def __init__(self, device, seed=None):
self._device = device
self._state = None
self._operations = Operations()
self._operations._simulation = self
self._timestep = None
self._seed = seed
class Simulation(metaclass=Loggable):
"""Define a simulation.
Args:
device (`hoomd.device.Device`): Device to execute the simulation.
seed (int): Random number seed.
`Simulation` is the central class in HOOMD-blue that defines a simulation,
including the `state` of the system, the `operations` that apply to the
state during a simulation `run`, and the `device` to use when executing
the simulation.
`seed` sets the seed for the random number generator used by all operations
added to this `Simulation`.
"""
def __init__(self, device, seed=None):
self._device = device
self._state = None
self._operations = Operations()
self._operations._simulation = self
self._timestep = None
self._seed = seed
@property
def device(self):
"""hoomd.device.Device: Device used to execute the simulation."""
return self._device
@device.setter
def device(self, value):
raise ValueError("Device cannot be removed or replaced once in "
"Simulation object.")
@log
def timestep(self):
"""int: Current time step of the simulation.
Note:
Functions like `create_state_from_gsd` will set the initial timestep
from the input. Set `timestep` before creating the simulation state
to override values from ``create_`` methods::
sim.timestep = 5000
sim.create_state_from_gsd('gsd_at_step_10000000.gsd')
assert sim.timestep == 5000
"""
if not hasattr(self, '_cpp_sys'):
return self._timestep
else:
return self._cpp_sys.getCurrentTimeStep()
@timestep.setter
def timestep(self, step):
if int(step) < 0 or int(step) > TIMESTEP_MAX:
raise ValueError(f"steps must be in the range [0, {TIMESTEP_MAX}]")
elif self._state is None:
self._timestep = step
else:
raise RuntimeError("State must not be set to change timestep.")
@log
def seed(self):
"""int: Random number seed.
Seeds are in the range [0, 65535]. When set, `seed` will take only the
lowest 16 bits of the given value.
HOOMD-blue uses a deterministic counter based pseudorandom number
generator. Any time a random value is needed, HOOMD-blue computes it as
a function of the user provided seed `seed` (16 bits), the current
`timestep` (lower 40 bits), particle identifiers, MPI ranks, and other
unique identifying values as needed to sample uncorrelated values:
``random_value = f(seed, timestep, ...)``
"""
if self.state is None or self._seed is None:
return self._seed
else:
return self._state._cpp_sys_def.getSeed()
@seed.setter
def seed(self, v):
v_int = int(v)
if v_int < 0 or v_int > SEED_MAX:
v_int = v_int & SEED_MAX
self.device._cpp_msg.warning(
f"Provided seed {v} is larger than {SEED_MAX}. "
f"Truncating to {v_int}.\n")
self._seed = v_int
if self._state is not None:
self._state._cpp_sys_def.setSeed(v_int)
def _init_system(self, step):
"""Initialize the system State.
Perform additional initialization operations not in the State
constructor.
"""
self._cpp_sys = _hoomd.System(self.state._cpp_sys_def, step)
if self._seed is not None:
self._state._cpp_sys_def.setSeed(self._seed)
self._init_communicator()
def _init_communicator(self):
"""Initialize the Communicator."""
# initialize communicator
if hoomd.version.mpi_enabled:
pdata = self.state._cpp_sys_def.getParticleData()
decomposition = pdata.getDomainDecomposition()
if decomposition is not None:
# create the c++ Communicator
if isinstance(self.device, hoomd.device.CPU):
cpp_communicator = _hoomd.Communicator(
self.state._cpp_sys_def, decomposition)
else:
cpp_communicator = _hoomd.CommunicatorGPU(
self.state._cpp_sys_def, decomposition)
# set Communicator in C++ System
self._cpp_sys.setCommunicator(cpp_communicator)
self._system_communicator = cpp_communicator
else:
self._system_communicator = None
else:
self._system_communicator = None
def _warn_if_seed_unset(self):
if self.seed is None:
self.device._cpp_msg.warning(
"Simulation.seed is not set, using default seed=0\n")
def create_state_from_gsd(self, filename, frame=-1):
"""Create the simulation state from a GSD file.
Args:
filename (str): GSD file to read
frame (int): Index of the frame to read from the file. Negative
values index back from the last frame in the file.
"""
if self.state is not None:
raise RuntimeError("Cannot initialize more than once\n")
filename = _hoomd.mpi_bcast_str(filename, self.device._cpp_exec_conf)
# Grab snapshot and timestep
reader = _hoomd.GSDReader(self.device._cpp_exec_conf, filename,
abs(frame), frame < 0)
snapshot = Snapshot._from_cpp_snapshot(reader.getSnapshot(),
self.device.communicator)
step = reader.getTimeStep() if self.timestep is None else self.timestep
self._state = State(self, snapshot)
reader.clearSnapshot()
self._init_system(step)
def create_state_from_snapshot(self, snapshot):
"""Create the simulations state from a `Snapshot`.
Args:
snapshot (Snapshot or gsd.hoomd.Snapshot): Snapshot to initialize
the state from. A `gsd.hoomd.Snapshot` will first be
converted to a `hoomd.Snapshot`.
When `timestep` is `None` before calling, `create_state_from_snapshot`
sets `timestep` to 0.
"""
if self.state is not None:
raise RuntimeError("Cannot initialize more than once\n")
if isinstance(snapshot, Snapshot):
# snapshot is hoomd.Snapshot
self._state = State(self, snapshot)
elif _match_class_path(snapshot, 'gsd.hoomd.Snapshot'):
# snapshot is gsd.hoomd.Snapshot
snapshot = Snapshot.from_gsd_snapshot(snapshot,
self._device.communicator)
self._state = State(self, snapshot)
else:
raise TypeError(
"Snapshot must be a hoomd.Snapshot or gsd.hoomd.Snapshot.")
step = 0
if self.timestep is not None:
step = self.timestep
self._init_system(step)
@property
def state(self):
"""hoomd.State: The current simulation state."""
return self._state
@property
def operations(self):
"""hoomd.Operations: The operations that apply to the state."""
return self._operations
@operations.setter
def operations(self, operations):
# This condition is necessary to allow for += and -= operators to work
# correctly with simulation.operations (+=/-=).
if operations is self._operations:
return
else:
# Handle error cases first
if operations._scheduled or operations._simulation is not None:
raise RuntimeError(
"Cannot add `hoomd.Operations` object that belongs to "
"another `hoomd.Simulation` object.")
# Switch out `hoomd.Operations` objects.
reschedule = False
if self._operations._scheduled:
self._operations._unschedule()
reschedule = True
self._operations._simulation = None
operations._simulation = self
self._operations = operations
if reschedule:
self._operations._schedule()
@log
def tps(self):
"""float: The average number of time steps per second.
`tps` is the number of steps executed divided by the elapsed
walltime in seconds. It is updated during the `run` loop and remains
fixed after `run` completes.
Note:
The start time and step are reset at the beginning of each call to
`run`.
"""
if self.state is None:
return None
else:
return self._cpp_sys.getLastTPS()
@log
def walltime(self):
"""float: The walltime spent during the last call to `run`.
`walltime` is the number seconds that the last call to `run` took to
complete. It is updated during the `run` loop and remains fixed after
`run` completes.
Note:
`walltime` resets to 0 at the beginning of each call to `run`.
"""
if self.state is None:
return 0
else:
return self._cpp_sys.walltime
@log
def final_timestep(self):
"""float: `run` will end at this timestep.
`final_timestep` is the timestep on which the currently executing `run`
will complete.
"""
if self.state is None:
return self.timestep
else:
return self._cpp_sys.final_timestep
@property
def always_compute_pressure(self):
"""bool: Always compute the virial and pressure (defaults to ``False``).
By default, HOOMD only computes the virial and pressure on timesteps
where it is needed (when :py:class:`hoomd.write.GSD` writes
log data to a file or when using an NPT integrator). Set
`always_compute_pressure` to True to make the per particle virial,
net virial, and system pressure available to query any time by property
or through the :py:class:`hoomd.logging.Logger` interface.
Note:
Enabling this flag will result in a moderate performance penalty
when using MD pair potentials.
"""
if not hasattr(self, '_cpp_sys'):
return False
else:
return self._cpp_sys.getPressureFlag()
@always_compute_pressure.setter
def always_compute_pressure(self, value):
if not hasattr(self, '_cpp_sys'):
# TODO make this work when not attached by automatically setting
# flag when state object is instantiated.
raise RuntimeError('Cannot set flag without state')
else:
self._cpp_sys.setPressureFlag(value)
# if the flag is true, also set it in the particle data
if value:
self._state._cpp_sys_def.getParticleData().setPressureFlag()
def run(self, steps, write_at_start=False):
"""Advance the simulation a number of steps.
Args:
steps (int): Number of steps to advance the simulation.
write_at_start (bool): When `True`, writers
with triggers that evaluate `True` for the initial step will be
exected before the time step loop.
Note:
Initialize the simulation's state before calling `run`.
During each step `run`, `Simulation` applies its `operations` to the
state in the order: Tuners, Updaters, Integrator, then Writers following
the logic in this pseudocode::
if write_at_start:
for writer in operations.writers:
if writer.trigger(timestep):
writer.write(timestep)
end_step = timestep + steps
while timestep < end_step:
for tuner in operations.tuners:
if tuner.trigger(timestep):
tuner.tune(timestep)
for updater in operations.updaters:
if updater.trigger(timestep):
updater.update(timestep)
if operations.integrator is not None:
operations.integrator(timestep)
timestep += 1
for writer in operations.writers:
if writer.trigger(timestep):
writer.write(timestep)
This order of operations ensures that writers (such as `hoomd.dump.GSD`)
capture the final output of the last step of the run loop. For example,
a writer with a trigger ``hoomd.trigger.Periodic(period=100, phase=0)``
active during a ``run(500)`` would write on steps 100, 200, 300, 400,
and 500. Set ``write_at_start=True`` on the first
call to `run` to also obtain output at step 0.
Warning:
Using ``write_at_start=True`` in subsequent
calls to `run` will result in duplicate output frames.
"""
# check if initialization has occurred
if not hasattr(self, '_cpp_sys'):
raise RuntimeError('Cannot run before state is set.')
if self._state._in_context_manager:
raise RuntimeError(
"Cannot call run inside of a local snapshot context manager.")
if not self.operations._scheduled:
self.operations._schedule()
steps_int = int(steps)
if steps_int < 0 or steps_int > TIMESTEP_MAX - 1:
raise ValueError(f"steps must be in the range [0, "
f"{TIMESTEP_MAX-1}]")
self._cpp_sys.run(steps_int, write_at_start)
def write_debug_data(self, filename):
"""Write debug data to a JSON file.
Args:
filename (str): Name of file to write.
The debug data file contains useful information for others to help you
troubleshoot issues.
Note:
The file format and particular data written to this file may change
from version to version.
Warning:
The specified file name will be overwritten.
"""
debug_data = {}
debug_data['hoomd_module'] = str(hoomd)
debug_data['version'] = dict(
compile_date=hoomd.version.compile_date,
compile_flags=hoomd.version.compile_flags,
cxx_compiler=hoomd.version.cxx_compiler,
git_branch=hoomd.version.git_branch,
git_sha1=hoomd.version.git_sha1,
gpu_api_version=hoomd.version.gpu_api_version,
gpu_enabled=hoomd.version.gpu_enabled,
gpu_platform=hoomd.version.gpu_platform,
install_dir=hoomd.version.install_dir,
mpi_enabled=hoomd.version.mpi_enabled,
source_dir=hoomd.version.source_dir,
tbb_enabled=hoomd.version.tbb_enabled,
)
reasons = hoomd.device.GPU.get_unavailable_device_reasons()
debug_data['device'] = dict(
msg_file=self.device.msg_file,
notice_level=self.device.notice_level,
devices=self.device.devices,
num_cpu_threads=self.device.num_cpu_threads,
gpu_available_devices=hoomd.device.GPU.get_available_devices(),
gpu_unavailable_device_reasons=reasons)
debug_data['communicator'] = dict(
num_ranks=self.device.communicator.num_ranks,
partition=self.device.communicator.partition)
# TODO: Domain decomposition
if self.state is not None:
debug_data['state'] = dict(
types=self.state.types,
N_particles=self.state.N_particles,
N_bonds=self.state.N_bonds,
N_angles=self.state.N_angles,
N_impropers=self.state.N_impropers,
N_special_pairs=self.state.N_special_pairs,
N_dihedrals=self.state.N_dihedrals,
box=repr(self.state.box))
# save all loggable quantities from operations and their child computes
logger = hoomd.logging.Logger(only_default=False)
logger += self
for op in self.operations:
logger.add(op)
for child in op._children:
logger.add(child)
log = logger.log()
log_values = hoomd.util.dict_map(log, lambda v: v[0])
debug_data['operations'] = log_values
if self.device.communicator.rank == 0:
with open(filename, 'w') as f:
json.dump(debug_data, f, default=lambda v: str(v), indent=4)
class Simulation(metaclass=Loggable):
"""Define a simulation.
Args:
device (`hoomd.device.Device`): Device to execute the simulation.
seed (int): Random number seed.
`Simulation` is the central class in HOOMD-blue that defines a simulation,
including the `state` of the system, the `operations` that apply to the
state during a simulation `run`, and the `device` to use when executing
the simulation.
`seed` sets the seed for the random number generator used by all operations
added to this `Simulation`.
"""
def __init__(self, device, seed=None):
self._device = device
self._state = None
self._operations = Operations()
self._operations._simulation = self
self._timestep = None
self._seed = seed
@property
def device(self):
"""hoomd.device.Device: Device used to execute the simulation."""
return self._device
@device.setter
def device(self, value):
raise ValueError("Device cannot be removed or replaced once in "
"Simulation object.")
@log
def timestep(self):
"""int: Current time step of the simulation.
Note:
Functions like `create_state_from_gsd` will set the initial timestep
from the input. Set `timestep` before creating the simulation state
to override values from ``create_`` methods::
sim.timestep = 5000
sim.create_state_from_gsd('gsd_at_step_10000000.gsd')
assert sim.timestep == 5000
"""
if not hasattr(self, '_cpp_sys'):
return self._timestep
else:
return self._cpp_sys.getCurrentTimeStep()
@timestep.setter
def timestep(self, step):
if int(step) < 0 or int(step) > TIMESTEP_MAX:
raise ValueError(f"steps must be in the range [0, {TIMESTEP_MAX}]")
elif self._state is None:
self._timestep = step
else:
raise RuntimeError("State must not be set to change timestep.")
@log
def seed(self):
"""int: Random number seed.
Seeds are in the range [0, 65535]. When set, `seed` will take only the
lowest 16 bits of the given value.
HOOMD-blue uses a deterministic counter based pseudorandom number
generator. Any time a random value is needed, HOOMD-blue computes it as
a function of the user provided seed `seed` (16 bits), the current
`timestep` (lower 40 bits), particle identifiers, MPI ranks, and other
unique identifying values as needed to sample uncorrelated values:
``random_value = f(seed, timestep, ...)``
"""
if self._state is None or self._seed is None:
return self._seed
else:
return self._state._cpp_sys_def.getSeed()
@seed.setter
def seed(self, v):
v_int = int(v)
if v_int < 0 or v_int > SEED_MAX:
v_int = v_int & SEED_MAX
self.device._cpp_msg.warning(
f"Provided seed {v} is larger than {SEED_MAX}. "
f"Truncating to {v_int}.\n")
self._seed = v_int
if self._state is not None:
self._state._cpp_sys_def.setSeed(v_int)
def _init_system(self, step):
"""Initialize the system State.
Perform additional initialization operations not in the State
constructor.
"""
self._cpp_sys = _hoomd.System(self.state._cpp_sys_def, step)
if self._seed is not None:
self._state._cpp_sys_def.setSeed(self._seed)
self._init_communicator()
def _init_communicator(self):
"""Initialize the Communicator."""
# initialize communicator
if hoomd.version.mpi_enabled:
pdata = self.state._cpp_sys_def.getParticleData()
decomposition = pdata.getDomainDecomposition()
if decomposition is not None:
# create the c++ Communicator
if isinstance(self.device, hoomd.device.CPU):
cpp_communicator = _hoomd.Communicator(
self.state._cpp_sys_def, decomposition)
else:
cpp_communicator = _hoomd.CommunicatorGPU(
self.state._cpp_sys_def, decomposition)
# set Communicator in C++ System and SystemDefinition
self._cpp_sys.setCommunicator(cpp_communicator)
self.state._cpp_sys_def.setCommunicator(cpp_communicator)
self._system_communicator = cpp_communicator
else:
self._system_communicator = None
else:
self._system_communicator = None
def _warn_if_seed_unset(self):
if self.seed is None:
self.device._cpp_msg.warning(
"Simulation.seed is not set, using default seed=0\n")
def create_state_from_gsd(self,
filename,
frame=-1,
domain_decomposition=(None, None, None)):
"""Create the simulation state from a GSD file.
Args:
filename (str): GSD file to read
frame (int): Index of the frame to read from the file. Negative
values index back from the last frame in the file.
domain_decomposition (tuple): Choose how to distribute the state
across MPI ranks with domain decomposition. Provide a tuple
of 3 integers indicating the number of evenly spaced domains in
the x, y, and z directions (e.g. ``(8,4,2)``). Provide a tuple
of 3 lists of floats to set the fraction of the simulation box
to include in each domain. The sum of each list of floats must
be 1.0 (e.g. ``([0.25, 0.75], [0.2, 0.8], [1.0])``).
Note:
Set any or all of the ``domain_decomposition`` tuple elements to
`None` and `create_state_from_gsd` will select a value that
minimizes the surface area between the domains (e.g.
``(2,None,None)``). The domains are spaced evenly along each
automatically selected direction. The default value of ``(None,
None, None)`` will automatically select the number of domains in all
directions.
"""
if self._state is not None:
raise RuntimeError("Cannot initialize more than once\n")
filename = _hoomd.mpi_bcast_str(filename, self.device._cpp_exec_conf)
# Grab snapshot and timestep
reader = _hoomd.GSDReader(self.device._cpp_exec_conf, filename,
abs(frame), frame < 0)
snapshot = Snapshot._from_cpp_snapshot(reader.getSnapshot(),
self.device.communicator)
step = reader.getTimeStep() if self.timestep is None else self.timestep
self._state = State(self, snapshot, domain_decomposition)
reader.clearSnapshot()
self._init_system(step)
def create_state_from_snapshot(self,
snapshot,
domain_decomposition=(None, None, None)):
"""Create the simulation state from a `Snapshot`.
Args:
snapshot (Snapshot or gsd.hoomd.Snapshot): Snapshot to initialize
the state from. A `gsd.hoomd.Snapshot` will first be
converted to a `hoomd.Snapshot`.
domain_decomposition (tuple): Choose how to distribute the state
across MPI ranks with domain decomposition. Provide a tuple
of 3 integers indicating the number of evenly spaced domains in
the x, y, and z directions (e.g. ``(8,4,2)``). Provide a tuple
of 3 lists of floats to set the fraction of the simulation box
to include in each domain. The sum of each list of floats must
be 1.0 (e.g. ``([0.25, 0.75], [0.2, 0.8], [1.0])``).
When `timestep` is `None` before calling, `create_state_from_snapshot`
sets `timestep` to 0.
Note:
Set any or all of the ``domain_decomposition`` tuple elements to
`None` and `create_state_from_gsd` will select a value that
minimizes the surface area between the domains (e.g.
``(2,None,None)``). The domains are spaced evenly along each
automatically selected direction. The default value of ``(None,
None, None)`` will automatically select the number of domains in all
directions.
See Also:
`State.get_snapshot`
`State.set_snapshot`
"""
if self._state is not None:
raise RuntimeError("Cannot initialize more than once\n")
if isinstance(snapshot, Snapshot):
# snapshot is hoomd.Snapshot
self._state = State(self, snapshot, domain_decomposition)
elif _match_class_path(snapshot, 'gsd.hoomd.Snapshot'):
# snapshot is gsd.hoomd.Snapshot
snapshot = Snapshot.from_gsd_snapshot(snapshot,
self._device.communicator)
self._state = State(self, snapshot, domain_decomposition)
else:
raise TypeError(
"Snapshot must be a hoomd.Snapshot or gsd.hoomd.Snapshot.")
step = 0
if self.timestep is not None:
step = self.timestep
self._init_system(step)
@property
def state(self):
"""hoomd.State: The current simulation state."""
return self._state
@property
def operations(self):
"""hoomd.Operations: The operations that apply to the state."""
return self._operations
@operations.setter
def operations(self, operations):
# This condition is necessary to allow for += and -= operators to work
# correctly with simulation.operations (+=/-=).
if operations is self._operations:
return
else:
# Handle error cases first
if operations._scheduled or operations._simulation is not None:
raise RuntimeError(
"Cannot add `hoomd.Operations` object that belongs to "
"another `hoomd.Simulation` object.")
# Switch out `hoomd.Operations` objects.
reschedule = False
if self._operations._scheduled:
self._operations._unschedule()
reschedule = True
self._operations._simulation = None
operations._simulation = self
self._operations = operations
if reschedule:
self._operations._schedule()
@log
def tps(self):
"""float: The average number of time steps per second.
`tps` is the number of steps executed divided by the elapsed
walltime in seconds. It is updated during the `run` loop and remains
fixed after `run` completes.
Note:
The start time and step are reset at the beginning of each call to
`run`.
"""
if self._state is None:
return None
else:
return self._cpp_sys.getLastTPS()
@log
def walltime(self):
"""float: The walltime spent during the last call to `run`.
`walltime` is the number seconds that the last call to `run` took to
complete. It is updated during the `run` loop and remains fixed after
`run` completes.
Note:
`walltime` resets to 0 at the beginning of each call to `run`.
"""
if self._state is None:
return 0
else:
return self._cpp_sys.walltime
@log
def final_timestep(self):
"""float: `run` will end at this timestep.
`final_timestep` is the timestep on which the currently executing `run`
will complete.
"""
if self._state is None:
return self.timestep
else:
return self._cpp_sys.final_timestep
@property
def always_compute_pressure(self):
"""bool: Always compute the virial and pressure (defaults to ``False``).
By default, HOOMD only computes the virial and pressure on timesteps
where it is needed (when :py:class:`hoomd.write.GSD` writes
log data to a file or when using an NPT integrator). Set
`always_compute_pressure` to True to make the per particle virial,
net virial, and system pressure available to query any time by property
or through the :py:class:`hoomd.logging.Logger` interface.
Note:
Enabling this flag will result in a moderate performance penalty
when using MD pair potentials.
"""
if not hasattr(self, '_cpp_sys'):
return False
else:
return self._cpp_sys.getPressureFlag()
@always_compute_pressure.setter
def always_compute_pressure(self, value):
if not hasattr(self, '_cpp_sys'):
# TODO make this work when not attached by automatically setting
# flag when state object is instantiated.
raise RuntimeError('Cannot set flag without state')
else:
self._cpp_sys.setPressureFlag(value)
# if the flag is true, also set it in the particle data
if value:
self._state._cpp_sys_def.getParticleData().setPressureFlag()
def run(self, steps, write_at_start=False):
"""Advance the simulation a number of steps.
Args:
steps (int): Number of steps to advance the simulation.
write_at_start (bool): When `True`, writers
with triggers that evaluate `True` for the initial step will be
executed before the time step loop.
Note:
Initialize the simulation's state before calling `run`.
During each step `run`, `Simulation` applies its `operations` to the
state in the order: Tuners, Updaters, Integrator, then Writers following
the logic in this pseudocode::
if write_at_start:
for writer in operations.writers:
if writer.trigger(timestep):
writer.write(timestep)
end_step = timestep + steps
while timestep < end_step:
for tuner in operations.tuners:
if tuner.trigger(timestep):
tuner.tune(timestep)
for updater in operations.updaters:
if updater.trigger(timestep):
updater.update(timestep)
if operations.integrator is not None:
operations.integrator(timestep)
timestep += 1
for writer in operations.writers:
if writer.trigger(timestep):
writer.write(timestep)
This order of operations ensures that writers (such as
`hoomd.write.GSD`) capture the final output of the last step of the run
loop. For example, a writer with a trigger
``hoomd.trigger.Periodic(period=100, phase=0)`` active during a
``run(500)`` would write on steps 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500. Set
``write_at_start=True`` on the first call to `run` to also obtain output
at step 0.
Warning:
Using ``write_at_start=True`` in subsequent
calls to `run` will result in duplicate output frames.
"""
# check if initialization has occurred
if not hasattr(self, '_cpp_sys'):
raise RuntimeError('Cannot run before state is set.')
if self._state._in_context_manager:
raise RuntimeError(
"Cannot call run inside of a local snapshot context manager.")
if not self.operations._scheduled:
self.operations._schedule()
steps_int = int(steps)
if steps_int < 0 or steps_int > TIMESTEP_MAX - 1:
raise ValueError(f"steps must be in the range [0, "
f"{TIMESTEP_MAX-1}]")
self._cpp_sys.run(steps_int, write_at_start)