def p_equality_notglob(self, l, r): return ast.op(ast.OP_NOTGLOB, l, r) def p_equality_glob_esc(self, l, r, e):
def p_multiplicative_mul(self, l, r): return ast.op(ast.OP_MUL, l, r)
def p_unary_bitwise_not(self, u): return ast.op(ast.OP_BITNOT, u)
def p_ordering_leq(self, l, r): return ast.op(ast.OP_LEQ, l, r)
def p_bitwise_ior(self, l, r): return ast.op(ast.OP_BITIOR, l, r)
def p_equality_notmatch(self, l, r): return ast.op(ast.OP_NOTMATCH, l, r)
def p_equality_isnull(self, e): return ast.op(ast.OP_ISNULL, e)
def p_equality_between(self, m, l, r): return ast.op(ast.OP_BETWEEN, m, l, r)
def p_equality_notbetween(self, m, l, r): return ast.op(ast.OP_NOTBETWEEN, m,l,r)
def p_equality_notmatch_esc(self, l, r, e): return ast.op(ast.OP_NOTMATCH_ESC, l, r, e)
def p_equality_notregexp_esc(self, l, r, e): return ast.op(ast.OP_NOTREGEXP_ESC, l, r, e)
def p_equality_notregexp(self, l, r): return ast.op(ast.OP_NOTREGEXP, l, r)
def p_equality_notglob_esc(self, l, r, e): return ast.op(ast.OP_NOTGLOB_ESC, l, r, e)
def p_equality_regexp(self, l, r): return ast.op(ast.OP_REGEXP, l, r)
def p_equality_isnull(self, e): return ast.op(ast.OP_ISNULL, e) def p_equality_notnull(self, e): return ast.op(ast.OP_NOTNULL, e)
def p_equality_notnull(self, e): return ast.op(ast.OP_NOTNULL, e) def p_equality_neq(self, l, r): return ast.op(ast.OP_NEQ, l, r)
def p_equality_neq(self, l, r): return ast.op(ast.OP_NEQ, l, r) def p_equality_eq(self, l, r): return ast.op(ast.OP_EQ, l, r)
def p_equality_eq(self, l, r): return ast.op(ast.OP_EQ, l, r)
def p_equality_eq(self, l, r): return ast.op(ast.OP_EQ, l, r) def p_equality_ordering(self, o): return o
def p_ordering_gt(self, l, r): return ast.op(ast.OP_GT, l, r)
def p_ordering_lt(self, l, r): return ast.op(ast.OP_LT, l, r) def p_ordering_leq(self, l, r): return ast.op(ast.OP_LEQ, l, r)
def p_additive_add(self, l, r): return ast.op(ast.OP_ADD, l, r)
def p_ordering_geq(self, l, r): return ast.op(ast.OP_GEQ, l, r) def p_ordering_gt(self, l, r): return ast.op(ast.OP_GT, l, r)
def p_multiplicative_rem(self, l, r): return ast.op(ast.OP_REM, l, r)
def p_ordering_gt(self, l, r): return ast.op(ast.OP_GT, l, r) def p_ordering_bitwise(self, b): return b
def p_unary_plus(self, u): return ast.op(ast.OP_PLUSID, u)
def p_bitwise_and(self, l, r): return ast.op(ast.OP_BITAND, l, r) def p_bitwise_ior(self, l, r): return ast.op(ast.OP_BITIOR, l, r)
def p_bitwise_ior(self, l, r): return ast.op(ast.OP_BITIOR, l, r) def p_bitwise_lshift(self, l, r): return ast.op(ast.OP_LSHIFT, l, r)
def p_bitwise_lshift(self, l, r): return ast.op(ast.OP_LSHIFT, l, r) def p_bitwise_rshift(self, l, r): return ast.op(ast.OP_RSHIFT, l, r)
def p_equality_match(self, l, r): return ast.op(ast.OP_MATCH, l, r)
def p_bitwise_rshift(self, l, r): return ast.op(ast.OP_RSHIFT, l, r) def p_bitwise_additive(self, a): return a
def p_additive_add(self, l, r): return ast.op(ast.OP_ADD, l, r) def p_additive_sub(self, l, r): return ast.op(ast.OP_SUB, l, r)
def p_equality_notbetween(self, m, l, r): return ast.op(ast.OP_NOTBETWEEN, m, l, r)
def p_additive_sub(self, l, r): return ast.op(ast.OP_SUB, l, r) def p_additive_mult(self, m): return m
def p_equality_notnull(self, e): return ast.op(ast.OP_NOTNULL, e)
def p_ordering_lt(self, l, r): return ast.op(ast.OP_LT, l, r)
def p_multiplicative_div(self, l, r): return ast.op(ast.OP_DIV, l, r)
def p_ordering_geq(self, l, r): return ast.op(ast.OP_GEQ, l, r)
def p_bitwise_and(self, l, r): return ast.op(ast.OP_BITAND, l, r)
def p_concatenative_concat(self, l, r): return ast.op(ast.OP_CONCAT, l, r)
def p_bitwise_rshift(self, l, r): return ast.op(ast.OP_RSHIFT, l, r)
def p_unary_bitwise_not(self, u): return ast.op(ast.OP_BITNOT, u) def p_unary_minus(self, u): return ast.op(ast.OP_NEGATE, u)
def p_additive_sub(self, l, r): return ast.op(ast.OP_SUB, l, r)
def p_unary_minus(self, u): return ast.op(ast.OP_NEGATE, u) def p_unary_plus(self, u): return ast.op(ast.OP_PLUSID, u)
def p_unary_plus(self, u): return ast.op(ast.OP_PLUSID, u) def p_unary_bql(self, b): return b
def test_select_bql(): assert parse_bql_string('select predictive probability of c from t;') == \ [ast.Select(ast.SELQUANT_ALL, [ast.SelColExp(ast.ExpBQLPredProb('c'), None)], [ast.SelTab('t', None)], None, None, None, None)] assert parse_bql_string('select predictive probability of c, * from t;') \ == \ [ast.Select(ast.SELQUANT_ALL, [ ast.SelColExp(ast.ExpBQLPredProb('c'), None), ast.SelColAll(None), ], [ast.SelTab('t', None)], None, None, None, None)] assert parse_bql_string('select c, predictive probability of d from t;') \ == \ [ast.Select(ast.SELQUANT_ALL, [ ast.SelColExp(ast.ExpCol(None, 'c'), None), ast.SelColExp(ast.ExpBQLPredProb('d'), None), ], [ast.SelTab('t', None)], None, None, None, None)] assert parse_bql_string('select predictive probability of c, d from t;') \ == \ [ast.Select(ast.SELQUANT_ALL, [ ast.SelColExp(ast.ExpBQLPredProb('c'), None), ast.SelColExp(ast.ExpCol(None, 'd'), None), ], [ast.SelTab('t', None)], None, None, None, None)] assert parse_bql_string('select probability of c = 42 from t;') == \ [ast.Select(ast.SELQUANT_ALL, [ast.SelColExp(ast.ExpBQLProb([('c', ast.ExpLit(ast.LitInt(42)))], []), None)], [ast.SelTab('t', None)], None, None, None, None)] assert parse_bql_string('select similarity from t;') == \ [ast.Select(ast.SELQUANT_ALL, [ast.SelColExp(ast.ExpBQLSim(None, [ast.ColListAll()]), None)], [ast.SelTab('t', None)], None, None, None, None)] assert parse_bql_string('select similarity to (rowid=8) from t;') == \ [ast.Select(ast.SELQUANT_ALL, [ast.SelColExp( ast.ExpBQLSim( ast.ExpOp(ast.OP_EQ, ( ast.ExpCol(None, 'rowid'), ast.ExpLit(ast.LitInt(8)) )), [ast.ColListAll()]), None)], [ast.SelTab('t', None)], None, None, None, None)] assert parse_bql_string('select similarity with respect to c from t;') == \ [ast.Select(ast.SELQUANT_ALL, [ast.SelColExp(ast.ExpBQLSim(None, [ast.ColListLit(['c'])]), None)], [ast.SelTab('t', None)], None, None, None, None)] assert parse_bql_string( 'select similarity to (rowid=8) with respect to c from t;') == \ [ast.Select(ast.SELQUANT_ALL, [ast.SelColExp( ast.ExpBQLSim( ast.ExpOp(ast.OP_EQ, ( ast.ExpCol(None, 'rowid'), ast.ExpLit(ast.LitInt(8)), )), [ast.ColListLit(['c'])]), None)], [ast.SelTab('t', None)], None, None, None, None)] assert parse_bql_string( 'select similarity to (rowid=5) with respect to age from t1;') == \ [ast.Select(ast.SELQUANT_ALL, [ast.SelColExp( ast.ExpBQLSim( ast.ExpOp(ast.OP_EQ, ( ast.ExpCol(None, 'rowid'), ast.ExpLit(ast.LitInt(5)), )), [ast.ColListLit(['age'])]), None)], [ast.SelTab('t1', None)], None, None, None, None)] assert parse_bql_string( 'select similarity to (rowid=8) with respect to c, d from t;') == \ [ast.Select(ast.SELQUANT_ALL, [ ast.SelColExp( ast.ExpBQLSim( ast.ExpOp(ast.OP_EQ, ( ast.ExpCol(None, 'rowid'), ast.ExpLit(ast.LitInt(8)), )), [ast.ColListLit(['c'])]), None), ast.SelColExp(ast.ExpCol(None, 'd'), None), ], [ast.SelTab('t', None)], None, None, None, None)] assert parse_bql_string('select similarity to (rowid=8)' ' with respect to (c, d) from t;') == \ [ast.Select(ast.SELQUANT_ALL, [ast.SelColExp( ast.ExpBQLSim( ast.ExpOp(ast.OP_EQ, ( ast.ExpCol(None, 'rowid'), ast.ExpLit(ast.LitInt(8)), )), [ast.ColListLit(['c']), ast.ColListLit(['d'])]), None)], [ast.SelTab('t', None)], None, None, None, None)] assert parse_bql_string('select similarity to (rowid=8) with respect to' + ' (estimate * from columns of t order by ' + ' probability of value 4 limit 1)' + ' from t;') == \ [ast.Select(ast.SELQUANT_ALL, [ast.SelColExp( ast.ExpBQLSim( ast.ExpOp(ast.OP_EQ, ( ast.ExpCol(None, 'rowid'), ast.ExpLit(ast.LitInt(8)), )), [ast.ColListSub( ast.EstCols([ast.SelColAll(None)], 't', ast.ExpLit(ast.LitNull(None)), None, [ast.Ord(ast.ExpBQLProbFn( ast.ExpLit(ast.LitInt(4)), []), ast.ORD_ASC)], ast.Lim(ast.ExpLit(ast.LitInt(1)), None)) )]), None)], [ast.SelTab('t', None)], None, None, None, None)] assert parse_bql_string('select dependence probability with c from t;') ==\ [ast.Select(ast.SELQUANT_ALL, [ast.SelColExp(ast.ExpBQLDepProb('c', None), None)], [ast.SelTab('t', None)], None, None, None, None)] assert parse_bql_string( 'select dependence probability of c with d from t;') == \ [ast.Select(ast.SELQUANT_ALL, [ast.SelColExp(ast.ExpBQLDepProb('c', 'd'), None)], [ast.SelTab('t', None)], None, None, None, None)] assert parse_bql_string('select mutual information with c from t;') == \ [ast.Select(ast.SELQUANT_ALL, [ast.SelColExp(ast.ExpBQLMutInf('c', None, None), None)], [ast.SelTab('t', None)], None, None, None, None)] assert parse_bql_string( 'select mutual information of c with d from t;') == \ [ast.Select(ast.SELQUANT_ALL, [ast.SelColExp(ast.ExpBQLMutInf('c', 'd', None), None)], [ast.SelTab('t', None)], None, None, None, None)] assert parse_bql_string('select mutual information of c with d' + ' using (1+2) samples from t;') == \ [ast.Select(ast.SELQUANT_ALL, [ast.SelColExp(ast.ExpBQLMutInf('c', 'd', ast.op(ast.OP_ADD, ast.ExpLit(ast.LitInt(1)), ast.ExpLit(ast.LitInt(2)))), None)], [ast.SelTab('t', None)], None, None, None, None)] assert parse_bql_string('select correlation with c from t;') == \ [ast.Select(ast.SELQUANT_ALL, [ast.SelColExp(ast.ExpBQLCorrel('c', None), None)], [ast.SelTab('t', None)], None, None, None, None)] assert parse_bql_string('select correlation of c with d from t;') == \ [ast.Select(ast.SELQUANT_ALL, [ast.SelColExp(ast.ExpBQLCorrel('c', 'd'), None)], [ast.SelTab('t', None)], None, None, None, None)] # XXX This got broken a while ago: parenthesization in PROBABILITY # OF X = E is too permissive. I didn't notice because before I # introduced BQLParseError, this simply caught Exception -- which # covered the AssertionError that this turned into. # # with pytest.raises(parse.BQLParseError): # parse_bql_string('select probability of x = 1 -' + # ' probability of y = 0 from t;') # # XXX Should really be this test, but getting the grammar to # # admit this unambiguously is too much of a pain at the # # moment. # assert parse_bql_string('select probability of x = 1 -' + # ' probability of y = 0 from t;') == \ # [ast.Select(ast.SELQUANT_ALL, # [ast.SelColExp(ast.ExpBQLProb([('x', # ast.ExpOp(ast.OP_SUB, ( # ast.ExpLit(ast.LitInt(1)), # ast.ExpBQLProb([('y', # ast.ExpLit(ast.LitInt(0)))], # []), # )))], # []), # None)], # [ast.SelTab('t', None)], None, None, None, None)] assert parse_bql_string('select probability of c1 = f(c2) from t;') == \ [ast.Select(ast.SELQUANT_ALL, [ast.SelColExp(ast.ExpBQLProb([('c1', ast.ExpApp(False, 'f', [ast.ExpCol(None, 'c2')]))], []), None)], [ast.SelTab('t', None)], None, None, None, None)] assert parse_bql_string('select key, t.(estimate * from columns of t' ' order by dependence probability with c desc limit 4)' ' from t order by key asc') == \ [ast.Select(ast.SELQUANT_ALL, [ ast.SelColExp(ast.ExpCol(None, 'key'), None), ast.SelColSub('t', ast.EstCols([ast.SelColAll(None)], 't', ast.ExpLit(ast.LitNull(None)), None, [ast.Ord(ast.ExpBQLDepProb('c', None), ast.ORD_DESC)], ast.Lim(ast.ExpLit(ast.LitInt(4)), None))) ], [ast.SelTab('t', None)], None, None, [ast.Ord(ast.ExpCol(None, 'key'), ast.ORD_ASC)], None)]
def p_unary_minus(self, u): return ast.op(ast.OP_NEGATE, u)
def p_equality_notglob(self, l, r): return ast.op(ast.OP_NOTGLOB, l, r)
def test_select_bql(): assert parse_bql_string('select predictive probability of c from t;') == \ [ast.Select(ast.SELQUANT_ALL, [ast.SelColExp(ast.ExpBQLPredProb('c'), None)], [ast.SelTab('t', None)], None, None, None, None)] assert parse_bql_string('select predictive probability of c, * from t;') \ == \ [ast.Select(ast.SELQUANT_ALL, [ ast.SelColExp(ast.ExpBQLPredProb('c'), None), ast.SelColAll(None), ], [ast.SelTab('t', None)], None, None, None, None)] assert parse_bql_string('select c, predictive probability of d from t;') \ == \ [ast.Select(ast.SELQUANT_ALL, [ ast.SelColExp(ast.ExpCol(None, 'c'), None), ast.SelColExp(ast.ExpBQLPredProb('d'), None), ], [ast.SelTab('t', None)], None, None, None, None)] assert parse_bql_string('select predictive probability of c, d from t;') \ == \ [ast.Select(ast.SELQUANT_ALL, [ ast.SelColExp(ast.ExpBQLPredProb('c'), None), ast.SelColExp(ast.ExpCol(None, 'd'), None), ], [ast.SelTab('t', None)], None, None, None, None)] assert parse_bql_string('select probability of c = 42 from t;') == \ [ast.Select(ast.SELQUANT_ALL, [ast.SelColExp(ast.ExpBQLProb([('c', ast.ExpLit(ast.LitInt(42)))], []), None)], [ast.SelTab('t', None)], None, None, None, None)] assert parse_bql_string('select similarity from t;') == \ [ast.Select(ast.SELQUANT_ALL, [ast.SelColExp(ast.ExpBQLSim(None, [ast.ColListAll()]), None)], [ast.SelTab('t', None)], None, None, None, None)] assert parse_bql_string('select similarity to (rowid=8) from t;') == \ [ast.Select(ast.SELQUANT_ALL, [ast.SelColExp( ast.ExpBQLSim( ast.ExpOp(ast.OP_EQ, ( ast.ExpCol(None, 'rowid'), ast.ExpLit(ast.LitInt(8)) )), [ast.ColListAll()]), None)], [ast.SelTab('t', None)], None, None, None, None)] assert parse_bql_string('select similarity with respect to c from t;') == \ [ast.Select(ast.SELQUANT_ALL, [ast.SelColExp(ast.ExpBQLSim(None, [ast.ColListLit(['c'])]), None)], [ast.SelTab('t', None)], None, None, None, None)] assert parse_bql_string( 'select similarity to (rowid=8) with respect to c from t;') == \ [ast.Select(ast.SELQUANT_ALL, [ast.SelColExp( ast.ExpBQLSim( ast.ExpOp(ast.OP_EQ, ( ast.ExpCol(None, 'rowid'), ast.ExpLit(ast.LitInt(8)), )), [ast.ColListLit(['c'])]), None)], [ast.SelTab('t', None)], None, None, None, None)] assert parse_bql_string( 'select similarity to (rowid=5) with respect to age from t1;') == \ [ast.Select(ast.SELQUANT_ALL, [ast.SelColExp( ast.ExpBQLSim( ast.ExpOp(ast.OP_EQ, ( ast.ExpCol(None, 'rowid'), ast.ExpLit(ast.LitInt(5)), )), [ast.ColListLit(['age'])]), None)], [ast.SelTab('t1', None)], None, None, None, None)] assert parse_bql_string( 'select similarity to (rowid=8) with respect to c, d from t;') == \ [ast.Select(ast.SELQUANT_ALL, [ ast.SelColExp( ast.ExpBQLSim( ast.ExpOp(ast.OP_EQ, ( ast.ExpCol(None, 'rowid'), ast.ExpLit(ast.LitInt(8)), )), [ast.ColListLit(['c'])]), None), ast.SelColExp(ast.ExpCol(None, 'd'), None), ], [ast.SelTab('t', None)], None, None, None, None)] assert parse_bql_string('select similarity to (rowid=8)' ' with respect to (c, d) from t;') == \ [ast.Select(ast.SELQUANT_ALL, [ast.SelColExp( ast.ExpBQLSim( ast.ExpOp(ast.OP_EQ, ( ast.ExpCol(None, 'rowid'), ast.ExpLit(ast.LitInt(8)), )), [ast.ColListLit(['c']), ast.ColListLit(['d'])]), None)], [ast.SelTab('t', None)], None, None, None, None)] assert parse_bql_string('select similarity to (rowid=8) with respect to' + ' (estimate * from columns of t order by ' + ' probability of value 4 limit 1)' + ' from t;') == \ [ast.Select(ast.SELQUANT_ALL, [ast.SelColExp( ast.ExpBQLSim( ast.ExpOp(ast.OP_EQ, ( ast.ExpCol(None, 'rowid'), ast.ExpLit(ast.LitInt(8)), )), [ast.ColListSub( ast.EstCols([ast.SelColAll(None)], 't', None, None, [ast.Ord(ast.ExpBQLProbFn( ast.ExpLit(ast.LitInt(4)), []), ast.ORD_ASC)], ast.Lim(ast.ExpLit(ast.LitInt(1)), None)) )]), None)], [ast.SelTab('t', None)], None, None, None, None)] assert parse_bql_string('select dependence probability with c from t;') ==\ [ast.Select(ast.SELQUANT_ALL, [ast.SelColExp(ast.ExpBQLDepProb('c', None), None)], [ast.SelTab('t', None)], None, None, None, None)] assert parse_bql_string( 'select dependence probability of c with d from t;') == \ [ast.Select(ast.SELQUANT_ALL, [ast.SelColExp(ast.ExpBQLDepProb('c', 'd'), None)], [ast.SelTab('t', None)], None, None, None, None)] assert parse_bql_string('select mutual information with c from t;') == \ [ast.Select(ast.SELQUANT_ALL, [ast.SelColExp(ast.ExpBQLMutInf('c', None, None, None), None)], [ast.SelTab('t', None)], None, None, None, None)] assert parse_bql_string( 'select mutual information of c with d from t;') == \ [ast.Select(ast.SELQUANT_ALL, [ast.SelColExp(ast.ExpBQLMutInf('c', 'd', None, None), None)], [ast.SelTab('t', None)], None, None, None, None)] assert parse_bql_string('select mutual information of c with d' + ' using (1+2) samples from t;') == \ [ast.Select(ast.SELQUANT_ALL, [ast.SelColExp( ast.ExpBQLMutInf( 'c', 'd', None, ast.op( ast.OP_ADD, ast.ExpLit(ast.LitInt(1)), ast.ExpLit(ast.LitInt(2)))), None)], [ast.SelTab('t', None)], None, None, None, None)] assert parse_bql_string(''' select mutual information with c given (d, a=1) using 10 samples from t; ''') == \ [ast.Select(ast.SELQUANT_ALL, [ast.SelColExp( ast.ExpBQLMutInf( 'c', None, [('d', ast.ExpLit(ast.LitNull(0))), ('a',ast.ExpLit(ast.LitInt(1)))], ast.ExpLit(ast.LitInt(10)) ), None)], [ast.SelTab('t', None)], None, None, None, None)] assert parse_bql_string(''' select mutual information of b with c given (d, a=1, e, r=2) from t;''') == \ [ast.Select(ast.SELQUANT_ALL, [ast.SelColExp( ast.ExpBQLMutInf( 'b', 'c', [ ('d', ast.ExpLit(ast.LitNull(0))), ('a',ast.ExpLit(ast.LitInt(1))), ('e', ast.ExpLit(ast.LitNull(0))), ('r', ast.ExpLit(ast.LitInt(2))), ], None ), None)], [ast.SelTab('t', None)], None, None, None, None)] assert parse_bql_string('select correlation with c from t;') == \ [ast.Select(ast.SELQUANT_ALL, [ast.SelColExp(ast.ExpBQLCorrel('c', None), None)], [ast.SelTab('t', None)], None, None, None, None)] assert parse_bql_string('select correlation of c with d from t;') == \ [ast.Select(ast.SELQUANT_ALL, [ast.SelColExp(ast.ExpBQLCorrel('c', 'd'), None)], [ast.SelTab('t', None)], None, None, None, None)] # XXX This got broken a while ago: parenthesization in PROBABILITY # OF X = E is too permissive. I didn't notice because before I # introduced BQLParseError, this simply caught Exception -- which # covered the AssertionError that this turned into. # # with pytest.raises(parse.BQLParseError): # parse_bql_string('select probability of x = 1 -' + # ' probability of y = 0 from t;') # # XXX Should really be this test, but getting the grammar to # # admit this unambiguously is too much of a pain at the # # moment. # assert parse_bql_string('select probability of x = 1 -' + # ' probability of y = 0 from t;') == \ # [ast.Select(ast.SELQUANT_ALL, # [ast.SelColExp(ast.ExpBQLProb([('x', # ast.ExpOp(ast.OP_SUB, ( # ast.ExpLit(ast.LitInt(1)), # ast.ExpBQLProb([('y', # ast.ExpLit(ast.LitInt(0)))], # []), # )))], # []), # None)], # [ast.SelTab('t', None)], None, None, None, None)] assert parse_bql_string('select probability of c1 = f(c2) from t;') == \ [ast.Select(ast.SELQUANT_ALL, [ast.SelColExp(ast.ExpBQLProb([('c1', ast.ExpApp(False, 'f', [ast.ExpCol(None, 'c2')]))], []), None)], [ast.SelTab('t', None)], None, None, None, None)] assert parse_bql_string('select key, t.(estimate * from columns of t' ' order by dependence probability with c desc limit 4)' ' from t order by key asc') == \ [ast.Select(ast.SELQUANT_ALL, [ ast.SelColExp(ast.ExpCol(None, 'key'), None), ast.SelColSub('t', ast.EstCols([ast.SelColAll(None)], 't', None, None, [ast.Ord(ast.ExpBQLDepProb('c', None), ast.ORD_DESC)], ast.Lim(ast.ExpLit(ast.LitInt(4)), None))) ], [ast.SelTab('t', None)], None, None, [ast.Ord(ast.ExpCol(None, 'key'), ast.ORD_ASC)], None)]
def p_equality_notlike_esc(self, l, r, e): return ast.op(ast.OP_NOTLIKE_ESC, l, r, e)