png
return True
def get_screenshot_as_base64(self):
"""
Gets the screenshot of the current window as a base64 encoded string
which is useful in embedded images in HTML.
:Usage:
driver.get_screenshot_as_base64()
"""
return self.execute(Command.SCREENSHOT)['value']
def set_window_size(self, width, height, windowHandle='current'):
"""
Sets the width and height of the current window. (window.resizeTo)
:Args:
- width: the width in pixels to set the window to
- height: the height in pixels to set the window to
:Usage:
driver.set_window_size(800,600)
"""
self.execute(Command.SET_WINDOW_SIZE, {'width': width, 'height': height,
'windowHandle': windowHandle})
def get_window_size(self, windowHandle='current'):
"""
Gets the width and height of the current window.
:Usage:
driver.get_window_size()
"""
return self.execute(Command.GET_WINDOW_SIZE,
{'windowHandle': windowHandle})['value']
def set_window_position(self, x, y, windowHandle='current'):
"""
Sets the x,y position of the current window. (window.moveTo)
:Args:
- x: the x-coordinate in pixels to set the window position
- y: the y-coordinate in pixels to set the window position
:Usage:
driver.set_window_position(0,0)
"""
self.execute(Command.SET_WINDOW_POSITION, {'x': x, 'y': y,
'windowHandle': windowHandle})
def get_window_position(self, windowHandle='current'):
"""
Gets the x,y position of the current window.
:Usage:
driver.get_window_position()
"""
return self.execute(Command.GET_WINDOW_POSITION,
{'windowHandle': windowHandle})['value']
@property
def orientation(self):
"""
Gets the current orientation of the device
:Usage:
orientation = driver.orientation
"""
return self.execute(Command.GET_SCREEN_ORIENTATION)['value']
@orientation.setter
def orientation(self, value):
"""
Sets the current orientation of the device
:Args:
- value: orientation to set it to.
:Usage:
driver.orientation = 'landscape'
"""
allowed_values = ['LANDSCAPE', 'PORTRAIT']
if value.upper() in allowed_values:
self.execute(Command.SET_SCREEN_ORIENTATION, {'orientation': value})['value']
else:
raise WebDriverException("You can only set the orientation to 'LANDSCAPE' and 'PORTRAIT'")
class WebDriver(object):
"""Controls a browser by sending commands to a remote server.
This server is expected to be running the WebDriver wire protocol as defined
here: http://code.google.com/p/selenium/wiki/JsonWireProtocol
Attributes:
command_executor - The command.CommandExecutor object used to execute
commands.
error_handler - errorhandler.ErrorHandler object used to verify that the
server did not return an error.
session_id - The session ID to send with every command.
capabilities - A dictionary of capabilities of the underlying browser for
this instance's session."""
def __init__(self,
command_executor='http://127.0.0.1:4444/wd/hub',
desired_capabilities=None,
browser_profile=None):
"""Create a new driver that will issue commands using the wire protocol.
Args:
command_executor - Either a command.CommandExecutor object or a string
that specifies the URL of a remote server to send commands to.
desired_capabilities - Dictionary holding predefined values for starting
a browser
browser_profile:
A selenium.webdriver.firefox.firefox_profile.FirefoxProfile
object. Only used if Firefox is requested.
"""
if desired_capabilities is None:
raise WebDriverException("Desired Capabilities can't be None")
self.command_executor = command_executor
if type(self.command_executor) is str:
self.command_executor = RemoteConnection(command_executor)
self.session_id = None
self.capabilities = {}
self.error_handler = ErrorHandler()
self.start_client()
self.start_session(desired_capabilities, browser_profile)
@property
def name(self):
"""Returns the name of the underlying browser for this instance.
Usage:
driver.name
"""
if 'browserName' in self.capabilities:
return self.capabilities['browserName']
else:
raise KeyError('browserName not specified in session capabilities')
def start_client(self):
"""Called before starting a new session. This method may be overridden
to define custom startup behavior."""
pass
def stop_client(self):
"""Called after executing a quit command. This method may be overridden
to define custom shutdown behavior."""
pass
def start_session(self, desired_capabilities, browser_profile=None):
"""Creates a new session with the desired capabilities.
Args:
browser_name: The name of the browser to request.
version: Which browser version to request.
platform: Which platform to request the browser on.
javascript_enabled: Whether the new session should support JavaScript.
browser_profile:
A selenium.webdriver.firefox.firefox_profile.FirefoxProfile
object. Only used if Firefox is requested.
"""
if browser_profile:
desired_capabilities['firefox_profile'] = browser_profile.encoded
response = self.execute(Command.NEW_SESSION, {
'desiredCapabilities': desired_capabilities,
})
self.session_id = response['sessionId']
self.capabilities = response['value']
def _wrap_value(self, value):
if isinstance(value, dict):
converted = {}
for key, val in value.items():
converted[key] = self._wrap_value(val)
return converted
elif isinstance(value, WebElement):
return {'ELEMENT': value.id}
elif isinstance(value, list):
return list(self._wrap_value(item) for item in value)
else:
return value
def create_web_element(self, element_id):
"""Creates a web element with the specified element_id."""
return WebElement(self, element_id)
def _unwrap_value(self, value):
if isinstance(value, dict) and 'ELEMENT' in value:
return self.create_web_element(value['ELEMENT'])
elif isinstance(value, list):
return list(self._unwrap_value(item) for item in value)
else:
return value
def execute(self, driver_command, params=None):
"""Sends a command to be executed by a command.CommandExecutor.
Args:
driver_command: The name of the command to execute as a string.
params: A dictionary of named parameters to send with the command.
Returns:
The command's JSON response loaded into a dictionary object.
"""
if not params:
params = {'sessionId': self.session_id}
elif 'sessionId' not in params:
params['sessionId'] = self.session_id
params = self._wrap_value(params)
response = self.command_executor.execute(driver_command, params)
if response:
self.error_handler.check_response(response)
response['value'] = self._unwrap_value(response.get('value', None))
return response
# If the server doesn't send a response, assume the command was
# a success
return {'success': 0, 'value': None, 'sessionId': self.session_id}
def get(self, url):
"""Loads a web page in the current browser session."""
self.execute(Command.GET, {'url': url})
@property
def title(self):
"""Returns the title of the current page.
Usage:
driver.title
"""
resp = self.execute(Command.GET_TITLE)
return resp['value'] if resp['value'] is not None else ""
def find_element_by_id(self, id_):
"""Finds an element by id.
Args:
id_: The id of the element to be found.
Usage:
driver.find_element_by_id('foo')
"""
return self.find_element(by=By.ID, value=id_)
def find_elements_by_id(self, id_):
"""Finds multiple elements by id.
Args:
id_: The id of the elements to be found.
Usage:
driver.find_element_by_id('foo')
"""
return self.find_elements(by=By.ID, value=id_)
def find_element_by_xpath(self, xpath):
"""Finds an element by xpath.
Args:
xpath: The xpath locator of the element to find.
Usage:
driver.find_element_by_xpath('//div/td[1]')
"""
return self.find_element(by=By.XPATH, value=xpath)
def find_elements_by_xpath(self, xpath):
"""Finds multiple elements by xpath.
Args:
xpath: The xpath locator of the elements to be found.
Usage:
driver.find_elements_by_xpath("//div[contains(@class, 'foo')]")
"""
return self.find_elements(by=By.XPATH, value=xpath)
def find_element_by_link_text(self, link_text):
"""Finds an element by link text.
Args:
link_text: The text of the element to be found.
Usage:
driver.find_element_by_link_text('Sign In')
"""
return self.find_element(by=By.LINK_TEXT, value=link_text)
def find_elements_by_link_text(self, text):
"""Finds elements by link text.
Args:
link_text: The text of the elements to be found.
Usage:
driver.find_elements_by_link_text('Sign In')
"""
return self.find_elements(by=By.LINK_TEXT, value=text)
def find_element_by_partial_link_text(self, link_text):
"""Finds an element by a partial match of its link text.
Args:
link_text: The text of the element to partially match on.
Usage:
driver.find_element_by_partial_link_text('Sign')
"""
return self.find_element(by=By.PARTIAL_LINK_TEXT, value=link_text)
def find_elements_by_partial_link_text(self, link_text):
"""Finds elements by a partial match of their link text.
Args:
link_text: The text of the element to partial match on.
Usage:
driver.find_element_by_partial_link_text('Sign')
"""
return self.find_elements(by=By.PARTIAL_LINK_TEXT, value=link_text)
def find_element_by_name(self, name):
"""Finds an element by name.
Args:
name: The name of the element to find.
Usage:
driver.find_element_by_name('foo')
"""
return self.find_element(by=By.NAME, value=name)
def find_elements_by_name(self, name):
"""Finds elements by name.
Args:
name: The name of the elements to find.
Usage:
driver.find_elements_by_name('foo')
"""
return self.find_elements(by=By.NAME, value=name)
def find_element_by_tag_name(self, name):
"""Finds an element by tag name.
Args:
name: The tag name of the element to find.
Usage:
driver.find_element_by_tag_name('foo')
"""
return self.find_element(by=By.TAG_NAME, value=name)
def find_elements_by_tag_name(self, name):
"""Finds elements by tag name.
Args:
name: The tag name the use when finding elements.
Usage:
driver.find_elements_by_tag_name('foo')
"""
return self.find_elements(by=By.TAG_NAME, value=name)
def find_element_by_class_name(self, name):
"""Finds an element by class name.
Args:
name: The class name of the element to find.
Usage:
driver.find_element_by_class_name('foo')
"""
return self.find_element(by=By.CLASS_NAME, value=name)
def find_elements_by_class_name(self, name):
"""Finds elements by class name.
Args:
name: The class name of the elements to find.
Usage:
driver.find_elements_by_class_name('foo')
"""
return self.find_elements(by=By.CLASS_NAME, value=name)
def find_element_by_css_selector(self, css_selector):
"""Finds an element by css selector.
Args:
css_selector: The css selector to use when finding elements.
Usage:
driver.find_element_by_css_selector('#foo')
"""
return self.find_element(by=By.CSS_SELECTOR, value=css_selector)
def find_elements_by_css_selector(self, css_selector):
"""Finds elements by css selector.
Args:
css_selector: The css selector to use when finding elements.
Usage:
driver.find_element_by_css_selector('#foo')
"""
return self.find_elements(by=By.CSS_SELECTOR, value=css_selector)
def execute_script(self, script, *args):
"""Synchronously Executes JavaScript in the current window/frame.
Args:
script: The JavaScript to execute.
*args: Any applicable arguments for your JavaScript.
Usage:
driver.execute_script('document.title')
"""
if len(args) == 1:
converted_args = args[0]
else:
converted_args = list(args)
converted_args = list(args)
return self.execute(Command.EXECUTE_SCRIPT, {
'script': script,
'args': converted_args
})['value']
def execute_async_script(self, script, *args):
"""Asynchronously Executes JavaScript in the current window/frame.
Args:
script: The JavaScript to execute.
args: Any applicable arguments for your JavaScript.
Usage:
driver.execute_async_script('document.title')
"""
if len(args) == 1:
converted_args = args[0]
else:
converted_args = list(args)
converted_args = list(args)
return self.execute(Command.EXECUTE_ASYNC_SCRIPT, {
'script': script,
'args': converted_args
})['value']
@property
def current_url(self):
"""Gets the URL of the current page.
Usage:
driver.current_url
"""
return self.execute(Command.GET_CURRENT_URL)['value']
@property
def page_source(self):
"""Gets the source of the current page.
Usage:
driver.page_source
"""
return self.execute(Command.GET_PAGE_SOURCE)['value']
def close(self):
"""Closes the current window.
Usage:
driver.close()
"""
self.execute(Command.CLOSE)
def quit(self):
"""Quits the driver and closes every associated window.
Usage:
driver.quit()
"""
try:
self.execute(Command.QUIT)
finally:
self.stop_client()
@property
def current_window_handle(self):
"""Returns the handle of the current window.
Usage:
driver.current_window_handle
"""
return self.execute(Command.GET_CURRENT_WINDOW_HANDLE)['value']
@property
def window_handles(self):
"""Returns the handles of all windows within the current session.
Usage:
driver.window_handles
"""
return self.execute(Command.GET_WINDOW_HANDLES)['value']
#Target Locators
def switch_to_active_element(self):
"""Returns the element with focus, or BODY if nothing has focus.
Usage:
driver.switch_to_active_element()
"""
return self.execute(Command.GET_ACTIVE_ELEMENT)['value']
def switch_to_window(self, window_name):
"""Switches focus to the specified window.
Args:
window_name: The name of the window to switch to.
Usage:
driver.switch_to_window('main')
"""
self.execute(Command.SWITCH_TO_WINDOW, {'name': window_name})
def switch_to_frame(self, index_or_name):
"""Switches focus to the specified frame, by index or name.
Args:
index_or_name: The name of the window to switch to, or
an integer representing the index to switch to.
Usage:
driver.switch_to_frame('frame_name')
driver.switch_to_frame(1)
"""
self.execute(Command.SWITCH_TO_FRAME, {'id': index_or_name})
def switch_to_default_content(self):
"""Switch focus to the default frame.
Usage:
driver.switch_to_default_content()
"""
self.execute(Command.SWITCH_TO_FRAME, {'id': None})
def switch_to_alert(self):
"""Switches focus to an alert on the page.
Usage:
driver.switch_to_alert()
"""
return Alert(self)
#Navigation
def back(self):
"""Goes one step backward in the browser history.
Usage:
driver.back()
"""
self.execute(Command.GO_BACK)
def forward(self):
"""Goes one step forward in the browser history.
Usage:
driver.forward()
"""
self.execute(Command.GO_FORWARD)
def refresh(self):
"""Refreshes the current page.
Usage:
driver.refresh()
"""
self.execute(Command.REFRESH)
# Options
def get_cookies(self):
"""Returns a set of dictionaries, corresponding to cookies visible in the
current session.
Usage:
driver.get_cookies()
"""
return self.execute(Command.GET_ALL_COOKIES)['value']
def get_cookie(self, name):
"""Get a single cookie by name. Returns the cookie if found, None if not.
Usage:
driver.get_cookie('my_cookie')
"""
cookies = self.get_cookies()
for cookie in cookies:
if cookie['name'] == name:
return cookie
return None
def delete_cookie(self, name):
"""Deletes a single cookie with the given name.
Usage:
driver.delete_cookie('my_cookie')
"""
self.execute(Command.DELETE_COOKIE, {'name': name})
def delete_all_cookies(self):
"""Delete all cookies in the scope of the session.
Usage:
driver.delete_all_cookies()
"""
self.execute(Command.DELETE_ALL_COOKIES)
def add_cookie(self, cookie_dict):
"""Adds a cookie to your current session.
Args:
cookie_dict: A dictionary object, with the desired cookie name as the key, and
the value being the desired contents.
Usage:
driver.add_cookie({'foo': 'bar',})
"""
self.execute(Command.ADD_COOKIE, {'cookie': cookie_dict})
# Timeouts
def implicitly_wait(self, time_to_wait):
"""Sets a sticky timeout to implicitly wait for an element to be found,
or a command to complete. This method only needs to be called one time per session.
Args:
time_to_wait: Amount of time to wait
Usage:
driver.implicitly_wait(30)
"""
self.execute(Command.IMPLICIT_WAIT, {'ms': float(time_to_wait) * 1000})
def set_script_timeout(self, time_to_wait):
"""Set the amount of time that the script should wait before throwing an
error.
Args:
time_to_wait: The amount of time to wait
Usage:
driver.set_script_timeout(30)
"""
self.execute(Command.SET_SCRIPT_TIMEOUT,
{'ms': float(time_to_wait) * 1000})
def find_element(self, by=By.ID, value=None):
"""'Private' method used by the find_element_by_* methods.
Usage:
Use the corresponding find_element_by_* instead of this.
"""
return self.execute(Command.FIND_ELEMENT, {
'using': by,
'value': value
})['value']
def find_elements(self, by=By.ID, value=None):
"""'Private' method used by the find_elements_by_* methods.
Usage:
Use the corresponding find_elements_by_* instead of this.
"""
return self.execute(Command.FIND_ELEMENTS, {
'using': by,
'value': value
})['value']
@property
def desired_capabilities(self):
""" returns the drivers current desired capabilities being used"""
return self.capabilities
def get_screenshot_as_file(self, filename):
"""Gets the screenshot of the current window. Returns False if there is
any IOError, else returns True. Use full paths in your filename.
Args:
filename: The full path you wish to save your screenshot to.
Usage:
driver.get_screenshot_as_file('/Screenshots/foo.png')
"""
png = self.execute(Command.SCREENSHOT)['value']
try:
with open(filename, 'wb') as f:
f.write(base64.decodestring(png))
except IOError:
return False
del png
return True
def get_screenshot_as_base64(self):
"""Gets the screenshot of the current window as a base64 encoded string which
is useful in embedded images in HTML.
Usage:
driver.get_screenshot_as_base64()
"""
return self.execute(Command.SCREENSHOT)['value']
class WebDriver(object):
"""Controls a browser by sending commands to a remote server.
This server is expected to be running the WebDriver wire protocol as defined
here:
http://code.google.com/p/selenium/wiki/JsonWireProtocol
Attributes:
command_executor - The command.CommandExecutor object used to execute
commands.
error_handler - errorhandler.ErrorHandler object used to verify that the
server did not return an error.
session_id - The session ID to send with every command.
capabilities - A dictionary of capabilities of the underlying browser for
this instance's session.
"""
def __init__(self, command_executor='http://localhost:4444/wd/hub',
desired_capabilities = None,
browser_profile=None):
"""Create a new driver that will issue commands using the wire protocol.
Args:
command_executor - Either a command.CommandExecutor object or a string
that specifies the URL of a remote server to send commands to.
desired_capabilities - Dictionary holding predefined values for starting
a browser
browser_profile: A browser profile directory as a Base64-encoded
zip file. Only used if Firefox is requested.
"""
if desired_capabilities is None:
raise WebDriverException(" Desired Capabilities can't be None")
self.command_executor = command_executor
if type(self.command_executor) is str:
self.command_executor = RemoteConnection(command_executor)
self.session_id = None
self.capabilities = {}
self.error_handler = ErrorHandler()
self.start_client()
self.start_session(desired_capabilities, browser_profile)
@property
def name(self):
"""Returns the name of the underlying browser for this instance."""
if 'browserName' in self.capabilities:
return self.capabilities['browserName']
else:
raise KeyError('browserName not specified in session capabilities')
def start_client(self):
"""Called before starting a new session.
This method may be overridden to define custom startup behavior.
"""
pass
def stop_client(self):
"""Called after executing a quit command.
This method may be overridden to define custom shutdown behavior.
"""
pass
def start_session(self, desired_capabilities, browser_profile=None):
"""Creates a new session with the desired capabilities.
Args:
browser_name: The name of the browser to request.
version: Which browser version to request.
platform: Which platform to request the browser on.
javascript_enabled: Whether the new session should support JavaScript.
browser_profile: A browser profile directory as a Base64-encoded
zip file. Only used if Firefox is requested.
"""
if browser_profile:
desired_capabilities['firefox_profile'] = browser_profile
response = self.execute(Command.NEW_SESSION, {
'desiredCapabilities': desired_capabilities
})
self.session_id = response['sessionId']
self.capabilities = response['value']
def _wrap_value(self, value):
if isinstance(value, dict):
converted = {}
for key, val in value.items():
converted[key] = self._wrap_value(val)
return converted
elif isinstance(value, WebElement):
return {'ELEMENT': value.id}
elif isinstance(value, list):
return list(self._wrap_value(item) for item in value)
else:
return value
def create_web_element(self, element_id):
return WebElement(self, element_id)
def _unwrap_value(self, value):
if isinstance(value, dict) and 'ELEMENT' in value:
return self.create_web_element(value['ELEMENT'])
elif isinstance(value, list):
return list(self._unwrap_value(item) for item in value)
else:
return value
def execute(self, driver_command, params=None):
"""Sends a command to be executed by a command.CommandExecutor.
Args:
driver_command: The name of the command to execute as a string.
params: A dictionary of named parameters to send with the command.
Returns:
The command's JSON response loaded into a dictionary object.
"""
if not params:
params = {'sessionId': self.session_id}
elif 'sessionId' not in params:
params['sessionId'] = self.session_id
params = self._wrap_value(params)
response = self.command_executor.execute(driver_command, params)
if response:
self.error_handler.check_response(response)
response['value'] = self._unwrap_value(
response.get('value', None))
return response
# If the server doesn't send a response, assume the command was
# a success
return {'success': 0, 'value': None}
def get(self, url):
"""Loads a web page in the current browser."""
self.execute(Command.GET, {'url': url})
@property
def title(self):
"""Gets the title of the current page."""
resp = self.execute(Command.GET_TITLE)
return resp['value'] if resp['value'] is not None else ""
def find_element_by_id(self, id_):
"""Finds element by id."""
return self.find_element(by=By.ID, value=id_)
def find_elements_by_id(self, id_):
"""Finds element by id."""
return self.find_elements(by=By.ID, value=id_)
def find_elements_by_xpath(self, xpath):
"""Finds multiple elements by xpath."""
return self.find_elements(by=By.XPATH, value=xpath)
def find_element_by_xpath(self, xpath):
"""Finds an element by xpath."""
return self.find_element(by=By.XPATH, value=xpath)
def find_element_by_link_text(self, link_text):
"""Finds an element by its link text."""
return self.find_element(by=By.LINK_TEXT, value=link_text)
def find_elements_by_link_text(self, link_text):
"""Finds elements by their link text."""
return self.find_elements(by=By.LINK_TEXT, value=link_text)
def find_element_by_partial_link_text(self, link_text):
"""Finds an element by a partial match of its link text."""
return self.find_element(by=By.PARTIAL_LINK_TEXT, value=link_text)
def find_elements_by_partial_link_text(self, link_text):
"""Finds elements by a partial match of their link text."""
return self.find_elements(by=By.PARTIAL_LINK_TEXT, value=link_text)
def find_element_by_name(self, name):
"""Finds an element by its name."""
return self.find_element(by=By.NAME, value=name)
def find_elements_by_name(self, name):
"""Finds elements by their name."""
return self.find_elements(by=By.NAME, value=name)
def find_element_by_tag_name(self, name):
"""Finds an element by its tag name."""
return self.find_element(by=By.TAG_NAME, value=name)
def find_elements_by_tag_name(self, name):
"""Finds elements by their tag name."""
return self.find_elements(by=By.TAG_NAME, value=name)
def find_element_by_class_name(self, name):
"""Finds an element by their class name."""
return self.find_element(by=By.CLASS_NAME, value=name)
def find_elements_by_class_name(self, name):
"""Finds elements by their class name."""
return self.find_elements(by=By.CLASS_NAME, value=name)
def find_element_by_css_selector(self, css_selector):
"""Find and return an element by CSS selector."""
return self.find_element(by=By.CSS_SELECTOR, value=css_selector)
def find_elements_by_css_selector(self, css_selector):
"""Find and return list of multiple elements by CSS selector."""
return self.find_elements(by=By.CSS_SELECTOR, value=css_selector)
def execute_script(self, script, *args):
if len(args) == 1:
converted_args = args[0]
else:
converted_args = list(args)
converted_args = list(args)
return self.execute(
Command.EXECUTE_SCRIPT,
{'script': script, 'args':converted_args})['value']
def execute_async_script(self, script, *args):
if len(args) == 1:
converted_args = args[0]
else:
converted_args = list(args)
converted_args = list(args)
return self.execute(
Command.EXECUTE_ASYNC_SCRIPT,
{'script': script, 'args':converted_args})['value']
@property
def current_url(self):
"""Gets the current url."""
return self.execute(Command.GET_CURRENT_URL)['value']
def get_page_source(self):
"""Gets the page source."""
return self.execute(Command.GET_PAGE_SOURCE)['value']
def close(self):
"""Closes the current window."""
self.execute(Command.CLOSE)
def quit(self):
"""Quits the driver and close every associated window."""
try:
self.execute(Command.QUIT)
finally:
self.stop_client()
def get_current_window_handle(self):
return self.execute(Command.GET_CURRENT_WINDOW_HANDLE)['value']
def get_window_handles(self):
return self.execute(Command.GET_WINDOW_HANDLES)['value']
#Target Locators
def switch_to_active_element(self):
"""Returns the element with focus, or BODY if nothing has focus."""
return self.execute(Command.GET_ACTIVE_ELEMENT)['value']
def switch_to_window(self, window_name):
"""Switches focus to a window."""
self.execute(Command.SWITCH_TO_WINDOW, {'name': window_name})
def switch_to_frame(self, index_or_name):
"""Switches focus to a frame by index or name."""
self.execute(Command.SWITCH_TO_FRAME, {'id': index_or_name})
def switch_to_default_content(self):
"""Switch to the default frame"""
self.execute(Command.SWITCH_TO_FRAME, {'id': None})
def switch_to_alert(self):
""" Switch to the alert on the page """
return Alert(self)
#Navigation
def back(self):
"""Goes back in browser history."""
self.execute(Command.GO_BACK)
def forward(self):
"""Goes forward in browser history."""
self.execute(Command.GO_FORWARD)
def refresh(self):
"""Refreshes the current page."""
self.execute(Command.REFRESH)
# Options
def get_cookies(self):
"""Gets all the cookies. Return a set of dicts."""
return self.execute(Command.GET_ALL_COOKIES)['value']
def get_cookie(self, name):
"""Get a single cookie. Returns the desired cookie dict or None."""
cookies = self.get_cookies()
for cookie in cookies:
if cookie['name'] == name:
return cookie
return None
def delete_cookie(self, name):
"""Delete a cookie with the given name."""
self.execute(Command.DELETE_COOKIE, {'name': name})
def delete_all_cookies(self):
"""Delete all the cookies."""
self.execute(Command.DELETE_ALL_COOKIES)
def add_cookie(self, cookie_dict):
self.execute(Command.ADD_COOKIE, {'cookie': cookie_dict})
# Timeouts
def implicitly_wait(self, time_to_wait):
"""Set the implicit time out for use by later actions """
self.execute(Command.IMPLICIT_WAIT, {'ms': time_to_wait*1000})
def set_script_timeout(self, time_to_wait):
"""Set the timeout that the script should wait before throwing an
error"""
self.execute(Command.SET_SCRIPT_TIMEOUT, {'ms': time_to_wait*1000})
def find_element(self, by=By.ID, value=None):
return self.execute(Command.FIND_ELEMENT,
{'using': by, 'value': value})['value']
def find_elements(self, by=By.ID, value=None):
return self.execute(Command.FIND_ELEMENTS,
{'using': by, 'value': value})['value']
def get_screenshot_as_file(self, filename):
"""Gets the screenshot of the current window. Returns False if there is
any IOError, else returns True. Use full paths in your filename."""
png = self.execute(Command.SCREENSHOT)['value']
try:
f = open(filename, 'wb')
f.write(base64.decodestring(png))
f.close()
except IOError:
return False
finally:
del png
return True
def get_screenshot_as_base64(self):
"""Gets the screenshot of the current window as a base64 encoded string which
is useful in embedded images in HTML."""
return self.execute(Command.SCREENSHOT)['value']
class WebDriver(object):
"""
Controls a browser by sending commands to a remote server.
This server is expected to be running the WebDriver wire protocol as defined
here: http://code.google.com/p/selenium/wiki/JsonWireProtocol
:Attributes:
- command_executor - The command.CommandExecutor object used to execute commands.
- error_handler - errorhandler.ErrorHandler object used to verify that the server did not return an error.
- session_id - The session ID to send with every command.
- capabilities - A dictionary of capabilities of the underlying browser for this instance's session.
"""
def __init__(self,
command_executor='http://127.0.0.1:4444/wd/hub',
desired_capabilities=None,
browser_profile=None):
"""
Create a new driver that will issue commands using the wire protocol.
:Args:
- command_executor - Either a command.CommandExecutor object or a string that specifies the URL of a remote server to send commands to.
- desired_capabilities - Dictionary holding predefined values for starting a browser
- browser_profile - A selenium.webdriver.firefox.firefox_profile.FirefoxProfile object. Only used if Firefox is requested.
"""
if desired_capabilities is None:
raise WebDriverException("Desired Capabilities can't be None")
if not isinstance(desired_capabilities, dict):
raise WebDriverException(
"Desired Capabilities must be a dictionary")
self.command_executor = command_executor
if type(self.command_executor) is str or type(
self.command_executor) is unicode:
self.command_executor = RemoteConnection(command_executor)
self.session_id = None
self.capabilities = {}
self.error_handler = ErrorHandler()
self.start_client()
self.start_session(desired_capabilities, browser_profile)
@property
def name(self):
"""Returns the name of the underlying browser for this instance.
:Usage:
- driver.name
"""
if 'browserName' in self.capabilities:
return self.capabilities['browserName']
else:
raise KeyError('browserName not specified in session capabilities')
def start_client(self):
"""
Called before starting a new session. This method may be overridden
to define custom startup behavior.
"""
pass
def stop_client(self):
"""
Called after executing a quit command. This method may be overridden
to define custom shutdown behavior.
"""
pass
def start_session(self, desired_capabilities, browser_profile=None):
"""
Creates a new session with the desired capabilities.
:Args:
- browser_name - The name of the browser to request.
- version - Which browser version to request.
- platform - Which platform to request the browser on.
- javascript_enabled - Whether the new session should support JavaScript.
- browser_profile - A selenium.webdriver.firefox.firefox_profile.FirefoxProfile object. Only used if Firefox is requested.
"""
if browser_profile:
desired_capabilities['firefox_profile'] = browser_profile.encoded
response = self.execute(Command.NEW_SESSION, {
'desiredCapabilities': desired_capabilities,
})
self.session_id = response['sessionId']
self.capabilities = response['value']
def _wrap_value(self, value):
if isinstance(value, dict):
converted = {}
for key, val in value.items():
converted[key] = self._wrap_value(val)
return converted
elif isinstance(value, WebElement):
return {'ELEMENT': value.id}
elif isinstance(value, list):
return list(self._wrap_value(item) for item in value)
else:
return value
def create_web_element(self, element_id):
"""
Creates a web element with the specified element_id.
"""
return WebElement(self, element_id)
def _unwrap_value(self, value):
if isinstance(value, dict) and 'ELEMENT' in value:
return self.create_web_element(value['ELEMENT'])
elif isinstance(value, list):
return list(self._unwrap_value(item) for item in value)
else:
return value
def execute(self, driver_command, params=None):
"""
Sends a command to be executed by a command.CommandExecutor.
:Args:
- driver_command: The name of the command to execute as a string.
- params: A dictionary of named parameters to send with the command.
:Returns:
The command's JSON response loaded into a dictionary object.
"""
if not params:
params = {'sessionId': self.session_id}
elif 'sessionId' not in params:
params['sessionId'] = self.session_id
params = self._wrap_value(params)
response = self.command_executor.execute(driver_command, params)
if response:
self.error_handler.check_response(response)
response['value'] = self._unwrap_value(response.get('value', None))
return response
# If the server doesn't send a response, assume the command was
# a success
return {'success': 0, 'value': None, 'sessionId': self.session_id}
def get(self, url):
"""
Loads a web page in the current browser session.
"""
self.execute(Command.GET, {'url': url})
@property
def title(self):
"""Returns the title of the current page.
:Usage:
driver.title
"""
resp = self.execute(Command.GET_TITLE)
return resp['value'] if resp['value'] is not None else ""
def find_element_by_id(self, id_):
"""Finds an element by id.
:Args:
- id\_ - The id of the element to be found.
:Usage:
driver.find_element_by_id('foo')
"""
return self.find_element(by=By.ID, value=id_)
def find_elements_by_id(self, id_):
"""
Finds multiple elements by id.
:Args:
- id\_ - The id of the elements to be found.
:Usage:
driver.find_element_by_id('foo')
"""
return self.find_elements(by=By.ID, value=id_)
def find_element_by_xpath(self, xpath):
"""
Finds an element by xpath.
:Args:
- xpath - The xpath locator of the element to find.
:Usage:
driver.find_element_by_xpath('//div/td[1]')
"""
return self.find_element(by=By.XPATH, value=xpath)
def find_elements_by_xpath(self, xpath):
"""
Finds multiple elements by xpath.
:Args:
- xpath - The xpath locator of the elements to be found.
:Usage:
driver.find_elements_by_xpath("//div[contains(@class, 'foo')]")
"""
return self.find_elements(by=By.XPATH, value=xpath)
def find_element_by_link_text(self, link_text):
"""
Finds an element by link text.
:Args:
- link_text: The text of the element to be found.
:Usage:
driver.find_element_by_link_text('Sign In')
"""
return self.find_element(by=By.LINK_TEXT, value=link_text)
def find_elements_by_link_text(self, text):
"""
Finds elements by link text.
:Args:
- link_text: The text of the elements to be found.
:Usage:
driver.find_elements_by_link_text('Sign In')
"""
return self.find_elements(by=By.LINK_TEXT, value=text)
def find_element_by_partial_link_text(self, link_text):
"""
Finds an element by a partial match of its link text.
:Args:
- link_text: The text of the element to partially match on.
:Usage:
driver.find_element_by_partial_link_text('Sign')
"""
return self.find_element(by=By.PARTIAL_LINK_TEXT, value=link_text)
def find_elements_by_partial_link_text(self, link_text):
"""
Finds elements by a partial match of their link text.
:Args:
- link_text: The text of the element to partial match on.
:Usage:
driver.find_element_by_partial_link_text('Sign')
"""
return self.find_elements(by=By.PARTIAL_LINK_TEXT, value=link_text)
def find_element_by_name(self, name):
"""
Finds an element by name.
:Args:
- name: The name of the element to find.
:Usage:
driver.find_element_by_name('foo')
"""
return self.find_element(by=By.NAME, value=name)
def find_elements_by_name(self, name):
"""
Finds elements by name.
:Args:
- name: The name of the elements to find.
:Usage:
driver.find_elements_by_name('foo')
"""
return self.find_elements(by=By.NAME, value=name)
def find_element_by_tag_name(self, name):
"""
Finds an element by tag name.
:Args:
- name: The tag name of the element to find.
:Usage:
driver.find_element_by_tag_name('foo')
"""
return self.find_element(by=By.TAG_NAME, value=name)
def find_elements_by_tag_name(self, name):
"""
Finds elements by tag name.
:Args:
- name: The tag name the use when finding elements.
:Usage:
driver.find_elements_by_tag_name('foo')
"""
return self.find_elements(by=By.TAG_NAME, value=name)
def find_element_by_class_name(self, name):
"""
Finds an element by class name.
:Args:
- name: The class name of the element to find.
:Usage:
driver.find_element_by_class_name('foo')
"""
return self.find_element(by=By.CLASS_NAME, value=name)
def find_elements_by_class_name(self, name):
"""
Finds elements by class name.
:Args:
- name: The class name of the elements to find.
:Usage:
driver.find_elements_by_class_name('foo')
"""
return self.find_elements(by=By.CLASS_NAME, value=name)
def find_element_by_css_selector(self, css_selector):
"""
Finds an element by css selector.
:Args:
- css_selector: The css selector to use when finding elements.
:Usage:
driver.find_element_by_css_selector('#foo')
"""
return self.find_element(by=By.CSS_SELECTOR, value=css_selector)
def find_elements_by_css_selector(self, css_selector):
"""
Finds elements by css selector.
:Args:
- css_selector: The css selector to use when finding elements.
:Usage:
driver.find_element_by_css_selector('#foo')
"""
return self.find_elements(by=By.CSS_SELECTOR, value=css_selector)
def execute_script(self, script, *args):
"""
Synchronously Executes JavaScript in the current window/frame.
:Args:
- script: The JavaScript to execute.
- \*args: Any applicable arguments for your JavaScript.
:Usage:
driver.execute_script('document.title')
"""
if len(args) == 1:
converted_args = args[0]
else:
converted_args = list(args)
converted_args = list(args)
return self.execute(Command.EXECUTE_SCRIPT, {
'script': script,
'args': converted_args
})['value']
def execute_async_script(self, script, *args):
"""
Asynchronously Executes JavaScript in the current window/frame.
:Args:
- script: The JavaScript to execute.
- \*args: Any applicable arguments for your JavaScript.
:Usage:
driver.execute_async_script('document.title')
"""
if len(args) == 1:
converted_args = args[0]
else:
converted_args = list(args)
converted_args = list(args)
return self.execute(Command.EXECUTE_ASYNC_SCRIPT, {
'script': script,
'args': converted_args
})['value']
@property
def current_url(self):
"""
Gets the URL of the current page.
:Usage:
driver.current_url
"""
return self.execute(Command.GET_CURRENT_URL)['value']
@property
def page_source(self):
"""
Gets the source of the current page.
:Usage:
driver.page_source
"""
return self.execute(Command.GET_PAGE_SOURCE)['value']
def close(self):
"""
Closes the current window.
:Usage:
driver.close()
"""
self.execute(Command.CLOSE)
def quit(self):
"""
Quits the driver and closes every associated window.
:Usage:
driver.quit()
"""
try:
self.execute(Command.QUIT)
finally:
self.stop_client()
@property
def current_window_handle(self):
"""
Returns the handle of the current window.
:Usage:
driver.current_window_handle
"""
return self.execute(Command.GET_CURRENT_WINDOW_HANDLE)['value']
@property
def window_handles(self):
"""
Returns the handles of all windows within the current session.
:Usage:
driver.window_handles
"""
return self.execute(Command.GET_WINDOW_HANDLES)['value']
def maximize_window(self):
"""
Maximizes the current window that webdriver is using
"""
self.execute(Command.MAXIMIZE_WINDOW, {"windowHandle": "current"})
#Target Locators
def switch_to_active_element(self):
"""
Returns the element with focus, or BODY if nothing has focus.
:Usage:
driver.switch_to_active_element()
"""
return self.execute(Command.GET_ACTIVE_ELEMENT)['value']
def switch_to_window(self, window_name):
"""
Switches focus to the specified window.
:Args:
- window_name: The name or window handle of the window to switch to.
:Usage:
driver.switch_to_window('main')
"""
self.execute(Command.SWITCH_TO_WINDOW, {'name': window_name})
def switch_to_frame(self, frame_reference):
"""
Switches focus to the specified frame, by index, name, or webelement.
:Args:
- frame_reference: The name of the window to switch to, an integer representing the index,
or a webelement that is an (i)frame to switch to.
:Usage:
driver.switch_to_frame('frame_name')
driver.switch_to_frame(1)
driver.switch_to_frame(driver.find_elements_by_tag_name("iframe")[0])
"""
self.execute(Command.SWITCH_TO_FRAME, {'id': frame_reference})
def switch_to_default_content(self):
"""
Switch focus to the default frame.
:Usage:
driver.switch_to_default_content()
"""
self.execute(Command.SWITCH_TO_FRAME, {'id': None})
def switch_to_alert(self):
"""
Switches focus to an alert on the page.
:Usage:
driver.switch_to_alert()
"""
return Alert(self)
#Navigation
def back(self):
"""
Goes one step backward in the browser history.
:Usage:
driver.back()
"""
self.execute(Command.GO_BACK)
def forward(self):
"""
Goes one step forward in the browser history.
:Usage:
driver.forward()
"""
self.execute(Command.GO_FORWARD)
def refresh(self):
"""
Refreshes the current page.
:Usage:
driver.refresh()
"""
self.execute(Command.REFRESH)
# Options
def get_cookies(self):
"""
Returns a set of dictionaries, corresponding to cookies visible in the current session.
:Usage:
driver.get_cookies()
"""
return self.execute(Command.GET_ALL_COOKIES)['value']
def get_cookie(self, name):
"""
Get a single cookie by name. Returns the cookie if found, None if not.
:Usage:
driver.get_cookie('my_cookie')
"""
cookies = self.get_cookies()
for cookie in cookies:
if cookie['name'] == name:
return cookie
return None
def delete_cookie(self, name):
"""
Deletes a single cookie with the given name.
:Usage:
driver.delete_cookie('my_cookie')
"""
self.execute(Command.DELETE_COOKIE, {'name': name})
def delete_all_cookies(self):
"""
Delete all cookies in the scope of the session.
:Usage:
driver.delete_all_cookies()
"""
self.execute(Command.DELETE_ALL_COOKIES)
def add_cookie(self, cookie_dict):
"""
Adds a cookie to your current session.
:Args:
- cookie_dict: A dictionary object, with required keys - "name" and "value";
optional keys - "path", "domain", "secure", "expiry"
Usage:
driver.add_cookie({'name' : 'foo', 'value' : 'bar'})
driver.add_cookie({'name' : 'foo', 'value' : 'bar', 'path' : '/'})
driver.add_cookie({'name' : 'foo', 'value' : 'bar', 'path' : '/', 'secure':True})
"""
self.execute(Command.ADD_COOKIE, {'cookie': cookie_dict})
# Timeouts
def implicitly_wait(self, time_to_wait):
"""
Sets a sticky timeout to implicitly wait for an element to be found,
or a command to complete. This method only needs to be called one
time per session. To set the timeout for calls to
execute_async_script, see set_script_timeout.
:Args:
- time_to_wait: Amount of time to wait (in seconds)
:Usage:
driver.implicitly_wait(30)
"""
self.execute(Command.IMPLICIT_WAIT, {'ms': float(time_to_wait) * 1000})
def set_script_timeout(self, time_to_wait):
"""
Set the amount of time that the script should wait during an
execute_async_script call before throwing an error.
:Args:
- time_to_wait: The amount of time to wait
:Usage:
driver.set_script_timeout(30)
"""
self.execute(Command.SET_SCRIPT_TIMEOUT,
{'ms': float(time_to_wait) * 1000})
def set_page_load_timeout(self, time_to_wait):
"""
Set the amount of time to wait for a page load to complete
before throwing an error.
:Args:
- time_to_wait: The amount of time to wait
:Usage:
driver.set_page_load_timeout(30)
"""
self.execute(Command.SET_TIMEOUTS, {
'ms': float(time_to_wait) * 1000,
'type': 'page load'
})
def find_element(self, by=By.ID, value=None):
"""
'Private' method used by the find_element_by_* methods.
:Usage:
Use the corresponding find_element_by_* instead of this.
"""
if isinstance(by, tuple) or isinstance(value, int) or value == None:
raise InvalidSelectorException("Invalid locator values passed in")
return self.execute(Command.FIND_ELEMENT, {
'using': by,
'value': value
})['value']
def find_elements(self, by=By.ID, value=None):
"""
'Private' method used by the find_elements_by_* methods.
:Usage:
Use the corresponding find_elements_by_* instead of this.
"""
if isinstance(by, tuple) or isinstance(value, int) or value == None:
raise InvalidSelectorException("Invalid locator values passed in")
return self.execute(Command.FIND_ELEMENTS, {
'using': by,
'value': value
})['value']
@property
def desired_capabilities(self):
"""
returns the drivers current desired capabilities being used
"""
return self.capabilities
def get_screenshot_as_file(self, filename):
"""
Gets the screenshot of the current window. Returns False if there is
any IOError, else returns True. Use full paths in your filename.
:Args:
- filename: The full path you wish to save your screenshot to.
:Usage:
driver.get_screenshot_as_file('/Screenshots/foo.png')
"""
png = self.execute(Command.SCREENSHOT)['value']
try:
with open(filename, 'wb') as f:
f.write(base64.decodestring(png))
except IOError:
return False
del png
return True
def get_screenshot_as_base64(self):
"""
Gets the screenshot of the current window as a base64 encoded string
which is useful in embedded images in HTML.
:Usage:
driver.get_screenshot_as_base64()
"""
return self.execute(Command.SCREENSHOT)['value']
def set_window_size(self, width, height, windowHandle='current'):
"""
Sets the width and height of the current window. (window.resizeTo)
:Args:
- width: the width in pixels to set the window to
- height: the height in pixels to set the window to
:Usage:
driver.set_window_size(800,600)
"""
self.execute(Command.SET_WINDOW_SIZE, {
'width': width,
'height': height,
'windowHandle': windowHandle
})
def get_window_size(self, windowHandle='current'):
"""
Gets the width and height of the current window.
:Usage:
driver.get_window_size()
"""
return self.execute(Command.GET_WINDOW_SIZE,
{'windowHandle': windowHandle})['value']
def set_window_position(self, x, y, windowHandle='current'):
"""
Sets the x,y position of the current window. (window.moveTo)
:Args:
- x: the x-coordinate in pixels to set the window position
- y: the y-coordinate in pixels to set the window position
:Usage:
driver.set_window_position(0,0)
"""
self.execute(Command.SET_WINDOW_POSITION, {
'x': x,
'y': y,
'windowHandle': windowHandle
})
def get_window_position(self, windowHandle='current'):
"""
Gets the x,y position of the current window.
:Usage:
driver.get_window_position()
"""
return self.execute(Command.GET_WINDOW_POSITION,
{'windowHandle': windowHandle})['value']
@property
def orientation(self):
"""
Gets the current orientation of the device
:Usage:
orientation = driver.orientation
"""
return self.execute(Command.GET_SCREEN_ORIENTATION)['value']
@orientation.setter
def orientation(self, value):
"""
Sets the current orientation of the device
:Args:
- value: orientation to set it to.
:Usage:
driver.orientation = 'landscape'
"""
allowed_values = ['LANDSCAPE', 'PORTRAIT']
if value.upper() in allowed_values:
self.execute(Command.SET_SCREEN_ORIENTATION,
{'orientation': value})['value']
else:
raise WebDriverException(
"You can only set the orientation to 'LANDSCAPE' and 'PORTRAIT'"
)
def is_online(self):
""" Returns a boolean if the browser is online or offline"""
return self.execute(Command.IS_BROWSER_ONLINE)['value']
@property
def application_cache(self):
""" Returns a ApplicationCache Object to interact with the browser app cache"""
return ApplicationCache(self)
class RemoteConnection(object):
"""A connection with the Remote WebDriver server.
Communicates with the server using the WebDriver wire protocol:
https://github.com/SeleniumHQ/selenium/wiki/JsonWireProtocol"""
_timeout = socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT
@classmethod
def get_timeout(cls):
"""
:Returns:
Timeout value in seconds for all http requests made to the Remote Connection
"""
return None if cls._timeout == socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT else cls._timeout
@classmethod
def set_timeout(cls, timeout):
"""
Override the default timeout
:Args:
- timeout - timeout value for http requests in seconds
"""
cls._timeout = timeout
@classmethod
def reset_timeout(cls):
"""
Reset the http request timeout to socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT
"""
cls._timeout = socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT
def __init__(self, remote_server_addr, keep_alive=False):
# Attempt to resolve the hostname and get an IP address.
self.keep_alive = keep_alive
self.error_handler = ErrorHandler()
parsed_url = parse.urlparse(remote_server_addr)
addr = ""
if parsed_url.hostname:
try:
netloc = socket.gethostbyname(parsed_url.hostname)
addr = netloc
if parsed_url.port:
netloc += ':%d' % parsed_url.port
if parsed_url.username:
auth = parsed_url.username
if parsed_url.password:
auth += ':%s' % parsed_url.password
netloc = '%s@%s' % (auth, netloc)
remote_server_addr = parse.urlunparse(
(parsed_url.scheme, netloc, parsed_url.path,
parsed_url.params, parsed_url.query, parsed_url.fragment))
except socket.gaierror:
LOGGER.info('Could not get IP address for host: %s' % parsed_url.hostname)
self._url = remote_server_addr
if keep_alive:
self._conn = httplib.HTTPConnection(
str(addr), str(parsed_url.port), timeout=self._timeout)
def _wrap_value(self, value):
if isinstance(value, dict):
converted = {}
for key, val in value.items():
converted[key] = self._wrap_value(val)
return converted
elif isinstance(value, list):
return list(self._wrap_value(item) for item in value)
else:
return value
def _check_response(self, response):
if response:
self.error_handler.check_response(response)
response['value'] = self._unwrap_value(
response.get('value', None))
return response
# If the server doesn't send a response, assume the command was
# a success
return {'success': 0, 'value': None, 'sessionId': self.session_id}
def _execute(self, path, method, params=None):
"""
Send a command to the remote server.
Any path subtitutions required for the URL mapped to the command should be
included in the command parameters.
:Args:
- command - A string specifying the command to execute.
- params - A dictionary of named parameters to send with the command as
its JSON payload.
"""
assert path is not None and method is not None, 'Url Method not None'
data = utils.dump_json(params)
path = string.Template(path).substitute(params)
url = '{0}/{1}'.format(self._url, path)
return self._request(method, url, body=data)
def get(self, path, params=None):
"""
Get method
:param path:
:param params:
:return:
"""
reponse = self._execute(path, Method.GET, params)
if reponse:
self.error_handler.check_response(reponse)
return reponse
else:
raise RuntimeError("get url error")
def post(self, path, params):
"""
Post method
:param path:
:param params:
:return:
"""
reponse = self._execute(path, Method.POST, params)
if reponse:
self.error_handler.check_response(reponse)
return reponse
return True
def _request(self, method, url, body=None):
"""
Send an HTTP request to the remote server.
:Args:
- method - A string for the HTTP method to send the request with.
- url - A string for the URL to send the request to.
- body - A string for request body. Ignored unless method is POST or PUT.
:Returns:
A dictionary with the server's parsed JSON response.
"""
LOGGER.debug('%s %s %s' % (method, url, body))
parsed_url = parse.urlparse(url)
if self.keep_alive:
headers = {"Connection": 'keep-alive', method: parsed_url.path,
"User-Agent": "Python http auth",
"Content-type": "application/json;charset=\"UTF-8\"",
"Accept": "application/json"}
if parsed_url.username:
auth = base64.standard_b64encode('%s:%s' %
(parsed_url.username, parsed_url.password)).replace('\n', '')
headers["Authorization"] = "Basic %s" % auth
if body and method != 'POST' and method != 'PUT':
body = None
try:
self._conn.request(method, parsed_url.path, body, headers)
resp = self._conn.getresponse()
except (httplib.HTTPException, socket.error):
self._conn.close()
raise
statuscode = resp.status
else:
password_manager = None
if parsed_url.username:
netloc = parsed_url.hostname
if parsed_url.port:
netloc += ":%s" % parsed_url.port
cleaned_url = parse.urlunparse((parsed_url.scheme,
netloc,
parsed_url.path,
parsed_url.params,
parsed_url.query,
parsed_url.fragment))
password_manager = url_request.HTTPPasswordMgrWithDefaultRealm()
password_manager.add_password(None,
"%s://%s" % (parsed_url.scheme, netloc),
parsed_url.username,
parsed_url.password)
request = Request(cleaned_url, data=body.encode('utf-8'), method=method)
else:
request = Request(url, data=body.encode('utf-8'), method=method)
request.add_header('Accept', 'application/json')
request.add_header('Content-Type', 'application/json;charset=UTF-8')
if password_manager:
opener = url_request.build_opener(url_request.HTTPRedirectHandler(),
HttpErrorHandler(),
url_request.HTTPBasicAuthHandler(password_manager))
else:
opener = url_request.build_opener(url_request.HTTPRedirectHandler(),
HttpErrorHandler())
resp = opener.open(request, timeout=self._timeout)
statuscode = resp.code
if not hasattr(resp, 'getheader'):
if hasattr(resp.headers, 'getheader'):
resp.getheader = lambda x: resp.headers.getheader(x)
elif hasattr(resp.headers, 'get'):
resp.getheader = lambda x: resp.headers.get(x)
data = resp.read()
try:
if 300 <= statuscode < 304:
return self._request('GET', resp.getheader('location'))
body = data.decode('utf-8').replace('\x00', '').strip()
if 399 < statuscode <= 510:
return {'status': statuscode, 'value': body}
content_type = []
if resp.getheader('Content-Type') is not None:
content_type = resp.getheader('Content-Type').split(';')
if not any([x.startswith('image/png') for x in content_type]):
try:
data = utils.load_json(body.strip())
except ValueError:
if 199 < statuscode < 300:
status = ErrorCode.SUCCESS
else:
status = ErrorCode.UNKNOWN_ERROR
return {'status': status, 'value': body.strip()}
assert type(data) is dict, (
'Invalid server response body: %s' % body)
# Some of the drivers incorrectly return a response
# with no 'value' field when they should return null.
# if 'value' not in data:
# data['value'] = None
return data
else:
data = {'status': 0, 'value': body.strip()}
return data
finally:
LOGGER.debug("Finished Request")
resp.close()
class WebDriver(object):
"""Controls a browser by sending commands to a remote server.
This server is expected to be running the WebDriver wire protocol as defined
here:
http://code.google.com/p/selenium/wiki/JsonWireProtocol
Attributes:
command_executor - The command.CommandExecutor object used to execute
commands.
error_handler - errorhandler.ErrorHandler object used to verify that the
server did not return an error.
session_id - The session ID to send with every command.
capabilities - A dictionary of capabilities of the underlying browser for
this instance's session.
"""
def __init__(self, command_executor, browser_name, platform, version='',
javascript_enabled=True):
"""Create a new driver that will issue commands using the wire protocol.
Args:
command_executor - Either a command.CommandExecutor object or a string
that specifies the URL of a remote server to send commands to.
browser_name - A string indicating which browser to request a new
session for from the remote server. Should be one of
{mobile safari|firefox|internet explorer|htmlunit|chrome}.
platform - A string indicating the desired platform to request from
the remote server. Should be one of
{WINDOWS|XP|VISTA|MAC|LINUX|UNIX|ANY}.
version - A string indicating a specific browser version to request,
or an empty string ot use any available browser. Defaults to the
empty string.
javascript_enabled - Whether the requested browser should support
JavaScript. Defaults to True.
"""
self.command_executor = command_executor
if type(self.command_executor) is str:
self.command_executor = RemoteConnection(command_executor)
self.session_id = None
self.capabilities = {}
self.error_handler = ErrorHandler()
self.start_client()
self.start_session(browser_name=browser_name,
platform=platform,
version=version,
javascript_enabled=javascript_enabled)
@property
def name(self):
"""Returns the name of the underlying browser for this instance."""
if 'browserName' in self.capabilities:
return self.capabilities['browserName']
else:
raise KeyError('browserName not specified in session capabilities')
def start_client(self):
"""Called before starting a new session.
This method may be overridden to define custom startup behavior.
"""
pass
def stop_client(self):
"""Called after executing a quit command.
This method may be overridden to define custom shutdown behavior.
"""
pass
def start_session(self, browser_name, platform=None, version=None,
javascript_enabled=False):
"""Creates a new session with the desired capabilities.
Args:
browser_name: The name of the browser to request.
version: Which browser version to request.
platform: Which platform to request the browser on.
javascript_enabled: Whether the new session should support JavaScript.
"""
response = self._execute(Command.NEW_SESSION, {
'desiredCapabilities': {
'browserName': browser_name,
'platform': platform or 'ANY',
'version': version or '',
'javascriptEnabled': javascript_enabled
}
})
self.session_id = response['sessionId']
self.capabilities = response['value']
def _wrap_value(self, value):
if isinstance(value, dict):
converted = {}
for key, val in value.items():
converted[key] = self._wrap_value(val)
return converted
elif isinstance(value, WebElement):
return {'ELEMENT': value.id}
elif isinstance(value, list):
return list(self._wrap_value(item) for item in value)
else:
return value
def create_web_element(self, element_id):
return WebElement(self, element_id)
def _unwrap_value(self, value):
if isinstance(value, dict) and 'ELEMENT' in value:
return self.create_web_element(value['ELEMENT'])
elif isinstance(value, list):
return list(self._unwrap_value(item) for item in value)
else:
return value
def _execute(self, driver_command, params=None):
"""Sends a command to be executed by a command.CommandExecutor.
Args:
driver_command: The name of the command to execute as a string.
params: A dictionary of named parameters to send with the command.
Returns:
The command's JSON response loaded into a dictionary object.
"""
if not params:
params = {'sessionId': self.session_id}
elif 'sessionId' not in params:
params['sessionId'] = self.session_id
params = self._wrap_value(params)
response = self.command_executor.execute(driver_command, params)
if response:
self.error_handler.check_response(response)
response['value'] = self._unwrap_value(
response.get('value', None))
return response
# If the server doesn't send a response, assume the command was
# a success
return {'success': 0, 'value': None}
def get(self, url):
"""Loads a web page in the current browser."""
self._execute(Command.GET, {'url': url})
def get_title(self):
"""Gets the title of the current page."""
resp = self._execute(Command.GET_TITLE)
return resp['value']
def find_element_by_id(self, id_):
"""Finds element by id."""
return self._find_element_by("id", id_)
def find_elements_by_xpath(self, xpath):
"""Finds multiple elements by xpath."""
return self._find_elements_by("xpath", xpath)
def find_element_by_xpath(self, xpath):
"""Finds an element by xpath."""
return self._find_element_by("xpath", xpath)
def find_element_by_link_text(self, link_text):
"""Finds an element by its link text."""
return self._find_element_by("link text", link_text)
def find_element_by_partial_link_text(self, link_text):
"""Finds an element by a partial match of its link text."""
return self._find_element_by("partial link text", link_text)
def find_elements_by_partial_link_text(self, link_text):
"""Finds elements by a partial match of their link text."""
return self._find_elements_by("partial link text", link_text)
def find_element_by_name(self, name):
"""Finds an element by its name."""
return self._find_element_by("name", name)
def find_elements_by_name(self, name):
"""Finds elements by their name."""
return self._find_elements_by("name", name)
def find_element_by_tag_name(self, name):
"""Finds an element by its tag name."""
return self._find_element_by("tag name", name)
def find_elements_by_tag_name(self, name):
"""Finds elements by their tag name."""
return self._find_elements_by("tag name", name)
def execute_script(self, script, *args):
if len(args) == 1:
converted_args = args[0]
else:
converted_args = list(args)
converted_args = list(args)
return self._execute(
Command.EXECUTE_SCRIPT,
{'script': script, 'args':converted_args})['value']
def get_current_url(self):
"""Gets the current url."""
return self._execute(Command.GET_CURRENT_URL)['value']
def get_page_source(self):
"""Gets the page source."""
return self._execute(Command.GET_PAGE_SOURCE)['value']
def close(self):
"""Closes the current window."""
self._execute(Command.CLOSE)
def quit(self):
"""Quits the driver and close every associated window."""
try:
self._execute(Command.QUIT)
finally:
self.stop_client()
def get_current_window_handle(self):
return self._execute(Command.GET_CURRENT_WINDOW_HANDLE)['value']
def get_window_handles(self):
return self._execute(Command.GET_WINDOW_HANDLES)['value']
def switch_to_active_element(self):
"""Returns the element with focus, or BODY if nothing has focus."""
return self._execute(Command.GET_ACTIVE_ELEMENT)['value']
def switch_to_window(self, window_name):
"""Switches focus to a window."""
self._execute(Command.SWITCH_TO_WINDOW, {'name': window_name})
def switch_to_frame(self, index_or_name):
"""Switches focus to a frame by index or name."""
self._execute(Command.SWITCH_TO_FRAME, {'id': index_or_name})
def back(self):
"""Goes back in browser history."""
self._execute(Command.GO_BACK)
def forward(self):
"""Goes forward in browser history."""
self._execute(Command.GO_FORWARD)
# Options
def get_cookies(self):
"""Gets all the cookies. Return a set of dicts."""
return self._execute(Command.GET_ALL_COOKIES)['value']
def get_cookie(self, name):
"""Get a single cookie. Returns the desired cookie dict or None."""
cookies = self.get_cookies()
for cookie in cookies:
if cookie['name'] == name:
return cookie
return None
def delete_cookie(self, name):
"""Delete a cookie with the given name."""
self._execute(Command.DELETE_COOKIE, {'name': name})
def delete_all_cookies(self):
"""Delete all the cookies."""
self._execute(Command.DELETE_ALL_COOKIES)
def add_cookie(self, cookie_dict):
self._execute(Command.ADD_COOKIE, {'cookie': cookie_dict})
def _find_element_by(self, by, value):
return self._execute(Command.FIND_ELEMENT,
{'using': by, 'value': value})['value']
def _find_elements_by(self, by, value):
return self._execute(Command.FIND_ELEMENTS,
{'using': by, 'value': value})['value']
class WebDriver(object):
"""Controls a browser by sending commands to a remote server.
This server is expected to be running the WebDriver wire protocol as defined
here: http://code.google.com/p/selenium/wiki/JsonWireProtocol
Attributes:
command_executor - The command.CommandExecutor object used to execute
commands.
error_handler - errorhandler.ErrorHandler object used to verify that the
server did not return an error.
session_id - The session ID to send with every command.
capabilities - A dictionary of capabilities of the underlying browser for
this instance's session."""
def __init__(
self, command_executor="http://127.0.0.1:4444/wd/hub", desired_capabilities=None, browser_profile=None
):
"""Create a new driver that will issue commands using the wire protocol.
Args:
command_executor - Either a command.CommandExecutor object or a string
that specifies the URL of a remote server to send commands to.
desired_capabilities - Dictionary holding predefined values for starting
a browser
browser_profile: A browser profile directory as a Base64-encoded
zip file. Only used if Firefox is requested.
"""
if desired_capabilities is None:
raise WebDriverException("Desired Capabilities can't be None")
self.command_executor = command_executor
if type(self.command_executor) is str:
self.command_executor = RemoteConnection(command_executor)
self.session_id = None
self.capabilities = {}
self.error_handler = ErrorHandler()
self.start_client()
self.start_session(desired_capabilities, browser_profile)
@property
def name(self):
"""Returns the name of the underlying browser for this instance.
Usage:
driver.name
"""
if "browserName" in self.capabilities:
return self.capabilities["browserName"]
else:
raise KeyError("browserName not specified in session capabilities")
def start_client(self):
"""Called before starting a new session. This method may be overridden
to define custom startup behavior."""
pass
def stop_client(self):
"""Called after executing a quit command. This method may be overridden
to define custom shutdown behavior."""
pass
def start_session(self, desired_capabilities, browser_profile=None):
"""Creates a new session with the desired capabilities.
Args:
browser_name: The name of the browser to request.
version: Which browser version to request.
platform: Which platform to request the browser on.
javascript_enabled: Whether the new session should support JavaScript.
browser_profile: A browser profile directory as a Base64-encoded
zip file. Only used if Firefox is requested.
"""
if browser_profile:
desired_capabilities["firefox_profile"] = browser_profile.encoded
response = self.execute(Command.NEW_SESSION, {"desiredCapabilities": desired_capabilities})
self.session_id = response["sessionId"]
self.capabilities = response["value"]
def _wrap_value(self, value):
if isinstance(value, dict):
converted = {}
for key, val in value.items():
converted[key] = self._wrap_value(val)
return converted
elif isinstance(value, WebElement):
return {"ELEMENT": value.id}
elif isinstance(value, list):
return list(self._wrap_value(item) for item in value)
else:
return value
def create_web_element(self, element_id):
"""Creates a web element with the specified element_id."""
return WebElement(self, element_id)
def _unwrap_value(self, value):
if isinstance(value, dict) and "ELEMENT" in value:
return self.create_web_element(value["ELEMENT"])
elif isinstance(value, list):
return list(self._unwrap_value(item) for item in value)
else:
return value
def execute(self, driver_command, params=None):
"""Sends a command to be executed by a command.CommandExecutor.
Args:
driver_command: The name of the command to execute as a string.
params: A dictionary of named parameters to send with the command.
Returns:
The command's JSON response loaded into a dictionary object.
"""
if not params:
params = {"sessionId": self.session_id}
elif "sessionId" not in params:
params["sessionId"] = self.session_id
params = self._wrap_value(params)
response = self.command_executor.execute(driver_command, params)
if response:
self.error_handler.check_response(response)
response["value"] = self._unwrap_value(response.get("value", None))
return response
# If the server doesn't send a response, assume the command was
# a success
return {"success": 0, "value": None}
def get(self, url):
"""Loads a web page in the current browser session."""
self.execute(Command.GET, {"url": url})
@property
def title(self):
"""Returns the title of the current page.
Usage:
driver.title
"""
resp = self.execute(Command.GET_TITLE)
return resp["value"] if resp["value"] is not None else ""
def find_element_by_id(self, id_):
"""Finds an element by id.
Args:
id_: The id of the element to be found.
Usage:
driver.find_element_by_id('foo')
"""
return self.find_element(by=By.ID, value=id_)
def find_elements_by_id(self, id_):
"""Finds multiple elements by id.
Args:
id_: The id of the elements to be found.
Usage:
driver.find_element_by_id('foo')
"""
return self.find_elements(by=By.ID, value=id_)
def find_element_by_xpath(self, xpath):
"""Finds an element by xpath.
Args:
xpath: The xpath locator of the element to find.
Usage:
driver.find_element_by_xpath('//div/td[1]')
"""
return self.find_element(by=By.XPATH, value=xpath)
def find_elements_by_xpath(self, xpath):
"""Finds multiple elements by xpath.
Args:
xpath: The xpath locator of the elements to be found.
Usage:
driver.find_elements_by_xpath("//div[contains(@class, 'foo')]")
"""
return self.find_elements(by=By.XPATH, value=xpath)
def find_element_by_link_text(self, link_text):
"""Finds an element by link text.
Args:
link_text: The text of the element to be found.
Usage:
driver.find_element_by_link_text('Sign In')
"""
return self.find_element(by=By.LINK_TEXT, value=link_text)
def find_elements_by_link_text(self, text):
"""Finds elements by link text.
Args:
link_text: The text of the elements to be found.
Usage:
driver.find_elements_by_link_text('Sign In')
"""
return self.find_elements(by=By.LINK_TEXT, value=text)
def find_element_by_partial_link_text(self, link_text):
"""Finds an element by a partial match of its link text.
Args:
link_text: The text of the element to partially match on.
Usage:
driver.find_element_by_partial_link_text('Sign')
"""
return self.find_element(by=By.PARTIAL_LINK_TEXT, value=link_text)
def find_elements_by_partial_link_text(self, link_text):
"""Finds elements by a partial match of their link text.
Args:
link_text: The text of the element to partial match on.
Usage:
driver.find_element_by_partial_link_text('Sign')
"""
return self.find_elements(by=By.PARTIAL_LINK_TEXT, value=link_text)
def find_element_by_name(self, name):
"""Finds an element by name.
Args:
name: The name of the element to find.
Usage:
driver.find_element_by_name('foo')
"""
return self.find_element(by=By.NAME, value=name)
def find_elements_by_name(self, name):
"""Finds elements by name.
Args:
name: The name of the elements to find.
Usage:
driver.find_elements_by_name('foo')
"""
return self.find_elements(by=By.NAME, value=name)
def find_element_by_tag_name(self, name):
"""Finds an element by tag name.
Args:
name: The tag name of the element to find.
Usage:
driver.find_element_by_tag_name('foo')
"""
return self.find_element(by=By.TAG_NAME, value=name)
def find_elements_by_tag_name(self, name):
"""Finds elements by tag name.
Args:
name: The tag name the use when finding elements.
Usage:
driver.find_elements_by_tag_name('foo')
"""
return self.find_elements(by=By.TAG_NAME, value=name)
def find_element_by_class_name(self, name):
"""Finds an element by class name.
Args:
name: The class name of the element to find.
Usage:
driver.find_element_by_class_name('foo')
"""
return self.find_element(by=By.CLASS_NAME, value=name)
def find_elements_by_class_name(self, name):
"""Finds elements by class name.
Args:
name: The class name of the elements to find.
Usage:
driver.find_elements_by_class_name('foo')
"""
return self.find_elements(by=By.CLASS_NAME, value=name)
def find_element_by_css_selector(self, css_selector):
"""Finds an element by css selector.
Args:
css_selector: The css selector to use when finding elements.
Usage:
driver.find_element_by_css_selector('#foo')
"""
return self.find_element(by=By.CSS_SELECTOR, value=css_selector)
def find_elements_by_css_selector(self, css_selector):
"""Finds elements by css selector.
Args:
css_selector: The css selector to use when finding elements.
Usage:
driver.find_element_by_css_selector('#foo')
"""
return self.find_elements(by=By.CSS_SELECTOR, value=css_selector)
def execute_script(self, script, *args):
"""Synchronously Executes JavaScript in the current window/frame.
Args:
script: The JavaScript to execute.
*args: Any applicable arguments for your JavaScript.
Usage:
driver.execute_script('document.title')
"""
if len(args) == 1:
converted_args = args[0]
else:
converted_args = list(args)
converted_args = list(args)
return self.execute(Command.EXECUTE_SCRIPT, {"script": script, "args": converted_args})["value"]
def execute_async_script(self, script, *args):
"""Asynchronously Executes JavaScript in the current window/frame.
Args:
script: The JavaScript to execute.
args: Any applicable arguments for your JavaScript.
Usage:
driver.execute_async_script('document.title')
"""
if len(args) == 1:
converted_args = args[0]
else:
converted_args = list(args)
converted_args = list(args)
return self.execute(Command.EXECUTE_ASYNC_SCRIPT, {"script": script, "args": converted_args})["value"]
@property
def current_url(self):
"""Gets the URL of the current page.
Usage:
driver.current_url
"""
return self.execute(Command.GET_CURRENT_URL)["value"]
def get_page_source(self):
"""Gets the source of the current page.
Usage:
driver.get_page_source()
"""
return self.execute(Command.GET_PAGE_SOURCE)["value"]
def close(self):
"""Closes the current window.
Usage:
driver.close()
"""
self.execute(Command.CLOSE)
def quit(self):
"""Quits the driver and closes every associated window.
Usage:
driver.quit()
"""
try:
self.execute(Command.QUIT)
finally:
self.stop_client()
def get_current_window_handle(self):
"""Returns the handle of the current window.
Usage:
driver.get_current_window_handle()
"""
return self.execute(Command.GET_CURRENT_WINDOW_HANDLE)["value"]
def get_window_handles(self):
"""Returns the handles of all windows within the current session.
Usage:
driver.get_window_handles()
"""
return self.execute(Command.GET_WINDOW_HANDLES)["value"]
# Target Locators
def switch_to_active_element(self):
"""Returns the element with focus, or BODY if nothing has focus.
Usage:
driver.switch_to_active_element()
"""
return self.execute(Command.GET_ACTIVE_ELEMENT)["value"]
def switch_to_window(self, window_name):
"""Switches focus to the specified window.
Args:
window_name: The name of the window to switch to.
Usage:
driver.switch_to_window('main')
"""
self.execute(Command.SWITCH_TO_WINDOW, {"name": window_name})
def switch_to_frame(self, index_or_name):
"""Switches focus to the specified frame, by index or name.
Args:
index_or_name: The name of the window to switch to, or
an integer representing the index to switch to.
Usage:
driver.switch_to_frame('frame_name')
driver.switch_to_frame(1)
"""
self.execute(Command.SWITCH_TO_FRAME, {"id": index_or_name})
def switch_to_default_content(self):
"""Switch focus to the default frame.
Usage:
driver.switch_to_default_content()
"""
self.execute(Command.SWITCH_TO_FRAME, {"id": None})
def switch_to_alert(self):
"""Switches focus to an alert on the page.
Usage:
driver.switch_to_alert()
"""
return Alert(self)
# Navigation
def back(self):
"""Goes one step backward in the browser history.
Usage:
driver.back()
"""
self.execute(Command.GO_BACK)
def forward(self):
"""Goes one step forward in the browser history.
Usage:
driver.forward()
"""
self.execute(Command.GO_FORWARD)
def refresh(self):
"""Refreshes the current page.
Usage:
driver.refresh()
"""
self.execute(Command.REFRESH)
# Options
def get_cookies(self):
"""Returns a set of dictionaries, corresponding to cookies visible in the
current session.
Usage:
driver.get_cookies()
"""
return self.execute(Command.GET_ALL_COOKIES)["value"]
def get_cookie(self, name):
"""Get a single cookie by name. Returns the cookie if found, None if not.
Usage:
driver.get_cookie('my_cookie')
"""
cookies = self.get_cookies()
for cookie in cookies:
if cookie["name"] == name:
return cookie
return None
def delete_cookie(self, name):
"""Deletes a single cookie with the given name.
Usage:
driver.delete_cookie('my_cookie')
"""
self.execute(Command.DELETE_COOKIE, {"name": name})
def delete_all_cookies(self):
"""Delete all cookies in the scope of the session.
Usage:
driver.delete_all_cookies()
"""
self.execute(Command.DELETE_ALL_COOKIES)
def add_cookie(self, cookie_dict):
"""Adds a cookie to your current session.
Args:
cookie_dict: A dictionary object, with the desired cookie name as the key, and
the value being the desired contents.
Usage:
driver.add_cookie({'foo': 'bar',})
"""
self.execute(Command.ADD_COOKIE, {"cookie": cookie_dict})
# Timeouts
def implicitly_wait(self, time_to_wait):
"""Sets a sticky timeout to implicitly wait for an element to be found,
or a command to complete. This method only needs to be called one time per session.
Args:
time_to_wait: Amount of time to wait
Usage:
driver.implicitly_wait(30)
"""
self.execute(Command.IMPLICIT_WAIT, {"ms": int(time_to_wait) * 1000})
def set_script_timeout(self, time_to_wait):
"""Set the amount of time that the script should wait before throwing an
error.
Args:
time_to_wait: The amount of time to wait
Usage:
driver.set_script_timeout(30)
"""
self.execute(Command.SET_SCRIPT_TIMEOUT, {"ms": int(time_to_wait) * 1000})
def find_element(self, by=By.ID, value=None):
"""'Private' method used by the find_element_by_* methods.
Usage:
Use the corresponding find_element_by_* instead of this.
"""
return self.execute(Command.FIND_ELEMENT, {"using": by, "value": value})["value"]
def find_elements(self, by=By.ID, value=None):
"""'Private' method used by the find_elements_by_* methods.
Usage:
Use the corresponding find_elements_by_* instead of this.
"""
return self.execute(Command.FIND_ELEMENTS, {"using": by, "value": value})["value"]
def get_screenshot_as_file(self, filename):
"""Gets the screenshot of the current window. Returns False if there is
any IOError, else returns True. Use full paths in your filename.
Args:
filename: The full path you wish to save your screenshot to.
Usage:
driver.get_screenshot_as_file('/Screenshots/foo.png')
"""
png = self.execute(Command.SCREENSHOT)["value"]
try:
with open(filename, "wb") as f:
f.write(base64.decodestring(png))
except IOError:
return False
del png
return True
def get_screenshot_as_base64(self):
"""Gets the screenshot of the current window as a base64 encoded string which
is useful in embedded images in HTML.
Usage:
driver.get_screenshot_as_base64()
"""
return self.execute(Command.SCREENSHOT)["value"]
class WebDriver(object):
"""Controls a browser by sending commands to a remote server.
This server is expected to be running the WebDriver wire protocol as defined
here:
http://code.google.com/p/selenium/wiki/JsonWireProtocol
Attributes:
command_executor - The command.CommandExecutor object used to execute
commands.
error_handler - errorhandler.ErrorHandler object used to verify that the
server did not return an error.
session_id - The session ID to send with every command.
capabilities - A dictionary of capabilities of the underlying browser for
this instance's session.
"""
def __init__(self, command_executor, browser_name, platform, version="", javascript_enabled=True):
"""Create a new driver that will issue commands using the wire protocol.
Args:
command_executor - Either a command.CommandExecutor object or a string
that specifies the URL of a remote server to send commands to.
browser_name - A string indicating which browser to request a new
session for from the remote server. Should be one of
{mobile safari|firefox|internet explorer|htmlunit|chrome}.
platform - A string indicating the desired platform to request from
the remote server. Should be one of
{WINDOWS|XP|VISTA|MAC|LINUX|UNIX|ANY}.
version - A string indicating a specific browser version to request,
or an empty string ot use any available browser. Defaults to the
empty string.
javascript_enabled - Whether the requested browser should support
JavaScript. Defaults to True.
"""
self.command_executor = command_executor
if type(self.command_executor) is str:
self.command_executor = RemoteConnection(command_executor)
self.session_id = None
self.capabilities = {}
self.error_handler = ErrorHandler()
self.start_client()
self.start_session(
browser_name=browser_name, platform=platform, version=version, javascript_enabled=javascript_enabled
)
@property
def name(self):
"""Returns the name of the underlying browser for this instance."""
if "browserName" in self.capabilities:
return self.capabilities["browserName"]
else:
raise KeyError("browserName not specified in session capabilities")
def start_client(self):
"""Called before starting a new session.
This method may be overridden to define custom startup behavior.
"""
pass
def stop_client(self):
"""Called after executing a quit command.
This method may be overridden to define custom shutdown behavior.
"""
pass
def start_session(self, browser_name, platform=None, version=None, javascript_enabled=False):
"""Creates a new session with the desired capabilities.
Args:
browser_name: The name of the browser to request.
version: Which browser version to request.
platform: Which platform to request the browser on.
javascript_enabled: Whether the new session should support JavaScript.
"""
response = self.execute(
Command.NEW_SESSION,
{
"desiredCapabilities": {
"browserName": browser_name,
"platform": platform or "ANY",
"version": version or "",
"javascriptEnabled": javascript_enabled,
}
},
)
self.session_id = response["sessionId"]
self.capabilities = response["value"]
def _wrap_value(self, value):
if isinstance(value, dict):
converted = {}
for key, val in value.items():
converted[key] = self._wrap_value(val)
return converted
elif isinstance(value, WebElement):
return {"ELEMENT": value.id}
elif isinstance(value, list):
return list(self._wrap_value(item) for item in value)
else:
return value
def create_web_element(self, element_id):
return WebElement(self, element_id)
def _unwrap_value(self, value):
if isinstance(value, dict) and "ELEMENT" in value:
return self.create_web_element(value["ELEMENT"])
elif isinstance(value, list):
return list(self._unwrap_value(item) for item in value)
else:
return value
def execute(self, driver_command, params=None):
"""Sends a command to be executed by a command.CommandExecutor.
Args:
driver_command: The name of the command to execute as a string.
params: A dictionary of named parameters to send with the command.
Returns:
The command's JSON response loaded into a dictionary object.
"""
if not params:
params = {"sessionId": self.session_id}
elif "sessionId" not in params:
params["sessionId"] = self.session_id
params = self._wrap_value(params)
response = self.command_executor.execute(driver_command, params)
if response:
self.error_handler.check_response(response)
response["value"] = self._unwrap_value(response.get("value", None))
return response
# If the server doesn't send a response, assume the command was
# a success
return {"success": 0, "value": None}
def get(self, url):
"""Loads a web page in the current browser."""
self.execute(Command.GET, {"url": url})
@property
def title(self):
"""Gets the title of the current page."""
resp = self.execute(Command.GET_TITLE)
return resp["value"] if resp["value"] is not None else ""
def find_element_by_id(self, id_):
"""Finds element by id."""
return self.find_element(by=By.ID, value=id_)
def find_elements_by_id(self, id_):
"""Finds element by id."""
return self.find_elements(by=By.ID, value=id_)
def find_elements_by_xpath(self, xpath):
"""Finds multiple elements by xpath."""
return self.find_elements(by=By.XPATH, value=xpath)
def find_element_by_xpath(self, xpath):
"""Finds an element by xpath."""
return self.find_element(by=By.XPATH, value=xpath)
def find_element_by_link_text(self, link_text):
"""Finds an element by its link text."""
return self.find_element(by=By.LINK_TEXT, value=link_text)
def find_elements_by_link_text(self, link_text):
"""Finds elements by their link text."""
return self.find_elements(by=By.LINK_TEXT, value=link_text)
def find_element_by_partial_link_text(self, link_text):
"""Finds an element by a partial match of its link text."""
return self.find_element(by=By.PARTIAL_LINK_TEXT, value=link_text)
def find_elements_by_partial_link_text(self, link_text):
"""Finds elements by a partial match of their link text."""
return self.find_elements(by=By.PARTIAL_LINK_TEXT, value=link_text)
def find_element_by_name(self, name):
"""Finds an element by its name."""
return self.find_element(by=By.NAME, value=name)
def find_elements_by_name(self, name):
"""Finds elements by their name."""
return self.find_elements(by=By.NAME, value=name)
def find_element_by_tag_name(self, name):
"""Finds an element by its tag name."""
return self.find_element(by=By.TAG_NAME, value=name)
def find_elements_by_tag_name(self, name):
"""Finds elements by their tag name."""
return self.find_elements(by=By.TAG_NAME, value=name)
def find_element_by_class_name(self, name):
"""Finds an element by their class name."""
return self.find_element(by=By.CLASS_NAME, value=name)
def find_elements_by_class_name(self, name):
"""Finds elements by their class name."""
return self.find_elements(by=By.CLASS_NAME, value=name)
def find_element_by_css_selector(self, css_selector):
"""Find and return an element by CSS selector."""
return self.find_element(by=By.CSS_SELECTOR, value=css_selector)
def find_elements_by_css_selector(self, css_selector):
"""Find and return list of multiple elements by CSS selector."""
return self.find_elements(by=By.CSS_SELECTOR, value=css_selector)
def execute_script(self, script, *args):
if len(args) == 1:
converted_args = args[0]
else:
converted_args = list(args)
converted_args = list(args)
return self.execute(Command.EXECUTE_SCRIPT, {"script": script, "args": converted_args})["value"]
def execute_async_script(self, script, *args):
if len(args) == 1:
converted_args = args[0]
else:
converted_args = list(args)
converted_args = list(args)
return self.execute(Command.EXECUTE_ASYNC_SCRIPT, {"script": script, "args": converted_args})["value"]
@property
def current_url(self):
"""Gets the current url."""
return self.execute(Command.GET_CURRENT_URL)["value"]
def get_page_source(self):
"""Gets the page source."""
return self.execute(Command.GET_PAGE_SOURCE)["value"]
def close(self):
"""Closes the current window."""
self.execute(Command.CLOSE)
def quit(self):
"""Quits the driver and close every associated window."""
try:
self.execute(Command.QUIT)
finally:
self.stop_client()
def get_current_window_handle(self):
return self.execute(Command.GET_CURRENT_WINDOW_HANDLE)["value"]
def get_window_handles(self):
return self.execute(Command.GET_WINDOW_HANDLES)["value"]
# Target Locators
def switch_to_active_element(self):
"""Returns the element with focus, or BODY if nothing has focus."""
return self.execute(Command.GET_ACTIVE_ELEMENT)["value"]
def switch_to_window(self, window_name):
"""Switches focus to a window."""
self.execute(Command.SWITCH_TO_WINDOW, {"name": window_name})
def switch_to_frame(self, index_or_name):
"""Switches focus to a frame by index or name."""
self.execute(Command.SWITCH_TO_FRAME, {"id": index_or_name})
def switch_to_default_content(self):
"""Switch to the default frame"""
self.execute(Command.SWITCH_TO_FRAME, {"id": None})
def switch_to_alert(self):
""" Switch to the alert on the page """
return Alert(self)
# Navigation
def back(self):
"""Goes back in browser history."""
self.execute(Command.GO_BACK)
def forward(self):
"""Goes forward in browser history."""
self.execute(Command.GO_FORWARD)
def refresh(self):
"""Refreshes the current page."""
self.execute(Command.REFRESH)
# Options
def get_cookies(self):
"""Gets all the cookies. Return a set of dicts."""
return self.execute(Command.GET_ALL_COOKIES)["value"]
def get_cookie(self, name):
"""Get a single cookie. Returns the desired cookie dict or None."""
cookies = self.get_cookies()
for cookie in cookies:
if cookie["name"] == name:
return cookie
return None
def delete_cookie(self, name):
"""Delete a cookie with the given name."""
self.execute(Command.DELETE_COOKIE, {"name": name})
def delete_all_cookies(self):
"""Delete all the cookies."""
self.execute(Command.DELETE_ALL_COOKIES)
def add_cookie(self, cookie_dict):
self.execute(Command.ADD_COOKIE, {"cookie": cookie_dict})
# Timeouts
def implicitly_wait(self, time_to_wait):
"""Get the driver to poll for the element """
self.execute(Command.IMPLICIT_WAIT, {"ms": time_to_wait * 1000})
def set_script_timeout(self, time_to_wait):
"""Set the timeout that the script should wait before throwing an
error"""
self.execute(Command.SET_SCRIPT_TIMEOUT, {"ms": time_to_wait * 1000})
def find_element(self, by=By.ID, value=None):
return self.execute(Command.FIND_ELEMENT, {"using": by, "value": value})["value"]
def find_elements(self, by=By.ID, value=None):
return self.execute(Command.FIND_ELEMENTS, {"using": by, "value": value})["value"]
def get_screenshot_as_file(self, filename):
"""Gets the screenshot of the current window. Returns False if there is
any IOError, else returns True. Use full paths in your filename."""
png = self.execute(Command.SCREENSHOT)["value"]
try:
f = open(filename, "w")
f.write(base64.decodestring(png))
f.close()
except IOError:
return False
finally:
del png
return True
def get_screenshot_as_base64(self):
"""Gets the screenshot of the current window as a base64 encoded string which
is useful in embedded images in HTML."""
return self.execute(Command.SCREENSHOT)["value"]
class WebDriver(object):
"""Controls a browser by sending commands to a remote server.
This server is expected to be running the WebDriver wire protocol as defined
here:
http://code.google.com/p/selenium/wiki/JsonWireProtocol
Attributes:
command_executor - The command.CommandExecutor object used to execute
commands.
error_handler - errorhandler.ErrorHandler object used to verify that the
server did not return an error.
session_id - The session ID to send with every command.
capabilities - A dictionary of capabilities of the underlying browser for
this instance's session.
"""
def __init__(self,
command_executor,
browser_name,
platform,
version='',
javascript_enabled=True):
"""Create a new driver that will issue commands using the wire protocol.
Args:
command_executor - Either a command.CommandExecutor object or a string
that specifies the URL of a remote server to send commands to.
browser_name - A string indicating which browser to request a new
session for from the remote server. Should be one of
{mobile safari|firefox|internet explorer|htmlunit|chrome}.
platform - A string indicating the desired platform to request from
the remote server. Should be one of
{WINDOWS|XP|VISTA|MAC|LINUX|UNIX|ANY}.
version - A string indicating a specific browser version to request,
or an empty string ot use any available browser. Defaults to the
empty string.
javascript_enabled - Whether the requested browser should support
JavaScript. Defaults to True.
"""
self.command_executor = command_executor
if type(self.command_executor) is str:
self.command_executor = RemoteConnection(command_executor)
self.session_id = None
self.capabilities = {}
self.error_handler = ErrorHandler()
self.start_client()
self.start_session(browser_name=browser_name,
platform=platform,
version=version,
javascript_enabled=javascript_enabled)
@property
def name(self):
"""Returns the name of the underlying browser for this instance."""
if 'browserName' in self.capabilities:
return self.capabilities['browserName']
else:
raise KeyError('browserName not specified in session capabilities')
def start_client(self):
"""Called before starting a new session.
This method may be overridden to define custom startup behavior.
"""
pass
def stop_client(self):
"""Called after executing a quit command.
This method may be overridden to define custom shutdown behavior.
"""
pass
def start_session(self,
browser_name,
platform=None,
version=None,
javascript_enabled=False):
"""Creates a new session with the desired capabilities.
Args:
browser_name: The name of the browser to request.
version: Which browser version to request.
platform: Which platform to request the browser on.
javascript_enabled: Whether the new session should support JavaScript.
"""
response = self._execute(
Command.NEW_SESSION, {
'desiredCapabilities': {
'browserName': browser_name,
'platform': platform or 'ANY',
'version': version or '',
'javascriptEnabled': javascript_enabled
}
})
self.session_id = response['sessionId']
self.capabilities = response['value']
def _wrap_value(self, value):
if isinstance(value, dict):
converted = {}
for key, val in value.items():
converted[key] = self._wrap_value(val)
return converted
elif isinstance(value, WebElement):
return {'ELEMENT': value.id}
elif isinstance(value, list):
return list(self._wrap_value(item) for item in value)
else:
return value
def create_web_element(self, element_id):
return WebElement(self, element_id)
def _unwrap_value(self, value):
if isinstance(value, dict) and 'ELEMENT' in value:
return self.create_web_element(value['ELEMENT'])
elif isinstance(value, list):
return list(self._unwrap_value(item) for item in value)
else:
return value
def _execute(self, driver_command, params=None):
"""Sends a command to be executed by a command.CommandExecutor.
Args:
driver_command: The name of the command to execute as a string.
params: A dictionary of named parameters to send with the command.
Returns:
The command's JSON response loaded into a dictionary object.
"""
if not params:
params = {'sessionId': self.session_id}
elif 'sessionId' not in params:
params['sessionId'] = self.session_id
params = self._wrap_value(params)
response = self.command_executor.execute(driver_command, params)
if response:
self.error_handler.check_response(response)
response['value'] = self._unwrap_value(response.get('value', None))
return response
# If the server doesn't send a response, assume the command was
# a success
return {'success': 0, 'value': None}
def get(self, url):
"""Loads a web page in the current browser."""
self._execute(Command.GET, {'url': url})
def get_title(self):
"""Gets the title of the current page."""
resp = self._execute(Command.GET_TITLE)
return resp['value']
def find_element_by_id(self, id_):
"""Finds element by id."""
return self._find_element_by("id", id_)
def find_elements_by_xpath(self, xpath):
"""Finds multiple elements by xpath."""
return self._find_elements_by("xpath", xpath)
def find_element_by_xpath(self, xpath):
"""Finds an element by xpath."""
return self._find_element_by("xpath", xpath)
def find_element_by_link_text(self, link_text):
"""Finds an element by its link text."""
return self._find_element_by("link text", link_text)
def find_element_by_partial_link_text(self, link_text):
"""Finds an element by a partial match of its link text."""
return self._find_element_by("partial link text", link_text)
def find_elements_by_partial_link_text(self, link_text):
"""Finds elements by a partial match of their link text."""
return self._find_elements_by("partial link text", link_text)
def find_element_by_name(self, name):
"""Finds an element by its name."""
return self._find_element_by("name", name)
def find_elements_by_name(self, name):
"""Finds elements by their name."""
return self._find_elements_by("name", name)
def find_element_by_tag_name(self, name):
"""Finds an element by its tag name."""
return self._find_element_by("tag name", name)
def find_elements_by_tag_name(self, name):
"""Finds elements by their tag name."""
return self._find_elements_by("tag name", name)
def execute_script(self, script, *args):
if len(args) == 1:
converted_args = args[0]
else:
converted_args = list(args)
converted_args = list(args)
return self._execute(Command.EXECUTE_SCRIPT, {
'script': script,
'args': converted_args
})['value']
def get_current_url(self):
"""Gets the current url."""
return self._execute(Command.GET_CURRENT_URL)['value']
def get_page_source(self):
"""Gets the page source."""
return self._execute(Command.GET_PAGE_SOURCE)['value']
def close(self):
"""Closes the current window."""
self._execute(Command.CLOSE)
def quit(self):
"""Quits the driver and close every associated window."""
try:
self._execute(Command.QUIT)
finally:
self.stop_client()
def get_current_window_handle(self):
return self._execute(Command.GET_CURRENT_WINDOW_HANDLE)['value']
def get_window_handles(self):
return self._execute(Command.GET_WINDOW_HANDLES)['value']
def switch_to_active_element(self):
"""Returns the element with focus, or BODY if nothing has focus."""
return self._execute(Command.GET_ACTIVE_ELEMENT)['value']
def switch_to_window(self, window_name):
"""Switches focus to a window."""
self._execute(Command.SWITCH_TO_WINDOW, {'name': window_name})
def switch_to_frame(self, index_or_name):
"""Switches focus to a frame by index or name."""
self._execute(Command.SWITCH_TO_FRAME, {'id': index_or_name})
def back(self):
"""Goes back in browser history."""
self._execute(Command.GO_BACK)
def forward(self):
"""Goes forward in browser history."""
self._execute(Command.GO_FORWARD)
# Options
def get_cookies(self):
"""Gets all the cookies. Return a set of dicts."""
return self._execute(Command.GET_ALL_COOKIES)['value']
def get_cookie(self, name):
"""Get a single cookie. Returns the desired cookie dict or None."""
cookies = self.get_cookies()
for cookie in cookies:
if cookie['name'] == name:
return cookie
return None
def delete_cookie(self, name):
"""Delete a cookie with the given name."""
self._execute(Command.DELETE_COOKIE, {'name': name})
def delete_all_cookies(self):
"""Delete all the cookies."""
self._execute(Command.DELETE_ALL_COOKIES)
def add_cookie(self, cookie_dict):
self._execute(Command.ADD_COOKIE, {'cookie': cookie_dict})
def _find_element_by(self, by, value):
return self._execute(Command.FIND_ELEMENT, {
'using': by,
'value': value
})['value']
def _find_elements_by(self, by, value):
return self._execute(Command.FIND_ELEMENTS, {
'using': by,
'value': value
})['value']
