modeling_options['tower']['frame3dd']['tol'] = 1e-9
modeling_options['tower']['frame3dd']['shift'] = 0.0
modeling_options['tower']['frame3dd']['add_gravity'] = True
modeling_options['tower']['n_height'] = n_control_points
modeling_options['tower']['n_layers'] = 1
modeling_options['monopile']['n_height'] = 0
modeling_options['monopile']['n_layers'] = 0
modeling_options['tower']['wind'] = 'PowerWind'
modeling_options['tower']['nLC'] = n_load_cases
modeling_options['materials']['n_mat'] = n_materials
# ---
# Instantiate OpenMDAO problem and create a model using the TowerSE group
prob = om.Problem()
prob.model = TowerSE(modeling_options=modeling_options)
# ---
# If performing optimization, set up the optimizer and problem formulation
if opt_flag:
# Choose the optimizer to use
prob.driver = om.ScipyOptimizeDriver()
prob.driver.options['optimizer'] = 'SLSQP'
# Add objective
prob.model.add_objective('tower_mass', scaler=1e-6)
# Add design variables, in this case the tower diameter and wall thicknesses
prob.model.add_design_var('tower_outer_diameter_in', lower=3.87, upper=max_diam)
prob.model.add_design_var('tower_layer_thickness', lower=4e-3, upper=2e-1)
def setUp(self):
# --- geometry ----
# --- geometry ----
z_param = np.array([0.0, 43.8, 87.6])
d_param = np.array([6.0, 4.935, 3.87])
t_param = np.array([0.027 * 1.3, 0.023 * 1.3, 0.019 * 1.3])
n = 15
z_full = np.linspace(0.0, 87.6, n)
L_reinforced = 30.0 * np.ones(n) # [m] buckling length
theta_stress = 0.0 * np.ones(n)
yaw = 0.0
# --- material props ---
E = 210e9 * np.ones(n)
G = 80.8e9 * np.ones(n)
rho = 8500.0 * np.ones(n)
sigma_y = 450.0e6 * np.ones(n)
# --- spring reaction data. Use float('inf') for rigid constraints. ---
kidx = np.array([0], dtype=int) # applied at base
kx = np.array([float('inf')])
ky = np.array([float('inf')])
kz = np.array([float('inf')])
ktx = np.array([float('inf')])
kty = np.array([float('inf')])
ktz = np.array([float('inf')])
nK = len(kidx)
# --- extra mass ----
midx = np.array([n - 1], dtype=int) # RNA mass at top
m = np.array([285598.8])
mIxx = np.array([1.14930678e+08])
mIyy = np.array([2.20354030e+07])
mIzz = np.array([1.87597425e+07])
mIxy = np.array([0.00000000e+00])
mIxz = np.array([5.03710467e+05])
mIyz = np.array([0.00000000e+00])
mrhox = np.array([-1.13197635])
mrhoy = np.array([0.])
mrhoz = np.array([0.50875268])
nMass = len(midx)
addGravityLoadForExtraMass = True
# -----------
# --- wind ---
wind_zref = 90.0
wind_z0 = 0.0
shearExp = 0.2
# ---------------
# if addGravityLoadForExtraMass=True be sure not to double count by adding those force here also
# # --- loading case 1: max Thrust ---
wind_Uref1 = 11.73732
plidx1 = np.array([n - 1], dtype=int) # at top
Fx1 = np.array([1284744.19620519])
Fy1 = np.array([0.])
Fz1 = np.array([-2914124.84400512])
Mxx1 = np.array([3963732.76208099])
Myy1 = np.array([-2275104.79420872])
Mzz1 = np.array([-346781.68192839])
nPL = len(plidx1)
# # ---------------
# # --- loading case 2: max wind speed ---
wind_Uref2 = 70.0
plidx2 = np.array([n - 1], dtype=int) # at top
Fx2 = np.array([930198.60063279])
Fy2 = np.array([0.])
Fz2 = np.array([-2883106.12368949])
Mxx2 = np.array([-1683669.22411597])
Myy2 = np.array([-2522475.34625363])
Mzz2 = np.array([147301.97023764])
# # ---------------
# --- safety factors ---
gamma_f = 1.35
gamma_m = 1.3
gamma_n = 1.0
gamma_b = 1.1
# ---------------
# --- fatigue ---
z_DEL = np.array([
0.000, 1.327, 3.982, 6.636, 9.291, 11.945, 14.600, 17.255, 19.909,
22.564, 25.218, 27.873, 30.527, 33.182, 35.836, 38.491, 41.145,
43.800, 46.455, 49.109, 51.764, 54.418, 57.073, 59.727, 62.382,
65.036, 67.691, 70.345, 73.000, 75.655, 78.309, 80.964, 83.618,
86.273, 87.600
])
M_DEL = 1e3 * np.array([
8.2940E+003, 8.1518E+003, 7.8831E+003, 7.6099E+003, 7.3359E+003,
7.0577E+003, 6.7821E+003, 6.5119E+003, 6.2391E+003, 5.9707E+003,
5.7070E+003, 5.4500E+003, 5.2015E+003, 4.9588E+003, 4.7202E+003,
4.4884E+003, 4.2577E+003, 4.0246E+003, 3.7942E+003, 3.5664E+003,
3.3406E+003, 3.1184E+003, 2.8977E+003, 2.6811E+003, 2.4719E+003,
2.2663E+003, 2.0673E+003, 1.8769E+003, 1.7017E+003, 1.5479E+003,
1.4207E+003, 1.3304E+003, 1.2780E+003, 1.2673E+003, 1.2761E+003
])
nDEL = len(z_DEL)
gamma_fatigue = 1.35 * 1.3 * 1.0
life = 20.0
m_SN = 4
# ---------------
# --- constraints ---
min_d_to_t = 120.0
min_taper = 0.4
# ---------------
# # V_max = 80.0 # tip speed
# # D = 126.0
# # .freq1p = V_max / (D/2) / (2*pi) # convert to Hz
nPoints = len(z_param)
nFull = len(z_full)
wind = 'PowerWind'
prob = Problem()
root = prob.root = Group()
prob.driver = pyOptSparseDriver()
prob.driver.options['optimizer'] = 'SNOPT'
prob.driver.opt_settings['Major iterations limit'] = 1000
root.add('z_param', IndepVarComp('z_param', z_param))
root.add('d_param', IndepVarComp('d_param', d_param))
root.add('t_param', IndepVarComp('t_param', t_param))
root.add('TowerSE',
TowerSE(nPoints, nFull, nK, nMass, nPL, nDEL, wind=wind))
prob.driver.add_objective('TowerSE.tower1.mass', scaler=1E-6)
prob.driver.add_desvar('z_param.z_param',
lower=np.zeros(nPoints),
upper=np.ones(nPoints) * 1000.,
scaler=1E-2)
prob.driver.add_desvar('t_param.t_param',
lower=np.ones(nPoints) * 0.001,
upper=np.ones(nPoints) * 1000.,
scaler=1E-6)
prob.driver.add_desvar('d_param.d_param',
np.array([2, 2.1, 2.2]),
upper=np.ones(nPoints) * 1000.,
scaler=1E-6)
prob.root.connect('z_param.z_param', 'TowerSE.z_param')
prob.root.connect('d_param.d_param', 'TowerSE.d_param')
prob.root.connect('t_param.t_param', 'TowerSE.t_param')
prob.driver.add_constraint('TowerSE.tower1.stress', upper=np.ones(n))
prob.driver.add_constraint('TowerSE.tower2.stress', upper=np.ones(n))
prob.driver.add_constraint('TowerSE.tower1.global_buckling',
upper=np.ones(n))
prob.driver.add_constraint('TowerSE.tower2.global_buckling',
upper=np.ones(n))
prob.driver.add_constraint('TowerSE.tower1.shell_buckling',
upper=np.ones(n))
prob.driver.add_constraint('TowerSE.tower2.shell_buckling',
upper=np.ones(n))
prob.driver.add_constraint('TowerSE.tower1.damage',
upper=np.ones(n) * 0.8)
prob.driver.add_constraint('TowerSE.gc.weldability', upper=np.zeros(n))
prob.driver.add_constraint('TowerSE.gc.manufacturability',
upper=np.zeros(n))
freq1p = 0.2 # 1P freq in Hz
prob.driver.add_constraint('TowerSE.tower1.f1', lower=1.1 * freq1p)
prob.driver.add_constraint('TowerSE.tower2.f1', lower=1.1 * freq1p)
prob.setup()
if wind == 'PowerWind':
prob['TowerSE.wind1.shearExp'] = shearExp
prob['TowerSE.wind2.shearExp'] = shearExp
# assign values to params
# --- geometry ----
#prob['TowerSE.z_param'] = z_param
#prob['TowerSE.d_param'] = d_param
#prob['TowerSE.t_param'] = t_param
prob['TowerSE.z_full'] = z_full
prob['TowerSE.tower1.L_reinforced'] = L_reinforced
prob['TowerSE.distLoads1.yaw'] = yaw
# --- material props ---
prob['TowerSE.tower1.E'] = E
prob['TowerSE.tower1.G'] = G
prob['TowerSE.tower1.rho'] = rho
prob['TowerSE.tower1.sigma_y'] = sigma_y
# --- spring reaction data. Use float('inf') for rigid constraints. ---
prob['TowerSE.tower1.kidx'] = kidx
prob['TowerSE.tower1.kx'] = kx
prob['TowerSE.tower1.ky'] = ky
prob['TowerSE.tower1.kz'] = kz
prob['TowerSE.tower1.ktx'] = ktx
prob['TowerSE.tower1.kty'] = kty
prob['TowerSE.tower1.ktz'] = ktz
# --- extra mass ----
prob['TowerSE.tower1.midx'] = midx
prob['TowerSE.tower1.m'] = m
prob['TowerSE.tower1.mIxx'] = mIxx
prob['TowerSE.tower1.mIyy'] = mIyy
prob['TowerSE.tower1.mIzz'] = mIzz
prob['TowerSE.tower1.mIxy'] = mIxy
prob['TowerSE.tower1.mIxz'] = mIxz
prob['TowerSE.tower1.mIyz'] = mIyz
prob['TowerSE.tower1.mrhox'] = mrhox
prob['TowerSE.tower1.mrhoy'] = mrhoy
prob['TowerSE.tower1.mrhoz'] = mrhoz
prob[
'TowerSE.tower1.addGravityLoadForExtraMass'] = addGravityLoadForExtraMass
# -----------
# --- wind ---
prob['TowerSE.wind1.zref'] = wind_zref
prob['TowerSE.wind1.z0'] = wind_z0
# ---------------
# # --- loading case 1: max Thrust ---
prob['TowerSE.wind1.Uref'] = wind_Uref1
prob['TowerSE.tower1.plidx'] = plidx1
prob['TowerSE.tower1.Fx'] = Fx1
prob['TowerSE.tower1.Fy'] = Fy1
prob['TowerSE.tower1.Fz'] = Fz1
prob['TowerSE.tower1.Mxx'] = Mxx1
prob['TowerSE.tower1.Myy'] = Myy1
prob['TowerSE.tower1.Mzz'] = Mzz1
# # ---------------
# # --- loading case 2: max Wind Speed ---
prob['TowerSE.wind2.Uref'] = wind_Uref2
prob['TowerSE.tower2.plidx'] = plidx2
prob['TowerSE.tower2.Fx'] = Fx2
prob['TowerSE.tower2.Fy'] = Fy2
prob['TowerSE.tower2.Fz'] = Fz2
prob['TowerSE.tower2.Mxx'] = Mxx2
prob['TowerSE.tower2.Myy'] = Myy2
prob['TowerSE.tower2.Mzz'] = Mzz2
# # ---------------
# --- safety factors ---
prob['TowerSE.tower1.gamma_f'] = gamma_f
prob['TowerSE.tower1.gamma_m'] = gamma_m
prob['TowerSE.tower1.gamma_n'] = gamma_n
prob['TowerSE.tower1.gamma_b'] = gamma_b
# ---------------
# --- fatigue ---
prob['TowerSE.tower1.z_DEL'] = z_DEL
prob['TowerSE.tower1.M_DEL'] = M_DEL
prob['TowerSE.tower1.gamma_fatigue'] = gamma_fatigue
prob['TowerSE.tower1.life'] = life
prob['TowerSE.tower1.m_SN'] = m_SN
# ---------------
# --- constraints ---
prob['TowerSE.gc.min_d_to_t'] = min_d_to_t
prob['TowerSE.gc.min_taper'] = min_taper
# ---------------
# # --- run ---
prob.run()
print prob['TowerSE.gc.weldability']
print prob['TowerSE.gc.manufacturability']
self.J = prob.check_total_derivatives(out_stream=None)
"""
def design_monopile_tower(optFlag=False, floating_tower=True):
nPoints = len(d_param)
nFull = 5*(nPoints-1) + 1
prob = om.Problem()
prob.model = TowerSE(nLC=1, nPoints=nPoints, nFull=nFull, wind='PowerWind', topLevelFlag=True, monopile=True)
prob.driver = om.pyOptSparseDriver() #om.ScipyOptimizeDriver() #
prob.driver.options['optimizer'] = 'SNOPT' #'SLSQP' #'CONMIN'
# --- Objective ---
prob.model.add_objective('tower_mass', scaler=1e-6)
# ----------------------
# --- Design Variables ---
if floating_tower:
prob.model.add_design_var('tower_outer_diameter', lower=3.87, upper=10.0, indices=[m for m in range(itow)])
prob.model.add_design_var('tower_wall_thickness', lower=4e-3, upper=2e-1, indices=[m for m in range(itow)])
else:
prob.model.add_design_var('tower_outer_diameter', lower=3.87, upper=10.0, indices=[m for m in range(nPoints-1)])
prob.model.add_design_var('tower_wall_thickness', lower=4e-3, upper=2e-1)
#prob.model.add_design_var('suctionpile_depth', lower=10., upper=70.)
# ----------------------
# --- Constraints ---
#prob.model.add_constraint('height_constraint', lower=-1e-2,upper=1.e-2)
prob.model.add_constraint('post.stress', upper=1.0)
prob.model.add_constraint('post.global_buckling', upper=1.0)
prob.model.add_constraint('post.shell_buckling', upper=1.0)
prob.model.add_constraint('weldability', upper=0.0)
prob.model.add_constraint('manufacturability', lower=0.0)
prob.model.add_constraint('slope', upper=1.0)
prob.model.add_constraint('tower.f1', lower=0.13, upper=0.24)
# ----------------------
prob.setup()
# Set common and then customized parameters
prob = set_common_params(prob)
prob['foundation_height'] = -30.0
prob['tower_section_height'] = h_param
prob['tower_outer_diameter'] = d_param
prob['tower_wall_thickness'] = t_param
prob['tower_outfitting_factor'] = 1.07
prob['suctionpile_depth'] = 45.0
prob['transition_piece_mass'] = 100e3
prob['transition_piece_height'] = 15.0
prob['soil_G'] = 140e6
prob['soil_nu'] = 0.4
prob['air_viscosity'] = 1.7934e-5
prob['water_density'] = 1025.0
prob['water_viscosity'] = 1.3351e-3
prob['significant_wave_height'] = 4.52
prob['significant_wave_period'] = 9.52
# --- safety factors ---
prob['gamma_f'] = 1.35
prob['gamma_m'] = 1.3
prob['gamma_n'] = 1.0
prob['gamma_b'] = 1.1
prob['gamma_fatigue'] = 1.35*1.3*1.0
# --- constraints ---
prob['min_d_to_t'] = 120.0
prob['max_taper'] = 0.2
# Keep tower suitable for floating as static design
if floating_tower:
prob0 = design_floating_tower()
prob['tower_outer_diameter'][itow:] = prob0['tower_outer_diameter']
prob['tower_wall_thickness'][itow:] = prob0['tower_wall_thickness']
else:
# Make the optimizer work a little less hard by using a better starting point
prob['tower_outer_diameter'] = np.array([10., 10., 10., 10., 10., 10., 10., 10., 10., 10., 10., 9.92647687, 9.44319282, 8.83283769, 8.15148167, 7.38976138, 6.90908962, 6.74803581, 6.57231775, 6.5])
prob['tower_wall_thickness'] = np.array([0.05534138, 0.05344902, 0.05150928, 0.04952705, 0.04751736, 0.04551709, 0.0435267, 0.04224176, 0.04105759, 0.0394965, 0.03645589, 0.03377851, 0.03219233, 0.03070819, 0.02910109, 0.02721289, 0.02400931, 0.0208264, 0.02399756])
# Run optimization
if optFlag:
prob.model.approx_totals()
prob.run_driver()
else:
prob.run_model()
print('-----MONOPILE TOWER RESULTS---------')
# CSV output
htow = np.cumsum(np.r_[0.0, prob['suctionpile_depth'], prob['tower_section_height']]) + (prob['foundation_height']-prob['suctionpile_depth'])
towdata = np.c_[htow,
np.r_[prob['tower_outer_diameter'][0], prob['tower_outer_diameter']],
np.r_[prob['tower_wall_thickness'][0], prob['tower_wall_thickness'][0], prob['tower_wall_thickness']]]
rowadd = []
for k in range(towdata.shape[0]):
if k==0: continue
if k+1 < towdata.shape[0]:
rowadd.append([towdata[k,0]+1e-3, towdata[k,1], towdata[k+1,2]])
towdata = np.vstack((towdata, rowadd))
towdata[:,-1] *= 1e3
towdata = np.round( towdata[towdata[:,0].argsort(),], 3)
colstr = ['Height [m]','OD [m]', 'Thickness [mm]']
towDF = pd.DataFrame(data=towdata, columns=colstr)
mycomments = ['']*towdata.shape[0]
mycomments[0] = 'Monopile start'
mycomments[np.where(towdata[:,0] == prob['foundation_height'])[0][0]] = 'Mud line'
mycomments[np.where(towdata[:,0] == 0.0)[0][0]] = 'Water line'
mycomments[np.where(towdata[:,0] == prob['transition_piece_height'])[0][0]] = 'Tower start'
mycomments[-1] = 'Tower top'
towDF['Location'] = mycomments
towDF = towDF[['Location']+colstr]
postprocess(prob, towDF)
return prob
def design_floating_tower(optFlag=False, ):
# Optimize a fixed bottom tower with the frequency range such that when placed on a floating platform, the frequencies shift to not align with 1P/3P bounds
# Set common and then customized parameters
nPoints = len(d_param[itow:])
nFull = 5*(nPoints-1) + 1
prob = om.Problem()
prob.model = TowerSE(nLC=1, nPoints=nPoints, nFull=nFull, wind='PowerWind', topLevelFlag=True, monopile=False)
prob.driver = om.pyOptSparseDriver() #om.ScipyOptimizeDriver() #
prob.driver.options['optimizer'] = 'SNOPT' #'SLSQP' #'CONMIN'
# --- Objective ---
prob.model.add_objective('tower_mass', scaler=1e-6)
# ----------------------
# --- Design Variables ---
prob.model.add_design_var('tower_outer_diameter', lower=3.87, upper=10.0, indices=[m for m in range(nPoints-1)])
prob.model.add_design_var('tower_wall_thickness', lower=4e-3, upper=2e-1)
# ----------------------
# --- Constraints ---
#prob.model.add_constraint('height_constraint', lower=-1e-2,upper=1.e-2)
prob.model.add_constraint('post.stress', upper=1.0)
prob.model.add_constraint('post.global_buckling', upper=1.0)
prob.model.add_constraint('post.shell_buckling', upper=1.0)
prob.model.add_constraint('weldability', upper=0.0)
prob.model.add_constraint('manufacturability', lower=0.0)
prob.model.add_constraint('slope', upper=1.0)
prob.model.add_constraint('tower.f1', lower=0.4)#lower=0.09, upper=0.15)
# ----------------------
prob.setup()
prob = set_common_params(prob)
prob['foundation_height'] = 0.0
prob['tower_section_height'] = h_param[itow:]
prob['tower_outer_diameter'] = np.array([10., 9.964, 9.967, 9.927, 9.528, 9.149, 8.945, 8.735, 8.405, 7.321, 6.5]) #d_param[itow:]
prob['tower_wall_thickness'] = np.array([0.082954, 0.083073, 0.082799, 0.0299, 0.027842, 0.025567, 0.022854, 0.02025, 0.018339, 0.021211]) #t_param[itow:]
prob['tower_outfitting_factor'] = 1.0
prob['suctionpile_depth'] = 0.0
prob['transition_piece_mass'] = 1e-3
prob['transition_piece_height'] = 0.0
prob['soil_G'] = 1e30
prob['soil_nu'] = 0.0
# Floating will have higher loading
coeff = 1.25
prob['pre.rna_F'][:2] *= coeff
prob['pre.rna_M'] *= coeff
# --- safety factors ---
prob['gamma_f'] = 1.2*1.35
prob['gamma_m'] = 1.3
prob['gamma_n'] = 1.0
prob['gamma_b'] = 1.1
prob['gamma_fatigue'] = 1.35*1.3*1.0
# --- constraints ---
prob['min_d_to_t'] = 100.0
prob['max_taper'] = 0.2
# Run optimization
if optFlag:
prob.model.approx_totals()
prob.run_driver()
else:
prob.run_model()
print('-----FLOATING TOWER RESULTS---------')
# CSV output
transition_piece_height = 15.0
htow = np.cumsum(np.r_[0.0, prob['tower_section_height']]) + transition_piece_height
towdata = np.c_[htow,
prob['tower_outer_diameter'],
np.r_[prob['tower_wall_thickness'][0], prob['tower_wall_thickness']]]
rowadd = []
for k in range(towdata.shape[0]):
if k==0: continue
if k+1 < towdata.shape[0]:
rowadd.append([towdata[k,0]+1e-3, towdata[k,1], towdata[k+1,2]])
towdata = np.vstack((towdata, rowadd))
towdata[:,-1] *= 1e3
towdata = np.round( towdata[towdata[:,0].argsort(),], 3)
colstr = ['Height [m]','OD [m]', 'Thickness [mm]']
towDF = pd.DataFrame(data=towdata, columns=colstr)
postprocess(prob, towDF, spre='floating_tower')
return prob
def setup(self):
RefBlade = self.options['RefBlade']
Nsection_Tow = self.options['Nsection_Tow']
user_update_routine = self.options['user_update_routine']
if 'Analysis_Level' in self.options['FASTpref']:
Analysis_Level = self.options['FASTpref']['Analysis_Level']
else:
Analysis_Level = 0
# Define all input variables from all models
myIndeps = IndepVarComp()
myIndeps.add_discrete_output('crane', False)
# Turbine Costs
myIndeps.add_discrete_output('bearing_number', 0)
# Tower and Frame3DD options
myIndeps.add_output('project_lifetime', 0.0, units='yr')
myIndeps.add_output('max_taper_ratio', 0.0)
myIndeps.add_output('min_diameter_thickness_ratio', 0.0)
# Environment
myIndeps.add_output('wind_bottom_height', 0.0, units='m')
myIndeps.add_output('wind_beta', 0.0, units='deg')
myIndeps.add_output('cd_usr', -1.)
# Environment Offshore
myIndeps.add_output('offshore', True)
myIndeps.add_output('water_depth', 0.0)
myIndeps.add_output('wave_height', 0.0)
myIndeps.add_output('wave_period', 0.0)
myIndeps.add_output('mean_current_speed', 0.0)
# Design standards
myIndeps.add_output('gamma_b', 0.0)
myIndeps.add_output('gamma_n', 0.0)
# RNA
myIndeps.add_discrete_output('rna_weightM', True)
# Column
myIndeps.add_output('morison_mass_coefficient', 2.0)
myIndeps.add_output('material_density', 0.0, units='kg/m**3')
myIndeps.add_output('E', 0.0, units='N/m**2')
myIndeps.add_output('yield_stress', 0.0, units='N/m**2')
# Pontoons
myIndeps.add_output('G', 0.0, units='N/m**2')
# LCOE
myIndeps.add_output('labor_cost_rate', 0.0, units='USD/min')
myIndeps.add_output('material_cost_rate', 0.0, units='USD/kg')
myIndeps.add_output('painting_cost_rate', 0.0, units='USD/m**2')
myIndeps.add_discrete_output('number_of_turbines', 0)
myIndeps.add_output(
'annual_opex', 0.0,
units='USD/kW/yr') # TODO: Replace with output connection
myIndeps.add_output(
'bos_costs', 0.0,
units='USD/kW') # TODO: Replace with output connection
myIndeps.add_output('fixed_charge_rate', 0.0)
myIndeps.add_output('wake_loss_factor', 0.0)
self.add_subsystem('myIndeps', myIndeps, promotes=['*'])
# Add components
self.add_subsystem('rotorse',
RotorSE(RefBlade=RefBlade,
npts_coarse_power_curve=20,
npts_spline_power_curve=200,
regulation_reg_II5=True,
regulation_reg_III=True,
Analysis_Level=Analysis_Level,
FASTpref=self.options['FASTpref'],
topLevelFlag=True,
user_update_routine=user_update_routine),
promotes=['*'])
self.add_subsystem('drive',
DriveSE(debug=False,
number_of_main_bearings=1,
topLevelFlag=False),
promotes=[
'machine_rating', 'overhang', 'hub_mass',
'bedplate_mass', 'gearbox_mass',
'generator_mass', 'hss_mass', 'hvac_mass',
'lss_mass', 'cover_mass', 'pitch_system_mass',
'platforms_mass', 'spinner_mass',
'transformer_mass', 'vs_electronics_mass',
'yaw_mass'
])
# Tower and substructure
self.add_subsystem(
'tow',
TowerSE(nLC=1,
nPoints=Nsection_Tow + 1,
nFull=5 * Nsection_Tow + 1,
wind='PowerWind',
topLevelFlag=False,
monopile=True),
promotes=[
'water_density', 'water_viscosity', 'wave_beta',
'significant_wave_height', 'significant_wave_period',
'material_density', 'E', 'G', 'tower_section_height',
'tower_wall_thickness', 'tower_outer_diameter',
'tower_outfitting_factor', 'tower_buckling_length',
'transition_piece_mass', 'transition_piece_height',
'max_taper', 'min_d_to_t', 'rna_mass', 'rna_cg', 'rna_I',
'tower_add_gravity', 'tower_mass', 'tower_I_base',
'hub_height', 'foundation_height', 'monopile', 'soil_G',
'soil_nu', 'suctionpile_depth', 'gamma_f', 'gamma_m',
'gamma_b', 'gamma_n', 'gamma_fatigue', 'labor_cost_rate',
'material_cost_rate', 'painting_cost_rate', 'z_full', 'd_full',
't_full', 'DC', 'shear', 'geom', 'tower_force_discretization',
'nM', 'Mmethod', 'lump', 'tol', 'shift'
])
# Turbine constraints
self.add_subsystem('tcons',
TurbineConstraints(nFull=5 * Nsection_Tow + 1),
promotes=['*'])
# Turbine costs
self.add_subsystem('tcost',
Turbine_CostsSE_2015(
verbosity=self.options['VerbosityCosts'],
topLevelFlag=False),
promotes=['*'])
# LCOE Calculation
self.add_subsystem(
'plantfinancese',
PlantFinance(verbosity=self.options['VerbosityCosts']),
promotes=['machine_rating', 'lcoe'])
# Set up connections
# Connections to DriveSE
self.connect('diameter', 'drive.rotor_diameter')
self.connect('rated_Q', 'drive.rotor_torque')
self.connect('rated_Omega', 'drive.rotor_rpm')
self.connect('Fxyz_total', 'drive.Fxyz')
self.connect('Mxyz_total', 'drive.Mxyz')
self.connect('I_all_blades', 'drive.blades_I')
self.connect('mass_one_blade', 'drive.blade_mass')
self.connect('chord', 'drive.blade_root_diameter', src_indices=[0])
self.connect('Rtip', 'drive.blade_length', src_indices=[0])
self.connect('drivetrainEff',
'drive.drivetrain_efficiency',
src_indices=[0])
self.connect('tower_outer_diameter',
'drive.tower_top_diameter',
src_indices=[-1])
self.connect('material_density', 'tow.tower.rho')
# Connections to TowerSE
self.connect('drive.top_F', 'tow.pre.rna_F')
self.connect('drive.top_M', 'tow.pre.rna_M')
self.connect('drive.rna_I_TT', ['rna_I', 'tow.pre.mI'])
self.connect('drive.rna_cm', ['rna_cg', 'tow.pre.mrho'])
self.connect('drive.rna_mass', ['rna_mass', 'tow.pre.mass'])
self.connect('rs.gust.V_gust', 'tow.wind.Uref')
self.connect('wind_reference_height', ['tow.wind.zref', 'wind.zref'])
# self.connect('wind_bottom_height', ['tow.wind.z0','tow.wave.z_surface', 'wind.z0']) # offshore
self.connect('wind_bottom_height', ['tow.wind.z0', 'wind.z0'])
self.connect('shearExp', ['tow.wind.shearExp'])
# self.connect('morison_mass_coefficient','tow.cm') # offshore
self.connect('yield_stress', 'tow.sigma_y')
self.connect('max_taper_ratio', 'max_taper')
self.connect('min_diameter_thickness_ratio', 'min_d_to_t')
self.connect('rho', 'tow.windLoads.rho')
self.connect('mu', 'tow.windLoads.mu')
self.connect('wind_beta', 'tow.windLoads.beta')
# Connections to TurbineConstraints
self.connect('nBlades', ['blade_number', 'drive.number_of_blades'])
self.connect('control_maxOmega', 'rotor_omega')
self.connect('tow.post.structural_frequencies', 'tower_freq')
# Connections to TurbineCostSE
self.connect('mass_one_blade', 'blade_mass')
self.connect('drive.mainBearing.mb_mass', 'main_bearing_mass')
self.connect('total_blade_cost', 'blade_cost_external')
# Connections to PlantFinanceSE
self.connect('AEP', 'plantfinancese.turbine_aep')
self.connect('turbine_cost_kW', 'plantfinancese.tcc_per_kW')
self.connect('number_of_turbines', 'plantfinancese.turbine_number')
self.connect('bos_costs', 'plantfinancese.bos_per_kW')
self.connect('annual_opex', 'plantfinancese.opex_per_kW')
8.56494627, 8.18565418, 8.06162831, 7.92478627, 7.82113907, 7.33825148,
6.49121862
])
t_new = np.array([
0.06151846, 0.05619698, 0.05042458, 0.0444563, 0.04175584, 0.03929218,
0.03697146, 0.03528252, 0.03354286, 0.03162747, 0.02898613, 0.02551408,
0.02239292, 0.02025522, 0.02377017
])
nPoints = len(d_param)
nFull = 5 * (nPoints - 1) + 1
prob = om.Problem()
prob.model = TowerSE(nLC=1,
nPoints=nPoints,
nFull=nFull,
wind='PowerWind',
topLevelFlag=True,
monopile=True)
prob.driver = om.pyOptSparseDriver() #om.ScipyOptimizeDriver() # #
prob.driver.options['optimizer'] = 'SNOPT' #'SLSQP' #'CONMIN'
# --- Objective ---
prob.model.add_objective('tower_mass', scaler=1e-6)
# ----------------------
# --- Design Variables ---
prob.model.add_design_var('tower_outer_diameter', lower=3.87, upper=10.0)
prob.model.add_design_var('tower_wall_thickness', lower=4e-3, upper=2e-1)
# ----------------------
# --- Constraints ---
# --- constraints ---
min_d_to_t = 120.0
max_taper = 0.2
# ---------------
# # V_max = 80.0 # tip speed
# # D = 126.0
# # .freq1p = V_max / (D/2) / (2*pi) # convert to Hz
nPoints = len(d_param)
nFull = 5*(nPoints-1) + 1
wind = 'PowerWind'
nLC = 1
prob = om.Problem()
prob.model = TowerSE(nLC=nLC, nPoints=nPoints, nFull=nFull, wind=wind, topLevelFlag=True, monopile=monopile)
prob.driver = om.pyOptSparseDriver() #om.ScipyOptimizeDriver() # #
prob.driver.options['optimizer'] = 'SNOPT' #'SLSQP' #'CONMIN'
# --- Objective ---
prob.model.add_objective('tower_mass', scaler=1e-6)
# ----------------------
# --- Design Variables ---
prob.model.add_design_var('tower_outer_diameter', lower=3.87, upper=10.0)
prob.model.add_design_var('tower_wall_thickness', lower=4e-3, upper=2e-1)
# ----------------------
# --- Constraints ---
prob.model.add_constraint('height_constraint', lower=-1e-2,upper=1.e-2)
prob.model.add_constraint('post.stress', upper=1.0)