def def_grads(prims):
""" Define gradient function for primitives """
identity = lambda x: x
# dot
prims('dot').def_grad(lambda ans, a, b: lambda g: ndarray.dot(g, b.T))
prims('dot').def_grad(
lambda ans, a, b: lambda g: ndarray.dot(a.T, g), argnum=1)
# non-linear
prims('tanh').def_grad(lambda ans, x: lambda g: g * (1 - ans ** 2))
prims('exp').def_grad(lambda ans, x: lambda g: g * ans)
prims('log').def_grad(lambda ans, x: lambda g: g / x)
# reduce
prims('sum').def_grad(_sum_grad)
# + - * /
prims('multiply').def_grad(
lambda ans, x, y: _unbroadcast(ans, x, lambda g: g * y))
prims('multiply').def_grad(
lambda ans, x, y: _unbroadcast(ans, y, lambda g: x * g), argnum=1)
prims('add').def_grad(lambda ans, x, y: _unbroadcast(ans, x, identity))
prims('add').def_grad(
lambda ans, x, y: _unbroadcast(ans, y, identity), argnum=1)
prims('subtract').def_grad(
lambda ans, x, y: _unbroadcast(ans, x, identity))
prims('subtract').def_grad(
lambda ans, x, y: _unbroadcast(ans, y, operator.neg), argnum=1)
prims('divide').def_grad(
lambda ans, x, y: _unbroadcast(ans, x, lambda g: g / y))
prims('divide').def_grad(
lambda ans, x, y: _unbroadcast(ans, y, lambda g: -g * x / (y * y)),
argnum=1)
prims('true_divide').def_grad(
lambda ans, x, y: _unbroadcast(ans, x, lambda g: g / y))
prims('true_divide').def_grad(
lambda ans, x, y: _unbroadcast(ans, y, lambda g: -g * x / (y * y)),
argnum=1)
prims('maximum').def_grad(_maximum_grad_gen0)
prims('maximum').def_grad(_maximum_grad_gen1, argnum=1)
# TODO: minjie
prims('max').def_grad_zero()
# negate
prims('negative').def_grad(lambda ans, x: operator.neg)
prims('transpose').def_grad(lambda ans, x: mxnet.nd.transpose)
prims('abs').def_grad(lambda ans, x: lambda g: mxnet.nd.sign(x) * g)
prims('sign').def_grad_zero()
prims('round').def_grad_zero()
prims('ceil').def_grad_zero()
prims('floor').def_grad_zero()
prims('sqrt').def_grad(lambda ans, x: lambda g: g * 0.5 / mxnet.nd.sqrt(x))
prims('sin').def_grad(lambda ans, x: lambda g: g * mxnet.nd.cos(x))
prims('cos').def_grad(lambda ans, x: lambda g: -g * mxnet.nd.sin(x))
prims('power').def_grad(
lambda ans, x, y: _unbroadcast(ans, x, lambda g: g * y * mxnet.nd.power(x, y - 1))
)
prims('power').def_grad(
lambda ans, x, y: _unbroadcast(ans, y, lambda g: g * mxnet.nd.log(x) * ans),
argnum=1)
prims('reshape').def_grad(
lambda _0, x, _1: lambda g: NDArray.reshape(g, x.shape))
prims('expand_dims').def_grad(
lambda ans, x, axis: lambda g: NDArray.reshape(g, x.shape))
def def_grads(prims):
""" Define gradient function for primitives """
identity = lambda x: x
# dot
prims('dot').def_grad(lambda ans, a, b: lambda g: ndarray.dot(g, b.T))
prims('dot').def_grad(lambda ans, a, b: lambda g: ndarray.dot(a.T, g),
argnum=1)
# non-linear
#prims.tanh.def_grad(lambda ans, x: lambda g: g / np.cosh(x) ** 2)
prims('exp').def_grad(lambda ans, x: lambda g: g * ans)
prims('log').def_grad(lambda ans, x: lambda g: g / x)
# reduce
prims('sum').def_grad(_sum_grad)
# + - * /
prims('multiply').def_grad(
lambda ans, x, y: _unbroadcast(ans, x, lambda g: g * y))
prims('multiply').def_grad(
lambda ans, x, y: _unbroadcast(ans, y, lambda g: x * g), argnum=1)
prims('add').def_grad(lambda ans, x, y: _unbroadcast(ans, x, identity))
prims('add').def_grad(lambda ans, x, y: _unbroadcast(ans, y, identity),
argnum=1)
prims('subtract').def_grad(
lambda ans, x, y: _unbroadcast(ans, x, identity))
prims('subtract').def_grad(
lambda ans, x, y: _unbroadcast(ans, y, operator.neg), argnum=1)
prims('divide').def_grad(
lambda ans, x, y: _unbroadcast(ans, x, lambda g: g / y))
prims('divide').def_grad(
lambda ans, x, y: _unbroadcast(ans, y, lambda g: -g * x / (y * y)),
argnum=1)
prims('true_divide').def_grad(
lambda ans, x, y: _unbroadcast(ans, x, lambda g: g / y))
prims('true_divide').def_grad(
lambda ans, x, y: _unbroadcast(ans, y, lambda g: -g * x / (y * y)),
argnum=1)
prims('maximum').def_grad(_maximum_grad_gen0)
prims('maximum').def_grad(_maximum_grad_gen1, argnum=1)
# TODO: minjie
prims('max').def_grad_zero()
# negate
prims('negative').def_grad(lambda ans, x: operator.neg)
prims('transpose').def_grad(lambda ans, x: mxnet.nd.transpose)
prims('abs').def_grad(lambda ans, x: lambda g: mxnet.nd.sign(x) * g)
prims('sign').def_grad_zero()
prims('round').def_grad_zero()
prims('ceil').def_grad_zero()
prims('floor').def_grad_zero()
prims('sqrt').def_grad(lambda ans, x: lambda g: g * 0.5 / mxnet.nd.sqrt(x))
prims('sin').def_grad(lambda ans, x: lambda g: g * mxnet.nd.cos(x))
prims('cos').def_grad(lambda ans, x: lambda g: -g * mxnet.nd.sin(x))
prims('power').def_grad(lambda ans, x, y: _unbroadcast(
ans, x, lambda g: g * y * mxnet.nd.power(x, y - 1)))
prims('power').def_grad(lambda ans, x, y: _unbroadcast(
ans, y, lambda g: g * mxnet.nd.log(x) * ans),
argnum=1)
prims('reshape').def_grad(
lambda _0, x, _1: lambda g: NDArray.reshape(g, x.shape))
prims('expand_dims').def_grad(
lambda ans, x, axis: lambda g: NDArray.reshape(g, x.shape))
def forward(self,
encoder_output: nd.NDArray,
label=None,
label_lengths=None):
no_label = label is None or label_lengths is None
encoder_output = nd.transpose(encoder_output, (0, 2, 3, 1))
encoder_output = encoder_output.reshape(
(encoder_output.shape[0], -1, encoder_output.shape[3]))
batch_max_len = self.max_len if no_label else int(
label_lengths.max().asscalar()) - 1
# Initialize hidden states
encoder_output_mean = encoder_output.mean(axis=1)
h = self.init_h(encoder_output_mean)
c = self.init_c(encoder_output_mean)
# Two tensors to store outputs
predictions = []
alphas = []
if not no_label:
label_embedded = self.embedding(label)
else:
bs = encoder_output.shape[0]
x_t = self.embedding(
nd.zeros(shape=(bs, ), ctx=encoder_output.context))
for t in range(batch_max_len):
if not no_label:
x_t = label_embedded[:, t]
if self._use_current_state:
_, [h, c] = self.lstm_cell(x_t, [h, c])
if self._use_adaptive_attention:
atten_weights, alpha = self.attention(
encoder_output, h, x_t, c)
else:
atten_weights, alpha = self.attention(encoder_output, h)
atten_weights = self.f_beta(h).sigmoid() * atten_weights
inputs = nd.concat(atten_weights, h, dim=1)
preds = self.out(self.dropout(inputs))
else:
atten_weights, alpha = self.attention(encoder_output, h)
atten_weights = nd.sigmoid(self.f_beta(h)) * atten_weights
inputs = nd.concat(x_t, atten_weights, dim=1)
_, [h, c] = self.lstm_cell(inputs, [h, c])
preds = self.out(self.dropout(h))
x_t = self.embedding(preds.argmax(axis=1))
predictions.append(preds)
alphas.append(alpha)
predictions = nd.concat(*[x.expand_dims(axis=1) for x in predictions],
dim=1)
alphas = nd.concat(*[x.expand_dims(axis=1) for x in alphas], dim=1)
return predictions, alphas
def stat_helper(name, array):
"""wrapper for executor callback"""
import ctypes
from mxnet.ndarray import NDArray
from mxnet.base import NDArrayHandle, py_str
array = ctypes.cast(array, NDArrayHandle)
array = NDArray(array, writable=False)
array.wait_to_read()
elapsed = float(time.time()-stat_helper.start_time)*1000
if elapsed>.01:
print (name, array.shape, ('%.1fms' % (elapsed,)))
stat_helper.start_time=time.time()
def stat_helper(name, array):
"""wrapper for executor callback"""
import ctypes
from mxnet.ndarray import NDArray
from mxnet.base import NDArrayHandle, py_str
array = ctypes.cast(array, NDArrayHandle)
array = NDArray(array, writable=False)
array.wait_to_read()
elapsed = float(time.time()-stat_helper.start_time)*1000
# if elapsed>0.:
# print (name, array.shape, ('%.1fms' % (elapsed,)))
# stat_helper.start_time=time.time()
array = array.asnumpy()
print(name, array.shape, np.average(array), np.std(array), ('%.1fms' % (float(time.time()-stat_helper.start_time)*1000)))
stat_helper.internal_shapes.append((name,array.shape))
def _partition_tensor(self, size):
"""Zero-copy implementation.
Note: ndarray works for up to ~4 billion parameters.
Below 2 lines are buggy with horovod -- causing bad performance.
tmp = self._tensor.reshape(-1, 1)
avatar = tmp[start:end]
"""
number = (self._tensor.size - 1) // size + 1
if number > self._tensor.shape[0]:
self._logger.warning(
"The number of tensor rows (with shape {}) is smaller than partition number {}."
.format(self._tensor.shape, number))
number = self._tensor.shape[0]
num_per_partition = self._tensor.shape[0] // number
partitions_with_extra = self._tensor.shape[0] % number
partitions = []
start = 0
end = num_per_partition
for i in range(number):
handle = NDArrayHandle()
check_call(
BYTESCHEDULER_LIB.bytescheduler_get_ndarray_avatar(
self._tensor.handle, byref(handle)))
avatar = NDArray(handle)[start:end]
partitions.append(avatar)
start = end
end += num_per_partition
if i >= number - partitions_with_extra - 1:
end += 1
return partitions
def _prepare(self):
"""Post start barrier OP, start OP, comm OP, end OP and end barrier OP to MXNet engine. The function of each
kind of OP is explained below.
start barrier OP: barrier the start of a parent ByteTask, used to maintain original dependency.
start OP: It notifies Core about task readiness. It is also used to delay the start of a child ByteTask.
comm OP: the OP that does real communication, e.g., push, pull, allreduce.
end OP: an OP that runs after a child ByteTask is finished. It notifies Core about the task completion.
end barrier OP: an OP that runs after the parent ByteTask is finished, used to maintain original dependency.
"""
if self.parent is None:
real = self._tensor.handle
avatar = NDArrayHandle()
check_call(
BYTESCHEDULER_LIB.bytescheduler_get_ndarray_avatar(
real, byref(avatar)))
self._avatar = NDArray(avatar)
avatar = self._avatar.handle
else:
real = self.parent._tensor.handle
avatar = self._tensor.handle
self._post_start_barrier(avatar, real)
self._post_start_op(avatar)
# Post real op
if self.parent is None:
self._post_communication(self._avatar)
else:
self._post_communication(self._tensor)
self._post_end_op(avatar)
self._post_end_barrier(avatar, real)
def _partition_single_tensor(self, tensor, size):
"""Only partition a single tensor.
Arguments:
size: An integer. After partitioning, each tensor partition size must be equal or smaller than `size`.
Returns:
A list of partitioned tensors.
"""
number = (tensor.size - 1) // size + 1
if number > tensor.shape[0]:
self._logger.warning(
"The number of tensor rows (with shape {}) is smaller than partition number {}."
.format(tensor.shape, number))
number = tensor.shape[0]
num_per_partition = tensor.shape[0] // number
partitions_with_extra = tensor.shape[0] % number
partitions = []
start = 0
end = num_per_partition
for i in range(number):
handle = NDArrayHandle()
check_call(
BYTESCHEDULER_LIB.bytescheduler_get_ndarray_avatar(
tensor.handle, byref(handle)))
avatar = NDArray(handle)[start:end]
partitions.append(avatar)
start = end
end += num_per_partition
if i >= number - partitions_with_extra - 1:
end += 1
return partitions
def view_classify(img: NDArray, ps: NDArray, version="MNIST"):
''' Function for viewing an image and it's predicted classes.
'''
ps = ps.asnumpy().squeeze()
fig, (ax1, ax2) = plt.subplots(figsize=(6, 9), ncols=2)
ax1.imshow(img.asnumpy().squeeze())
ax1.axis('off')
ax2.barh(np.arange(10), ps)
ax2.set_aspect(0.1)
ax2.set_yticks(np.arange(10))
if version == "MNIST":
ax2.set_yticklabels(np.arange(10))
ax2.set_title('Class Probability')
ax2.set_xlim(0, 1.1)
plt.tight_layout()
def view_recon(img: NDArray, recon):
''' Function for displaying an image (as a PyTorch Tensor) and its
reconstruction also a PyTorch Tensor
'''
fig, axes = plt.subplots(ncols=2, sharex=True, sharey=True)
axes[0].imshow(img.asnumpy().squeeze())
axes[1].imshow(recon.asnumpy().squeeze())
for ax in axes:
ax.axis('off')
ax.set_adjustable('box-forced')
def collect(self, name, arr):
"""Callback function for collecting layer output NDArrays."""
name = py_str(name)
if self.include_layer is not None and not self.include_layer(name):
return
handle = ctypes.cast(arr, NDArrayHandle)
arr = NDArray(handle, writable=False).copyto(cpu())
if self.logger is not None:
self.logger.info("Collecting layer %s output of shape %s" %
(name, arr.shape))
if name in self.nd_dict:
self.nd_dict[name].append(arr)
else:
self.nd_dict[name] = [arr]
def _batchify(data: nd.NDArray, batch_size):
"""
Make a batch tensor out of a vector
:param data: vector
:param batch_size: NN
:return: (IN,NN) tensor
"""
# Work out how cleanly we can divide the dataset into bsz parts.
nbatch = len(data) // batch_size
# Trim off any extra elements that wouldn't cleanly fit (remainders).
data = data[0:nbatch * batch_size]
# Evenly divide the data across the bsz batches.
data = data.reshape(batch_size, -1).transpose()
# if torch.cuda.is_available():
# data = data.cuda()
return data
def collect(self, name, arr):
"""Callback function for collecting min and max values from an NDArray."""
name = py_str(name)
if self.include_layer is not None and not self.include_layer(name):
return
handle = ctypes.cast(arr, NDArrayHandle)
arr = NDArray(handle, writable=False)
min_range = ndarray.min(arr).asscalar()
max_range = ndarray.max(arr).asscalar()
if name in self.min_max_dict:
cur_min_max = self.min_max_dict[name]
self.min_max_dict[name] = (min(cur_min_max[0], min_range),
max(cur_min_max[1], max_range))
else:
self.min_max_dict[name] = (min_range, max_range)
if self.logger is not None:
self.logger.info("Collecting layer %s min_range=%f, max_range=%f" %
(name, min_range, max_range))
def train(self, d: HybridSequential, x: NDArray, y: NDArray) -> float:
# with autograd.record():
# loss = (lambda y_hat: self.lossfun(1, d(concat(x, y_hat, dim=1)), y, y_hat))(self._network(x))
with autograd.record():
gen_out = self._network(x)
y_hat = gen_out
y = y
# x = x.repeat(int(y.shape[0]/x.shape[0]), 0)
loss = self.lossfun(1, d(concat(x, y_hat, dim=1)),
y.reshape((-1, 3, 96, 96)),
y_hat.reshape((-1, 3, 96, 96)))
loss.backward()
self.trainer.step(1)
return float(loss.asscalar())
def stat_helper(name, array):
array = ctypes.cast(array, NDArrayHandle)
array = NDArray(array, writable=False)
if not self.activated or not self.re_prog.match(py_str(name)):
return
self.queue.append((self.step, py_str(name), stat(array)))
def sq_loss(ey: nd.NDArray, y: nd.NDArray):
ty = ey.reshape(shape=y.shape)
loss = (ty - y)**2
loss = loss.sum() / loss.size
return loss
def _prepare(self):
"""Post start barrier OP, start OP, comm OP, end OP and end barrier OP to MXNet engine. The function of each
kind of OP is explained below.
start barrier OP: barrier the start of a parent ByteTask, used to maintain original dependency.
start OP: It notifies Core about task readiness. It is also used to delay the start of a child ByteTask.
comm OP: the OP that does real communication, e.g., push, pull, allreduce.
end OP: an OP that runs after a child ByteTask is finished. It notifies Core about the task completion.
end barrier OP: an OP that runs after the parent ByteTask is finished, used to maintain original dependency.
Below are several key data structures.
self._tensor: a list of NDArrays of the same key of all devices. If push_pull, self._tensor includes push list
and pull list of NDArrays of all devices.
real: the original handle list of self._tensor, used for keep dependency.
avatar: a new handle list of self._tensor.
"""
if self.parent is None:
if self.op == "push_pull":
push_real = [t.handle
for t in self._push_tensor] if isinstance(
self._push_tensor,
(tuple,
list)) else [self._push_tensor.handle]
pull_real = [t.handle
for t in self._pull_tensor] if isinstance(
self._pull_tensor,
(tuple,
list)) else [self._pull_tensor.handle]
assert len(push_real) == len(pull_real)
real = push_real + pull_real
else:
real = [t.handle for t in self._tensor] if isinstance(
self._tensor, (tuple, list)) else [self._tensor.handle]
avatar = []
for h in real:
avatar_h = NDArrayHandle()
check_call(
BYTESCHEDULER_LIB.bytescheduler_get_ndarray_avatar(
h, byref(avatar_h)))
avatar.append(avatar_h)
if self.op == "push_pull":
# push avatar and pull avatar NDArrays
self._avatar = [[
NDArray(_) for _ in avatar[:int(len(avatar) / 2)]
], [NDArray(_) for _ in avatar[int(len(avatar) / 2):]]]
avatar = [_.handle for _ in self._avatar[0]
] + [_.handle for _ in self._avatar[1]]
else:
self._avatar = [NDArray(_) for _ in avatar]
avatar = [_.handle for _ in self._avatar]
else:
if self.op == "push_pull":
push_real = [
t.handle for t in self.parent._push_tensor
] if isinstance(self.parent._push_tensor,
(tuple,
list)) else [self.parent._push_tensor.handle]
pull_real = [
t.handle for t in self.parent._pull_tensor
] if isinstance(self.parent._pull_tensor,
(tuple,
list)) else [self.parent._pull_tensor.handle]
real = push_real + pull_real
push_avatar = [t.handle
for t in self._push_tensor] if isinstance(
self._push_tensor,
(tuple,
list)) else [self._push_tensor.handle]
pull_avatar = [t.handle
for t in self._pull_tensor] if isinstance(
self._pull_tensor,
(tuple,
list)) else [self._pull_tensor.handle]
avatar = push_avatar + pull_avatar
else:
real = [t.handle for t in self.parent._tensor] if isinstance(
self.parent._tensor,
(tuple, list)) else [self.parent._tensor.handle]
avatar = [t.handle for t in self._tensor] if isinstance(
self._tensor, (tuple, list)) else [self._tensor.handle]
self._post_start_barrier(avatar, real)
self._post_start_op(avatar)
self._post_push_pull_barrier(avatar)
# post real op
if self.parent is None:
self._post_communication(self._avatar)
else:
self._post_communication(self._tensor)
self._post_end_op(avatar)
self._post_end_barrier(avatar, real)
def _repackage_hidden(h: nd.NDArray):
"""Wraps hidden states in new Variables, to detach them from their history."""
return h.detach()
def argmax_batch(vecs: nd.NDArray):
# _, idx = torch.max(vecs, 1)
# return idx
return vecs.argmax(axis=1)
def argmax(vec: nd.NDArray):
# _, idx = torch.max(vec, 1)
# return to_scalar(idx)
return vec.argmax(1)
def def_grads(prims):
""" Define gradient function for primitives """
identity = lambda x: x
# dot
prims('dot').def_grad(
lambda ans, a, b: lambda g: mx.nd.dot(g, b, transpose_b=True))
prims('dot').def_grad(
lambda ans, a, b: lambda g: mx.nd.dot(a, g, transpose_a=True),
argnum=1)
# non-linear
prims('tanh').def_grad(lambda ans, x: lambda g: g * (1 - ans**2))
prims('exp').def_grad(lambda ans, x: lambda g: g * ans)
prims('log').def_grad(lambda ans, x: lambda g: g / x)
# reduce
prims('sum').def_grad(_reduce_sum_grad_gen)
prims('max').def_grad(_reduce_select_grad_gen)
prims('min').def_grad(_reduce_select_grad_gen)
# + - * /
prims('multiply').def_grad(
lambda ans, x, y: _unbroadcast(ans, x, lambda g: g * y))
prims('multiply').def_grad(
lambda ans, x, y: _unbroadcast(ans, y, lambda g: x * g), argnum=1)
prims('add').def_grad(lambda ans, x, y: _unbroadcast(ans, x, identity))
prims('add').def_grad(lambda ans, x, y: _unbroadcast(ans, y, identity),
argnum=1)
prims('subtract').def_grad(
lambda ans, x, y: _unbroadcast(ans, x, identity))
prims('subtract').def_grad(
lambda ans, x, y: _unbroadcast(ans, y, operator.neg), argnum=1)
prims('divide').def_grad(
lambda ans, x, y: _unbroadcast(ans, x, lambda g: g / y))
prims('divide').def_grad(
lambda ans, x, y: _unbroadcast(ans, y, lambda g: -g * x / (y * y)),
argnum=1)
prims('true_divide').def_grad(
lambda ans, x, y: _unbroadcast(ans, x, lambda g: g / y))
prims('true_divide').def_grad(
lambda ans, x, y: _unbroadcast(ans, y, lambda g: -g * x / (y * y)),
argnum=1)
prims('maximum').def_grad(_selection_grad_gen0)
prims('maximum').def_grad(_selection_grad_gen1, argnum=1)
prims('minimum').def_grad(_selection_grad_gen0)
prims('minimum').def_grad(_selection_grad_gen1, argnum=1)
# negate
prims('negative').def_grad(lambda ans, x: operator.neg)
prims('transpose').def_grad(lambda ans, x: mx.nd.transpose)
prims('abs').def_grad(lambda ans, x: lambda g: mx.nd.sign(x) * g)
prims('sign').def_grad_zero()
prims('round').def_grad_zero()
prims('ceil').def_grad_zero()
prims('floor').def_grad_zero()
prims('sqrt').def_grad(lambda ans, x: lambda g: g * 0.5 / mx.nd.sqrt(x))
prims('sin').def_grad(lambda ans, x: lambda g: g * mx.nd.cos(x))
prims('cos').def_grad(lambda ans, x: lambda g: -g * mx.nd.sin(x))
prims('power').def_grad(lambda ans, x, y: _unbroadcast(
ans, x, lambda g: g * y * mx.nd.power(x, y - 1)))
prims('power').def_grad(lambda ans, x, y: _unbroadcast(
ans, y, lambda g: g * mx.nd.log(x) * ans),
argnum=1)
prims('reshape').def_grad(
lambda _0, x, _1: lambda g: NDArray.reshape(g, x.shape))
prims('expand_dims').def_grad(
lambda ans, x, axis: lambda g: NDArray.reshape(g, x.shape))
prims('softmax_output').def_grad(_softmax_output_grad)