def _simulate_data(fwd, idx): # Somewhere on the frontal lobe by default
"""Simulate an oscillator on the cortex."""
source_vertno = fwd['src'][0]['vertno'][idx]
sfreq = 50. # Hz.
times = np.arange(10 * sfreq) / sfreq # 10 seconds of data
signal = np.sin(20 * 2 * np.pi * times) # 20 Hz oscillator
signal[:len(times) // 2] *= 2 # Make signal louder at the beginning
signal *= 1e-9 # Scale to be in the ballpark of MEG data
# Construct a SourceEstimate object that describes the signal at the
# cortical level.
stc = mne.SourceEstimate(
signal[np.newaxis, :],
vertices=[[source_vertno], []],
tmin=0,
tstep=1 / sfreq,
subject='sample',
)
# Create an info object that holds information about the sensors
info = mne.create_info(fwd['info']['ch_names'], sfreq, ch_types='grad')
info.update(fwd['info']) # Merge in sensor position information
# heavily decimate sensors to make it much faster
info = mne.pick_info(info, np.arange(info['nchan'])[::5])
fwd = mne.pick_channels_forward(fwd, info['ch_names'])
# Run the simulated signal through the forward model, obtaining
# simulated sensor data.
raw = mne.apply_forward_raw(fwd, stc, info)
# Add a little noise
random = np.random.RandomState(42)
noise = random.randn(*raw._data.shape) * 1e-14
raw._data += noise
# Define a single epoch (weird baseline but shouldn't matter)
epochs = mne.Epochs(raw, [[0, 0, 1]],
event_id=1,
tmin=0,
tmax=raw.times[-1],
baseline=(0., 0.),
preload=True)
evoked = epochs.average()
# Compute the cross-spectral density matrix
csd = csd_morlet(epochs, frequencies=[10, 20], n_cycles=[5, 10], decim=10)
labels = mne.read_labels_from_annot('sample',
hemi='lh',
subjects_dir=subjects_dir)
label = [
label for label in labels if np.in1d(source_vertno, label.vertices)[0]
]
assert len(label) == 1
label = label[0]
vertices = np.intersect1d(label.vertices, fwd['src'][0]['vertno'])
source_ind = vertices.tolist().index(source_vertno)
assert vertices[source_ind] == source_vertno
return epochs, evoked, csd, source_vertno, label, vertices, source_ind
def test_apply_forward():
"""Test projection of source space data to sensor space."""
start = 0
stop = 5
n_times = stop - start - 1
sfreq = 10.0
t_start = 0.123
fwd = read_forward_solution(fname_meeg)
fwd = convert_forward_solution(fwd, surf_ori=True, force_fixed=True,
use_cps=True)
fwd = pick_types_forward(fwd, meg=True)
assert isinstance(fwd, Forward)
vertno = [fwd['src'][0]['vertno'], fwd['src'][1]['vertno']]
stc_data = np.ones((len(vertno[0]) + len(vertno[1]), n_times))
stc = SourceEstimate(stc_data, vertno, tmin=t_start, tstep=1.0 / sfreq)
gain_sum = np.sum(fwd['sol']['data'], axis=1)
# Evoked
evoked = read_evokeds(fname_evoked, condition=0)
evoked.pick_types(meg=True)
with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match='only .* positive values'):
evoked = apply_forward(fwd, stc, evoked.info, start=start, stop=stop)
data = evoked.data
times = evoked.times
# do some tests
assert_array_almost_equal(evoked.info['sfreq'], sfreq)
assert_array_almost_equal(np.sum(data, axis=1), n_times * gain_sum)
assert_array_almost_equal(times[0], t_start)
assert_array_almost_equal(times[-1], t_start + (n_times - 1) / sfreq)
# vector
stc_vec = VectorSourceEstimate(
fwd['source_nn'][:, :, np.newaxis] * stc.data[:, np.newaxis],
stc.vertices, stc.tmin, stc.tstep)
with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match='very large'):
evoked_2 = apply_forward(fwd, stc_vec, evoked.info)
assert np.abs(evoked_2.data).mean() > 1e-5
assert_allclose(evoked.data, evoked_2.data, atol=1e-10)
# Raw
with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match='only .* positive values'):
raw_proj = apply_forward_raw(fwd, stc, evoked.info, start=start,
stop=stop)
data, times = raw_proj[:, :]
# do some tests
assert_array_almost_equal(raw_proj.info['sfreq'], sfreq)
assert_array_almost_equal(np.sum(data, axis=1), n_times * gain_sum)
atol = 1. / sfreq
assert_allclose(raw_proj.first_samp / sfreq, t_start, atol=atol)
assert_allclose(raw_proj.last_samp / sfreq,
t_start + (n_times - 1) / sfreq, atol=atol)
def _simulate_data(fwd_fixed, source_vertno1, source_vertno2):
"""Simulate two oscillators on the cortex."""
sfreq = 50. # Hz.
base_freq = 10
t_rand = 0.001
std = 0.1
times = np.arange(10. * sfreq) / sfreq # 10 seconds of data
n_times = len(times)
# Generate an oscillator with varying frequency and phase lag.
iflaw = base_freq / sfreq + t_rand * np.random.randn(n_times)
signal1 = np.exp(1j * 2.0 * np.pi * np.cumsum(iflaw))
signal1 *= np.conj(signal1[0])
signal1 = signal1.real
# Add some random fluctuations to the signal.
signal1 += std * np.random.randn(n_times)
signal1 *= 1e-7
# Make identical signal
signal2 = signal1.copy()
# Add random fluctuations
signal1 += 1e-8 * np.random.randn(len(times))
signal2 += 1e-8 * np.random.randn(len(times))
# Construct a SourceEstimate object
stc = mne.SourceEstimate(
np.vstack((signal1[np.newaxis, :], signal2[np.newaxis, :])),
vertices=[np.array([source_vertno1]), np.array([source_vertno2])],
tmin=0,
tstep=1 / sfreq,
subject='sample',
)
# Create an info object that holds information about the sensors
info = mne.create_info(fwd_fixed['info']['ch_names'], sfreq,
ch_types='grad')
info.update(fwd_fixed['info']) # Merge in sensor position information
# Simulated sensor data.
raw = mne.apply_forward_raw(fwd_fixed, stc, info)
# Add noise
noise = random.randn(*raw._data.shape) * 1e-14
raw._data += noise
# Define a single epoch
epochs = mne.Epochs(raw, np.array([[0, 0, 1]]), event_id=1, tmin=0,
tmax=raw.times[-1], preload=True, baseline=(0, 0))
# Compute the cross-spectral density matrix
csd = csd_morlet(epochs, frequencies=[10, 20])
return csd
def test_apply_forward():
"""Test projection of source space data to sensor space
"""
start = 0
stop = 5
n_times = stop - start - 1
sfreq = 10.0
t_start = 0.123
fwd = read_forward_solution(fname_meeg)
fwd = convert_forward_solution(fwd,
surf_ori=True,
force_fixed=True,
use_cps=True)
fwd = pick_types_forward(fwd, meg=True)
assert_true(isinstance(fwd, Forward))
vertno = [fwd['src'][0]['vertno'], fwd['src'][1]['vertno']]
stc_data = np.ones((len(vertno[0]) + len(vertno[1]), n_times))
stc = SourceEstimate(stc_data, vertno, tmin=t_start, tstep=1.0 / sfreq)
gain_sum = np.sum(fwd['sol']['data'], axis=1)
# Evoked
with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as w:
evoked = read_evokeds(fname_evoked, condition=0)
evoked.pick_types(meg=True)
evoked = apply_forward(fwd, stc, evoked.info, start=start, stop=stop)
assert_equal(len(w), 2)
data = evoked.data
times = evoked.times
# do some tests
assert_array_almost_equal(evoked.info['sfreq'], sfreq)
assert_array_almost_equal(np.sum(data, axis=1), n_times * gain_sum)
assert_array_almost_equal(times[0], t_start)
assert_array_almost_equal(times[-1], t_start + (n_times - 1) / sfreq)
# Raw
raw_proj = apply_forward_raw(fwd,
stc,
evoked.info,
start=start,
stop=stop)
data, times = raw_proj[:, :]
# do some tests
assert_array_almost_equal(raw_proj.info['sfreq'], sfreq)
assert_array_almost_equal(np.sum(data, axis=1), n_times * gain_sum)
atol = 1. / sfreq
assert_allclose(raw_proj.first_samp / sfreq, t_start, atol=atol)
assert_allclose(raw_proj.last_samp / sfreq,
t_start + (n_times - 1) / sfreq,
atol=atol)
def _simulate_data(fwd):
"""Simulate an oscillator on the cortex."""
source_vertno = 146374 # Somewhere on the frontal lobe
sfreq = 50. # Hz.
times = np.arange(10 * sfreq) / sfreq # 10 seconds of data
signal = np.sin(20 * 2 * np.pi * times) # 20 Hz oscillator
signal[:len(times) // 2] *= 2 # Make signal louder at the beginning
signal *= 1e-9 # Scale to be in the ballpark of MEG data
# Construct a SourceEstimate object that describes the signal at the
# cortical level.
stc = mne.SourceEstimate(
signal[np.newaxis, :],
vertices=[[source_vertno], []],
tmin=0,
tstep=1 / sfreq,
subject='sample',
)
# Create an info object that holds information about the sensors
info = mne.create_info(fwd['info']['ch_names'], sfreq, ch_types='grad')
info.update(fwd['info']) # Merge in sensor position information
# heavily decimate sensors to make it much faster
info = mne.pick_info(info, np.arange(info['nchan'])[::5])
fwd = mne.pick_channels_forward(fwd, info['ch_names'])
# Run the simulated signal through the forward model, obtaining
# simulated sensor data.
raw = mne.apply_forward_raw(fwd, stc, info)
# Add a little noise
random = np.random.RandomState(42)
noise = random.randn(*raw._data.shape) * 1e-14
raw._data += noise
# Define a single epoch
epochs = mne.Epochs(raw, [[0, 0, 1]],
event_id=1,
tmin=0,
tmax=raw.times[-1],
preload=True)
evoked = epochs.average()
# Compute the cross-spectral density matrix
csd = csd_morlet(epochs, frequencies=[10, 20], n_cycles=[5, 10], decim=10)
return epochs, evoked, csd, source_vertno
def test_apply_forward():
"""Test projection of source space data to sensor space
"""
start = 0
stop = 5
n_times = stop - start - 1
sfreq = 10.0
t_start = 0.123
fwd = read_forward_solution(fname_meeg)
fwd = convert_forward_solution(fwd, surf_ori=True, force_fixed=True,
use_cps=True)
fwd = pick_types_forward(fwd, meg=True)
assert_true(isinstance(fwd, Forward))
vertno = [fwd['src'][0]['vertno'], fwd['src'][1]['vertno']]
stc_data = np.ones((len(vertno[0]) + len(vertno[1]), n_times))
stc = SourceEstimate(stc_data, vertno, tmin=t_start, tstep=1.0 / sfreq)
gain_sum = np.sum(fwd['sol']['data'], axis=1)
# Evoked
with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as w:
evoked = read_evokeds(fname_evoked, condition=0)
evoked.pick_types(meg=True)
evoked = apply_forward(fwd, stc, evoked.info, start=start, stop=stop)
assert_equal(len(w), 2)
data = evoked.data
times = evoked.times
# do some tests
assert_array_almost_equal(evoked.info['sfreq'], sfreq)
assert_array_almost_equal(np.sum(data, axis=1), n_times * gain_sum)
assert_array_almost_equal(times[0], t_start)
assert_array_almost_equal(times[-1], t_start + (n_times - 1) / sfreq)
# Raw
raw_proj = apply_forward_raw(fwd, stc, evoked.info, start=start,
stop=stop)
data, times = raw_proj[:, :]
# do some tests
assert_array_almost_equal(raw_proj.info['sfreq'], sfreq)
assert_array_almost_equal(np.sum(data, axis=1), n_times * gain_sum)
atol = 1. / sfreq
assert_allclose(raw_proj.first_samp / sfreq, t_start, atol=atol)
assert_allclose(raw_proj.last_samp / sfreq,
t_start + (n_times - 1) / sfreq, atol=atol)
def _simulate_data(fwd):
"""Simulate an oscillator on the cortex."""
source_vertno = 146374 # Somewhere on the frontal lobe
sfreq = 50. # Hz.
times = np.arange(10 * sfreq) / sfreq # 10 seconds of data
signal = np.sin(20 * 2 * np.pi * times) # 20 Hz oscillator
signal[:len(times) // 2] *= 2 # Make signal louder at the beginning
signal *= 1e-9 # Scale to be in the ballpark of MEG data
# Construct a SourceEstimate object that describes the signal at the
# cortical level.
stc = mne.SourceEstimate(
signal[np.newaxis, :],
vertices=[[source_vertno], []],
tmin=0,
tstep=1 / sfreq,
subject='sample',
)
# Create an info object that holds information about the sensors
info = mne.create_info(fwd['info']['ch_names'], sfreq, ch_types='grad')
info.update(fwd['info']) # Merge in sensor position information
# heavily decimate sensors to make it much faster
info = mne.pick_info(info, np.arange(info['nchan'])[::5])
fwd = mne.pick_channels_forward(fwd, info['ch_names'])
# Run the simulated signal through the forward model, obtaining
# simulated sensor data.
raw = mne.apply_forward_raw(fwd, stc, info)
# Add a little noise
random = np.random.RandomState(42)
noise = random.randn(*raw._data.shape) * 1e-14
raw._data += noise
# Define a single epoch
epochs = mne.Epochs(raw, [[0, 0, 1]], event_id=1, tmin=0,
tmax=raw.times[-1], preload=True)
evoked = epochs.average()
# Compute the cross-spectral density matrix
csd = csd_morlet(epochs, frequencies=[10, 20], n_cycles=[5, 10], decim=10)
return epochs, evoked, csd, source_vertno
def test_apply_forward():
"""Test projection of source space data to sensor space
"""
start = 0
stop = 5
n_times = stop - start - 1
sfreq = 10.0
t_start = 0.123
fwd = read_forward_solution(fname, force_fixed=True)
fwd = pick_types_forward(fwd, meg=True)
vertno = [fwd['src'][0]['vertno'], fwd['src'][1]['vertno']]
stc_data = np.ones((len(vertno[0]) + len(vertno[1]), n_times))
stc = SourceEstimate(stc_data, vertno, tmin=t_start, tstep=1.0 / sfreq)
gain_sum = np.sum(fwd['sol']['data'], axis=1)
# Evoked
with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as w:
evoked = Evoked(fname_evoked, setno=0)
evoked = apply_forward(fwd, stc, evoked, start=start, stop=stop)
assert_equal(len(w), 2)
data = evoked.data
times = evoked.times
# do some tests
assert_array_almost_equal(evoked.info['sfreq'], sfreq)
assert_array_almost_equal(np.sum(data, axis=1), n_times * gain_sum)
assert_array_almost_equal(times[0], t_start)
assert_array_almost_equal(times[-1], t_start + (n_times - 1) / sfreq)
# Raw
raw = Raw(fname_raw)
raw_proj = apply_forward_raw(fwd, stc, raw, start=start, stop=stop)
data, times = raw_proj[:, :]
# do some tests
assert_array_almost_equal(raw_proj.info['sfreq'], sfreq)
assert_array_almost_equal(np.sum(data, axis=1), n_times * gain_sum)
assert_array_almost_equal(times[0], t_start)
assert_array_almost_equal(times[-1], t_start + (n_times - 1) / sfreq)
def test_apply_forward():
"""Test projection of source space data to sensor space
"""
start = 0
stop = 5
n_times = stop - start - 1
sfreq = 10.0
t_start = 0.123
fwd = read_forward_solution(fname, force_fixed=True)
fwd = pick_types_forward(fwd, meg=True)
vertno = [fwd['src'][0]['vertno'], fwd['src'][1]['vertno']]
stc_data = np.ones((len(vertno[0]) + len(vertno[1]), n_times))
stc = SourceEstimate(stc_data, vertno, tmin=t_start, tstep=1.0 / sfreq)
gain_sum = np.sum(fwd['sol']['data'], axis=1)
# Evoked
with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as w:
evoked = Evoked(fname_evoked, setno=0)
evoked = apply_forward(fwd, stc, evoked, start=start, stop=stop)
assert_equal(len(w), 2)
data = evoked.data
times = evoked.times
# do some tests
assert_array_almost_equal(evoked.info['sfreq'], sfreq)
assert_array_almost_equal(np.sum(data, axis=1), n_times * gain_sum)
assert_array_almost_equal(times[0], t_start)
assert_array_almost_equal(times[-1], t_start + (n_times - 1) / sfreq)
# Raw
raw = Raw(fname_raw)
raw_proj = apply_forward_raw(fwd, stc, raw, start=start, stop=stop)
data, times = raw_proj[:, :]
# do some tests
assert_array_almost_equal(raw_proj.info['sfreq'], sfreq)
assert_array_almost_equal(np.sum(data, axis=1), n_times * gain_sum)
assert_array_almost_equal(times[0], t_start)
assert_array_almost_equal(times[-1], t_start + (n_times - 1) / sfreq)
# Use only gradiometers fwd = mne.pick_types_forward(fwd, meg='grad', eeg=False, exclude='bads') # Create an info object that holds information about the sensors (their # location, etc.). info = mne.create_info(fwd['info']['ch_names'], sfreq, ch_types='grad') info.update(fwd['info']) # To simulate the data, we need a version of the forward solution where each # source has a "fixed" orientation, i.e. pointing orthogonally to the surface # of the cortex. fwd_fixed = mne.convert_forward_solution(fwd, force_fixed=True) # Now we can run our simulated signal through the forward model, obtaining # simulated sensor data. sensor_data = mne.apply_forward_raw(fwd_fixed, stc, info).get_data() # We're going to add some noise to the sensor data noise = np.random.randn(*sensor_data.shape) # Scale the noise to be in the ballpark of MEG data noise_scaling = np.linalg.norm(sensor_data) / np.linalg.norm(noise) noise *= noise_scaling # Mix noise and signal with the given signal-to-noise ratio. sensor_data = SNR * sensor_data + noise ############################################################################### # We create an :class:`mne.EpochsArray` object containing two trials: one with # just noise and one with both noise and signal. The techniques we'll be # using in this tutorial depend on being able to contrast data that contains