def test_arrayify(self, cuda=False):
device = torch.device("cuda") if cuda else torch.device("cpu")
for dtype in (torch.float, torch.double, torch.int, torch.long):
t = torch.tensor([[1, 2], [3, 4]], device=device).type(dtype)
t_np = _arrayify(t)
self.assertIsInstance(t_np, np.ndarray)
self.assertTrue(t_np.dtype == np.float64)
def test_arrayify(self, cuda=False):
device = torch.device("cuda") if cuda else torch.device("cpu")
for dtype in (torch.float, torch.double, torch.int, torch.long):
t = torch.tensor([[1, 2], [3, 4]], device=device).type(dtype)
t_np = _arrayify(t)
self.assertIsInstance(t_np, np.ndarray)
self.assertTrue(t_np.dtype == np.float64)
def f_np_wrapper(x: np.ndarray, f: Callable):
"""Given a torch callable, compute value + grad given a numpy array."""
if np.isnan(x).any():
raise RuntimeError(
f"{np.isnan(x).sum()} elements of the {x.size} element array "
f"`x` are NaN."
)
X = (
torch.from_numpy(x)
.to(initial_conditions)
.view(shapeX)
.contiguous()
.requires_grad_(True)
)
X_fix = fix_features(X, fixed_features=fixed_features)
loss = f(X_fix).sum()
# compute gradient w.r.t. the inputs (does not accumulate in leaves)
gradf = _arrayify(torch.autograd.grad(loss, X)[0].contiguous().view(-1))
if np.isnan(gradf).any():
msg = (
f"{np.isnan(gradf).sum()} elements of the {x.size} element "
"gradient array `gradf` are NaN. This often indicates numerical issues."
)
if initial_conditions.dtype != torch.double:
msg += " Consider using `dtype=torch.double`."
raise RuntimeError(msg)
fval = loss.item()
return fval, gradf
def f(x):
X = (torch.from_numpy(x).to(
initial_conditions).contiguous().requires_grad_(True))
X_fix = fix_features(X=X, fixed_features=fixed_features)
loss = -acquisition_function(X_fix[None]).sum()
# compute gradient w.r.t. the inputs (does not accumulate in leaves)
gradf = _arrayify(
torch.autograd.grad(loss, X)[0].contiguous().view(-1))
fval = loss.item()
return fval, gradf
def test_arrayify(self):
for dtype in (torch.float, torch.double, torch.int, torch.long):
t = torch.tensor([[1, 2], [3, 4]], device=self.device).type(dtype)
t_np = _arrayify(t)
self.assertIsInstance(t_np, np.ndarray)
self.assertTrue(t_np.dtype == np.float64)
def __call__(self, x, f):
self.call_count += 1
X = torch.from_numpy(x).view(-1).contiguous().requires_grad_(True)
loss = f(X).sum()
gradf = _arrayify(torch.autograd.grad(loss, X)[0].contiguous().view(-1))
return loss.item(), gradf
def gen_candidates_scipy(
initial_conditions: Tensor,
acquisition_function: AcquisitionFunction,
lower_bounds: Optional[Union[float, Tensor]] = None,
upper_bounds: Optional[Union[float, Tensor]] = None,
inequality_constraints: Optional[List[Tuple[Tensor, Tensor, float]]] = None,
equality_constraints: Optional[List[Tuple[Tensor, Tensor, float]]] = None,
nonlinear_inequality_constraints: Optional[List[Callable]] = None,
options: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
fixed_features: Optional[Dict[int, Optional[float]]] = None,
) -> Tuple[Tensor, Tensor]:
r"""Generate a set of candidates using `scipy.optimize.minimize`.
Optimizes an acquisition function starting from a set of initial candidates
using `scipy.optimize.minimize` via a numpy converter.
Args:
initial_conditions: Starting points for optimization.
acquisition_function: Acquisition function to be used.
lower_bounds: Minimum values for each column of initial_conditions.
upper_bounds: Maximum values for each column of initial_conditions.
inequality constraints: A list of tuples (indices, coefficients, rhs),
with each tuple encoding an inequality constraint of the form
`\sum_i (X[indices[i]] * coefficients[i]) >= rhs`.
equality constraints: A list of tuples (indices, coefficients, rhs),
with each tuple encoding an inequality constraint of the form
`\sum_i (X[indices[i]] * coefficients[i]) = rhs`.
nonlinear_inequality_constraints: A list of callables with that represent
non-linear inequality constraints of the form `callable(x) >= 0`. Each
callable is expected to take a `(num_restarts) x q x d`-dim tensor as
an input and return a `(num_restarts) x q`-dim tensor with the
constraint values. The constraints will later be passed to SLSQP.
options: Options used to control the optimization including "method"
and "maxiter". Select method for `scipy.minimize` using the
"method" key. By default uses L-BFGS-B for box-constrained problems
and SLSQP if inequality or equality constraints are present.
fixed_features: This is a dictionary of feature indices to values, where
all generated candidates will have features fixed to these values.
If the dictionary value is None, then that feature will just be
fixed to the clamped value and not optimized. Assumes values to be
compatible with lower_bounds and upper_bounds!
Returns:
2-element tuple containing
- The set of generated candidates.
- The acquisition value for each t-batch.
Example:
>>> qEI = qExpectedImprovement(model, best_f=0.2)
>>> bounds = torch.tensor([[0., 0.], [1., 2.]])
>>> Xinit = gen_batch_initial_conditions(
>>> qEI, bounds, q=3, num_restarts=25, raw_samples=500
>>> )
>>> batch_candidates, batch_acq_values = gen_candidates_scipy(
initial_conditions=Xinit,
acquisition_function=qEI,
lower_bounds=bounds[0],
upper_bounds=bounds[1],
)
"""
options = options or {}
# if there are fixed features we may optimize over a domain of lower dimension
reduced_domain = False
if fixed_features:
# TODO: We can support fixed features, see Max's comment on D33551393. We can
# consider adding this at a later point.
if nonlinear_inequality_constraints:
raise NotImplementedError(
"Fixed features are not supported when non-linear inequality "
"constraints are given."
)
# if there are no constraints things are straightforward
if not (inequality_constraints or equality_constraints):
reduced_domain = True
# if there are we need to make sure features are fixed to specific values
else:
reduced_domain = None not in fixed_features.values()
if reduced_domain:
_no_fixed_features = _remove_fixed_features_from_optimization(
fixed_features=fixed_features,
acquisition_function=acquisition_function,
initial_conditions=initial_conditions,
lower_bounds=lower_bounds,
upper_bounds=upper_bounds,
inequality_constraints=inequality_constraints,
equality_constraints=equality_constraints,
)
# call the routine with no fixed_features
clamped_candidates, batch_acquisition = gen_candidates_scipy(
initial_conditions=_no_fixed_features.initial_conditions,
acquisition_function=_no_fixed_features.acquisition_function,
lower_bounds=_no_fixed_features.lower_bounds,
upper_bounds=_no_fixed_features.upper_bounds,
inequality_constraints=_no_fixed_features.inequality_constraints,
equality_constraints=_no_fixed_features.equality_constraints,
options=options,
fixed_features=None,
)
clamped_candidates = _no_fixed_features.acquisition_function._construct_X_full(
clamped_candidates
)
return clamped_candidates, batch_acquisition
clamped_candidates = columnwise_clamp(
X=initial_conditions, lower=lower_bounds, upper=upper_bounds
)
shapeX = clamped_candidates.shape
x0 = clamped_candidates.view(-1)
bounds = make_scipy_bounds(
X=initial_conditions, lower_bounds=lower_bounds, upper_bounds=upper_bounds
)
constraints = make_scipy_linear_constraints(
shapeX=clamped_candidates.shape,
inequality_constraints=inequality_constraints,
equality_constraints=equality_constraints,
)
def f_np_wrapper(x: np.ndarray, f: Callable):
"""Given a torch callable, compute value + grad given a numpy array."""
if np.isnan(x).any():
raise RuntimeError(
f"{np.isnan(x).sum()} elements of the {x.size} element array "
f"`x` are NaN."
)
X = (
torch.from_numpy(x)
.to(initial_conditions)
.view(shapeX)
.contiguous()
.requires_grad_(True)
)
X_fix = fix_features(X, fixed_features=fixed_features)
loss = f(X_fix).sum()
# compute gradient w.r.t. the inputs (does not accumulate in leaves)
gradf = _arrayify(torch.autograd.grad(loss, X)[0].contiguous().view(-1))
if np.isnan(gradf).any():
msg = (
f"{np.isnan(gradf).sum()} elements of the {x.size} element "
"gradient array `gradf` are NaN. This often indicates numerical issues."
)
if initial_conditions.dtype != torch.double:
msg += " Consider using `dtype=torch.double`."
raise RuntimeError(msg)
fval = loss.item()
return fval, gradf
if nonlinear_inequality_constraints:
# Make sure `batch_limit` is 1 for now.
if not (len(shapeX) == 3 and shapeX[:2] == torch.Size([1, 1])):
raise ValueError(
"`batch_limit` must be 1 when non-linear inequality constraints "
"are given."
)
constraints += make_scipy_nonlinear_inequality_constraints(
nonlinear_inequality_constraints=nonlinear_inequality_constraints,
f_np_wrapper=f_np_wrapper,
x0=x0,
)
x0 = _arrayify(x0)
def f(x):
return -acquisition_function(x)
res = minimize(
fun=f_np_wrapper,
args=(f,),
x0=x0,
method=options.get("method", "SLSQP" if constraints else "L-BFGS-B"),
jac=True,
bounds=bounds,
constraints=constraints,
callback=options.get("callback", None),
options={k: v for k, v in options.items() if k not in ["method", "callback"]},
)
candidates = fix_features(
X=torch.from_numpy(res.x).to(initial_conditions).reshape(shapeX),
fixed_features=fixed_features,
)
# SLSQP sometimes fails in the line search or may just fail to find a feasible
# candidate in which case we just return the starting point. This happens rarely,
# so it shouldn't be an issue given enough restarts.
if nonlinear_inequality_constraints and any(
nlc(candidates.view(-1)) < NLC_TOL for nlc in nonlinear_inequality_constraints
):
candidates = torch.from_numpy(x0).to(candidates).reshape(shapeX)
warnings.warn(
"SLSQP failed to converge to a solution the satisfies the non-linear "
"constraints. Returning the feasible starting point."
)
clamped_candidates = columnwise_clamp(
X=candidates, lower=lower_bounds, upper=upper_bounds, raise_on_violation=True
)
with torch.no_grad():
batch_acquisition = acquisition_function(clamped_candidates)
return clamped_candidates, batch_acquisition
def gen_candidates_scipy(
initial_conditions: Tensor,
acquisition_function: Module,
lower_bounds: Optional[Union[float, Tensor]] = None,
upper_bounds: Optional[Union[float, Tensor]] = None,
inequality_constraints: Optional[List[Tuple[Tensor, Tensor, float]]] = None,
equality_constraints: Optional[List[Tuple[Tensor, Tensor, float]]] = None,
options: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
fixed_features: Optional[Dict[int, Optional[float]]] = None,
) -> Tuple[Tensor, Tensor]:
r"""Generate a set of candidates using `scipy.optimize.minimize`.
Optimizes an acquisition function starting from a set of initial candidates
using `scipy.optimize.minimize` via a numpy converter.
Args:
initial_conditions: Starting points for optimization.
acquisition_function: Acquisition function to be used.
lower_bounds: Minimum values for each column of initial_conditions.
upper_bounds: Maximum values for each column of initial_conditions.
inequality constraints: A list of tuples (indices, coefficients, rhs),
with each tuple encoding an inequality constraint of the form
`\sum_i (X[indices[i]] * coefficients[i]) >= rhs`.
equality constraints: A list of tuples (indices, coefficients, rhs),
with each tuple encoding an inequality constraint of the form
`\sum_i (X[indices[i]] * coefficients[i]) = rhs`.
options: Options used to control the optimization including "method"
and "maxiter". Select method for `scipy.minimize` using the
method" key. By default uses L-BFGS-B for box-constrained problems
and SLSQP if inequality or equality constraints are present.
fixed_features: This is a dictionary of feature indices to values, where
all generated candidates will have features fixed to these values.
If the dictionary value is None, then that feature will just be
fixed to the clamped value and not optimized. Assumes values to be
compatible with lower_bounds and upper_bounds!
Returns:
2-element tuple containing
- The set of generated candidates.
- The acquisition value for each t-batch.
Example:
>>> qEI = qExpectedImprovement(model, best_f=0.2)
>>> bounds = torch.tensor([[0., 0.], [1., 2.]])
>>> Xinit = gen_batch_initial_conditions(
>>> qEI, bounds, q=3, num_restarts=25, raw_samples=500
>>> )
>>> batch_candidates, batch_acq_values = gen_candidates_scipy(
initial_conditions=Xinit,
acquisition_function=qEI,
lower_bounds=bounds[0],
upper_bounds=bounds[1],
)
"""
options = options or {}
clamped_candidates = columnwise_clamp(
X=initial_conditions, lower=lower_bounds, upper=upper_bounds
).requires_grad_(True)
shapeX = clamped_candidates.shape
x0 = _arrayify(clamped_candidates.view(-1))
bounds = make_scipy_bounds(
X=initial_conditions, lower_bounds=lower_bounds, upper_bounds=upper_bounds
)
constraints = make_scipy_linear_constraints(
shapeX=clamped_candidates.shape,
inequality_constraints=inequality_constraints,
equality_constraints=equality_constraints,
)
def f(x):
if np.isnan(x).any():
raise RuntimeError(
f"{np.isnan(x).sum()} elements of the {x.size} element array "
f"`x` are NaN."
)
X = (
torch.from_numpy(x)
.to(initial_conditions)
.view(shapeX)
.contiguous()
.requires_grad_(True)
)
X_fix = fix_features(X=X, fixed_features=fixed_features)
loss = -acquisition_function(X_fix).sum()
# compute gradient w.r.t. the inputs (does not accumulate in leaves)
gradf = _arrayify(torch.autograd.grad(loss, X)[0].contiguous().view(-1))
if np.isnan(gradf).any():
msg = (
f"{np.isnan(gradf).sum()} elements of the {x.size} element "
"gradient array `gradf` are NaN. This often indicates numerical issues."
)
if initial_conditions.dtype != torch.double:
msg += " Consider using `dtype=torch.double`."
raise RuntimeError(msg)
fval = loss.item()
return fval, gradf
res = minimize(
f,
x0,
method=options.get("method", "SLSQP" if constraints else "L-BFGS-B"),
jac=True,
bounds=bounds,
constraints=constraints,
callback=options.get("callback", None),
options={k: v for k, v in options.items() if k not in ["method", "callback"]},
)
candidates = fix_features(
X=torch.from_numpy(res.x).to(initial_conditions).view(shapeX).contiguous(),
fixed_features=fixed_features,
)
clamped_candidates = columnwise_clamp(
X=candidates, lower=lower_bounds, upper=upper_bounds, raise_on_violation=True
)
with torch.no_grad():
batch_acquisition = acquisition_function(clamped_candidates)
return clamped_candidates, batch_acquisition
