def test_cmd_theme(self):
res = gdb_run_cmd("theme")
self.assertNoException(res)
possible_themes = [
"context_title_line"
"dereference_base_address"
"context_title_message"
"disable_color"
"dereference_code"
"dereference_string"
"default_title_message",
"default_title_line"
"dereference_register_value",
"xinfo_title_message",
]
for t in possible_themes:
# testing command viewing
res = gdb_run_cmd("theme {}".format(t))
self.assertNoException(res)
# testing command setting
v = "blue blah 10 -1 0xfff bold"
res = gdb_run_cmd("theme {} {}".format(t, v))
self.assertNoException(res)
return
def test_cmd_theme(self):
res = gdb_run_cmd("theme")
self.assertNoException(res)
possible_themes = [
"context_title_line"
"dereference_base_address"
"context_title_message"
"disable_color"
"dereference_code"
"dereference_string"
"default_title_message",
"default_title_line"
"dereference_register_value",
"xinfo_title_message",
]
for t in possible_themes:
# testing command viewing
res = gdb_run_cmd("theme {}".format(t))
self.assertNoException(res)
# testing command setting
v = "blue blah 10 -1 0xfff bold"
res = gdb_run_cmd("theme {} {}".format(t, v))
self.assertNoException(res)
return
def test_cmd_pattern(self):
cmd = "pattern create 32"
target = "tests/binaries/pattern.out"
res = gdb_run_cmd(cmd, target=target)
self.assertNoException(res)
self.assertIn("aaaaaaaabaaaaaaacaaaaaaadaaaaaaa", res)
cmd = "pattern search $rbp"
target = "tests/binaries/pattern.out"
res = gdb_run_cmd(cmd, before=["set args aaaaaaaabaaaaaaacaaaaaaadaaaaaaa", "run"], target=target)
self.assertNoException(res)
self.assertIn("Found at offset", res)
return
def test_cmd_pattern_create(self):
cmd = "pattern create 32"
target = "/tmp/pattern.out"
res = gdb_run_cmd(cmd, target=target)
self.assertNoException(res)
self.assertIn("aaaabaaacaaadaaaeaaaf", res)
cmd = "pattern create --period 8 32"
target = "/tmp/pattern.out"
res = gdb_run_cmd(cmd, target=target)
self.assertNoException(res)
self.assertIn("aaaaaaaabaaaaaaacaaaaaaadaaaaaaa", res)
return
def test_cmd_pattern(self):
cmd = "pattern create 32"
target = "tests/binaries/pattern.out"
res = gdb_run_cmd(cmd, target=target)
self.assertNoException(res)
self.assertIn(b"aaaaaaaabaaaaaaacaaaaaaadaaaaaaa", res)
cmd = "pattern search $rbp"
target = "tests/binaries/pattern.out"
res = gdb_run_cmd(cmd, before=["set args aaaaaaaabaaaaaaacaaaaaaadaaaaaaa", "run"], target=target)
self.assertNoException(res)
self.assertIn(b"Found at offset", res)
return
def test_cmd_capstone_disassemble(self):
self.assertFailIfInactiveSession(gdb_run_cmd("capstone-disassemble"))
res = gdb_start_silent_cmd("capstone-disassemble")
self.assertNoException(res)
self.assertTrue(len(res.splitlines()) > 1)
self.assertFailIfInactiveSession(gdb_run_cmd("cs --show-opcodes"))
res = gdb_start_silent_cmd("cs --show-opcodes")
self.assertNoException(res)
self.assertTrue(len(res.splitlines()) > 1)
# match the following pattern
# 0x5555555546b2 897dec <main+8> mov DWORD PTR [rbp-0x14], edi
self.assertRegex(res, r"0x.{12}\s([0-9a-f]{2})+\s+.*")
return
def test_func_stack(self):
cmd = "deref $_stack()"
self.assertFailIfInactiveSession(gdb_run_cmd(cmd))
res = gdb_start_silent_cmd(cmd)
self.assertNoException(res)
self.assertRegex(res, r"\+0x0*20: *0x0000000000000000\n")
return
def test_cmd_entry_break(self):
res = gdb_run_cmd("entry-break",
before=[
"gef config gef.disable_color 1",
])
self.assertNoException(res)
return
def test_cmd_registers(self):
self.assertFailIfInactiveSession(gdb_run_cmd("registers"))
res = gdb_start_silent_cmd("registers")
self.assertNoException(res)
self.assertIn("$rax", res)
self.assertIn("$eflags", res)
return
def test_cmd_canary(self):
self.assertFailIfInactiveSession(gdb_run_cmd("canary"))
res = gdb_start_silent_cmd("canary", target="tests/binaries/canary.out")
self.assertNoException(res)
self.assertIn("Found AT_RANDOM at", res)
self.assertIn("The canary of process ", res)
return
def test_func_got(self):
cmd = "deref $_got()"
self.assertFailIfInactiveSession(gdb_run_cmd(cmd, target="tests/binaries/heap.out"))
res = gdb_run_silent_cmd(cmd, target="tests/binaries/heap.out")
self.assertNoException(res)
self.assertIn("malloc", res)
return
def test_func_bss(self):
cmd = "deref $_bss()"
self.assertFailIfInactiveSession(gdb_run_cmd(cmd, target="tests/binaries/bss.out"))
res = gdb_run_silent_cmd(cmd, target="tests/binaries/bss.out")
self.assertNoException(res)
self.assertIn("Hello world!", res)
return
def test_func_got(self):
cmd = "deref $_got()"
self.assertFailIfInactiveSession(gdb_run_cmd(cmd, target="/tmp/heap.out"))
res = gdb_run_silent_cmd(cmd, target="/tmp/heap.out")
self.assertNoException(res)
self.assertIn("malloc", res)
return
def test_func_stack(self):
cmd = "deref $_stack()"
self.assertFailIfInactiveSession(gdb_run_cmd(cmd))
res = gdb_start_silent_cmd(cmd)
self.assertNoException(res)
self.assertRegex(res, r"\+0x0*20: *0x0000000000000000\n")
return
def test_cmd_registers(self):
self.assertFailIfInactiveSession(gdb_run_cmd("registers"))
res = gdb_start_silent_cmd("registers")
self.assertNoException(res)
self.assertIn("$rax", res)
self.assertIn("$eflags", res)
return
def test_func_bss(self):
cmd = "deref $_bss()"
self.assertFailIfInactiveSession(gdb_run_cmd(cmd, target="/tmp/bss.out"))
res = gdb_run_silent_cmd(cmd, target="/tmp/bss.out")
self.assertNoException(res)
self.assertIn("Hello world!", res)
return
def test_cmd_canary(self):
self.assertFailIfInactiveSession(gdb_run_cmd("canary"))
res = gdb_start_silent_cmd("canary", target="tests/binaries/canary.out")
self.assertNoException(res)
self.assertIn(b"Found AT_RANDOM at", res)
self.assertIn(b"The canary of process ", res)
return
def test_cmd_heap_chunk(self):
cmd = "heap chunk p1"
target = "tests/binaries/heap.out"
self.assertFailIfInactiveSession(gdb_run_cmd(cmd, target=target))
res = gdb_run_silent_cmd(cmd, target=target)
self.assertNoException(res)
self.assertIn("NON_MAIN_ARENA flag: ", res)
return
def test_cmd_process_status(self):
self.assertFailIfInactiveSession(gdb_run_cmd("process-status"))
res = gdb_start_silent_cmd("process-status")
self.assertNoException(res)
self.assertIn("Process Information", res)
self.assertIn("No child process", res)
self.assertIn("No open connections", res)
return
def test_cmd_checksec(self):
cmd = "checksec"
res = gdb_run_cmd(cmd)
self.assertNoException(res)
target = "tests/binaries/checksec-no-canary.out"
res = gdb_run_cmd(cmd, target=target)
self.assertIn("Canary : No", res)
target = "tests/binaries/checksec-no-nx.out"
res = gdb_run_cmd(cmd, target=target)
self.assertIn("NX : No", res)
target = "tests/binaries/checksec-no-pie.out"
res = gdb_run_cmd(cmd, target=target)
self.assertIn("PIE : No", res)
return
def test_cmd_checksec(self):
cmd = "checksec"
res = gdb_run_cmd(cmd)
self.assertNoException(res)
target = "tests/binaries/checksec-no-canary.out"
res = gdb_run_cmd(cmd, target=target)
self.assertIn("Canary : x", res)
target = "tests/binaries/checksec-no-nx.out"
res = gdb_run_cmd(cmd, target=target)
self.assertIn("NX : x", res)
target = "tests/binaries/checksec-no-pie.out"
res = gdb_run_cmd(cmd, target=target)
self.assertIn("PIE : x", res)
return
def test_cmd_heap_set_arena(self):
cmd = "heap set-arena main_arena"
target = "tests/binaries/heap.out"
self.assertFailIfInactiveSession(gdb_run_cmd(cmd, target=target))
res = gdb_run_silent_cmd(cmd, target=target, after=["heap arenas",])
self.assertNoException(res)
self.assertIn(b"Arena (base=", res)
return
def test_cmd_heap_arenas(self):
cmd = "heap arenas"
target = "tests/binaries/heap.out"
self.assertFailIfInactiveSession(gdb_run_cmd(cmd, target=target))
res = gdb_start_silent_cmd(cmd, target=target)
self.assertNoException(res)
self.assertIn("Arena (base=", res)
return
def test_cmd_heap_chunk(self):
cmd = "heap chunk p1"
target = "tests/binaries/heap.out"
self.assertFailIfInactiveSession(gdb_run_cmd(cmd, target=target))
res = gdb_run_silent_cmd(cmd, target=target)
self.assertNoException(res)
self.assertIn("NON_MAIN_ARENA flag: ", res)
return
def test_cmd_heap_bins_fast(self):
cmd = "heap bins fast"
target = "tests/binaries/heap-fastbins.out"
self.assertFailIfInactiveSession(gdb_run_cmd(cmd, target=target))
res = gdb_run_silent_cmd(cmd, target=target)
self.assertNoException(res)
self.assertIn("Fastbins[idx=0, size=0x10]", res)
return
def test_cmd_heap_bins_fast(self):
cmd = "heap bins fast"
target = "tests/binaries/heap-fastbins.out"
self.assertFailIfInactiveSession(gdb_run_cmd(cmd, target=target))
res = gdb_run_silent_cmd(cmd, target=target)
self.assertNoException(res)
self.assertIn("Fastbins[idx=0, size=0x10]", res)
return
def test_cmd_process_status(self):
self.assertFailIfInactiveSession(gdb_run_cmd("process-status"))
res = gdb_start_silent_cmd("process-status")
self.assertNoException(res)
self.assertIn("Process Information", res)
self.assertIn("No child process", res)
self.assertIn("No open connections", res)
return
def test_cmd_heap_arenas(self):
cmd = "heap arenas"
target = "tests/binaries/heap.out"
self.assertFailIfInactiveSession(gdb_run_cmd(cmd, target=target))
res = gdb_start_silent_cmd(cmd, target=target)
self.assertNoException(res)
self.assertIn("Arena (base=", res)
return
def test_cmd_heap_set_arena(self):
cmd = "heap set-arena main_arena"
target = "tests/binaries/heap.out"
self.assertFailIfInactiveSession(gdb_run_cmd(cmd, target=target))
res = gdb_run_silent_cmd(cmd, target=target, after=["heap arenas",])
self.assertNoException(res)
self.assertIn("Arena (base=", res)
return
def test_cmd_unicorn_emulate(self):
cmd = "emu -n 1"
res = gdb_run_cmd(cmd)
self.assertFailIfInactiveSession(res)
res = gdb_start_silent_cmd(cmd)
self.assertNoException(res)
self.assertIn("Final registers", res)
return
def test_cmd_heap_chunks(self):
cmd = "heap chunks"
target = "tests/binaries/heap.out"
self.assertFailIfInactiveSession(gdb_run_cmd(cmd, target=target))
res = gdb_run_silent_cmd(cmd, target=target)
self.assertNoException(res)
self.assertIn("Chunk(addr=", res)
self.assertIn("top chunk", res)
return
def test_cmd_unicorn_emulate(self):
cmd = "emu -n 1"
res = gdb_run_cmd(cmd)
self.assertFailIfInactiveSession(res)
res = gdb_start_silent_cmd(cmd)
self.assertNoException(res)
self.assertIn("Final registers", res)
return
def test_cmd_heap_chunks(self):
cmd = "heap chunks"
target = "tests/binaries/heap.out"
self.assertFailIfInactiveSession(gdb_run_cmd(cmd, target=target))
res = gdb_run_silent_cmd(cmd, target=target)
self.assertNoException(res)
self.assertIn("Chunk(addr=", res)
self.assertIn("top chunk", res)
return
def test_cmd_ropper(self):
cmd = "ropper"
self.assertFailIfInactiveSession(gdb_run_cmd(cmd))
cmd = "ropper --search \"pop %; pop %; ret\""
res = gdb_run_silent_cmd(cmd)
self.assertNoException(res)
self.assertNotIn(": error:", res)
self.assertTrue(len(res.splitlines()) > 2)
return
def test_cmd_xinfo(self):
self.assertFailIfInactiveSession(gdb_run_cmd("xinfo $sp"))
res = gdb_start_silent_cmd("xinfo")
self.assertIn("At least one valid address must be specified", res)
res = gdb_start_silent_cmd("xinfo $sp")
self.assertNoException(res)
self.assertTrue(len(res.splitlines()) >= 7)
return
def test_cmd_xinfo(self):
self.assertFailIfInactiveSession(gdb_run_cmd("xinfo $sp"))
res = gdb_start_silent_cmd("xinfo")
self.assertIn("At least one valid address must be specified", res)
res = gdb_start_silent_cmd("xinfo $sp")
self.assertNoException(res)
self.assertTrue(len(res.splitlines()) >= 7)
return
def test_cmd_ropper(self):
cmd = "ropper"
self.assertFailIfInactiveSession(gdb_run_cmd(cmd))
cmd = "ropper --search \"pop %; pop %; ret\""
res = gdb_run_silent_cmd(cmd)
self.assertNoException(res)
self.assertNotIn(": error:", res)
self.assertTrue(len(res.splitlines()) > 2)
return
def test_cmd_vmmap(self):
self.assertFailIfInactiveSession(gdb_run_cmd("vmmap"))
res = gdb_start_silent_cmd("vmmap")
self.assertNoException(res)
self.assertTrue(len(res.splitlines()) > 1)
res = gdb_start_silent_cmd("vmmap stack")
self.assertNoException(res)
self.assertTrue(len(res.splitlines()) > 1)
return
def test_cmd_pattern_search(self):
cmd = "pattern search $rbp"
target = "/tmp/pattern.out"
res = gdb_run_cmd(
cmd,
before=["set args aaaabaaacaaadaaaeaaafaaagaaahaaa", "run"],
target=target)
self.assertNoException(res)
self.assertIn("Found at offset", res)
cmd = "pattern search --period 8 $rbp"
target = "/tmp/pattern.out"
res = gdb_run_cmd(
cmd,
before=["set args aaaaaaaabaaaaaaacaaaaaaadaaaaaaa", "run"],
target=target)
self.assertNoException(res)
self.assertIn("Found at offset", res)
return
def test_cmd_format_string_helper(self):
cmd = "format-string-helper"
target = "tests/binaries/format-string-helper.out"
res = gdb_run_cmd(cmd,
after=["set args testtest",
"run",],
target=target)
self.assertNoException(res)
self.assertIn(b"Possible insecure format string:", res)
return
def test_cmd_trace_run(self):
cmd = "trace-run"
res = gdb_run_cmd(cmd)
self.assertFailIfInactiveSession(res)
cmd = "trace-run $pc+1"
res = gdb_start_silent_cmd(cmd,before=["gef config trace-run.tracefile_prefix /tmp/gef-trace-"])
self.assertNoException(res)
self.assertIn("Tracing from", res)
return
def test_cmd_format_string_helper(self):
cmd = "format-string-helper"
target = "tests/binaries/format-string-helper.out"
res = gdb_run_cmd(cmd,
after=["set args testtest",
"run",],
target=target)
self.assertNoException(res)
self.assertIn("Possible insecure format string:", res)
return
def test_cmd_vmmap(self):
self.assertFailIfInactiveSession(gdb_run_cmd("vmmap"))
res = gdb_start_silent_cmd("vmmap")
self.assertNoException(res)
self.assertTrue(len(res.splitlines()) > 1)
res = gdb_start_silent_cmd("vmmap stack")
self.assertNoException(res)
self.assertTrue(len(res.splitlines()) > 1)
return
def test_cmd_hexdump(self):
self.assertFailIfInactiveSession(gdb_run_cmd("hexdump $pc"))
res = gdb_start_silent_cmd("hexdump qword $pc")
self.assertNoException(res)
res = gdb_start_silent_cmd("hexdump dword $pc l1")
self.assertNoException(res)
res = gdb_start_silent_cmd("hexdump word $pc l5 down")
self.assertNoException(res)
res = gdb_start_silent_cmd("hexdump byte $sp l32")
self.assertNoException(res)
return
def test_cmd_hexdump(self):
self.assertFailIfInactiveSession(gdb_run_cmd("hexdump $pc"))
res = gdb_start_silent_cmd("hexdump qword $pc")
self.assertNoException(res)
res = gdb_start_silent_cmd("hexdump dword $pc l1")
self.assertNoException(res)
res = gdb_start_silent_cmd("hexdump word $pc l5 reverse")
self.assertNoException(res)
res = gdb_start_silent_cmd("hexdump byte $sp l32")
self.assertNoException(res)
return
def test_cmd_trace_run(self):
cmd = "trace-run"
res = gdb_run_cmd(cmd)
self.assertFailIfInactiveSession(res)
cmd = "trace-run $pc+1"
res = gdb_start_silent_cmd(cmd,
before=["gef config trace-run.tracefile_prefix /tmp/gef-trace-"])
self.assertNoException(res)
self.assertIn("Tracing from", res)
return
def test_cmd_print_format(self):
self.assertFailIfInactiveSession(gdb_run_cmd("print-format"))
res = gdb_start_silent_cmd("print-format $rsp")
self.assertNoException(res)
self.assertTrue("buf = [" in res)
res = gdb_start_silent_cmd("print-format -f js $rsp")
self.assertNoException(res)
self.assertTrue("var buf = [" in res)
res = gdb_start_silent_cmd("print-format -f iDontExist $rsp")
self.assertNoException(res)
self.assertTrue("Language must be :" in res)
return
def test_func_heap(self):
cmd = "deref $_heap()"
self.assertFailIfInactiveSession(gdb_run_cmd(cmd, target="tests/binaries/heap.out"))
res = gdb_run_silent_cmd(cmd, target="tests/binaries/heap.out")
self.assertNoException(res)
self.assertIn("+0x0048:", res)
cmd = "deref $_heap(0x10+0x10)"
res = gdb_run_silent_cmd(cmd, target="tests/binaries/heap.out")
self.assertNoException(res)
self.assertIn("+0x0048:", res)
return
def test_cmd_dereference(self):
self.assertFailIfInactiveSession(gdb_run_cmd("dereference"))
res = gdb_start_silent_cmd("dereference $sp")
self.assertNoException(res)
self.assertTrue(len(res.splitlines()) > 2)
self.assertIn("$rsp", res)
res = gdb_start_silent_cmd("dereference 0")
self.assertNoException(res)
self.assertIn("Unmapped address", res)
return
def test_cmd_got(self):
cmd = "got"
target = "tests/binaries/format-string-helper.out"
self.assertFailIfInactiveSession(gdb_run_cmd(cmd, target=target))
res = gdb_start_silent_cmd(cmd, target=target)
self.assertIn("printf", res)
self.assertIn("strcpy", res)
res = gdb_start_silent_cmd("got printf", target=target)
self.assertIn("printf", res)
self.assertNotIn("strcpy", res)
return
def test_func_heap(self):
cmd = "deref $_heap()"
self.assertFailIfInactiveSession(gdb_run_cmd(cmd, target="/tmp/heap.out"))
res = gdb_run_silent_cmd(cmd, target="/tmp/heap.out")
self.assertNoException(res)
self.assertIn("+0x0048:", res)
cmd = "deref $_heap(0x10+0x10)"
res = gdb_run_silent_cmd(cmd, target="/tmp/heap.out")
self.assertNoException(res)
self.assertIn("+0x0048:", res)
return
def test_cmd_dereference(self):
self.assertFailIfInactiveSession(gdb_run_cmd("dereference"))
res = gdb_start_silent_cmd("dereference $sp")
self.assertNoException(res)
self.assertTrue(len(res.splitlines()) > 2)
self.assertIn("$rsp", res)
res = gdb_start_silent_cmd("dereference 0x0")
self.assertNoException(res)
self.assertIn("Unmapped address", res)
return
def test_cmd_got(self):
cmd = "got"
target = "tests/binaries/format-string-helper.out"
self.assertFailIfInactiveSession(gdb_run_cmd(cmd, target=target))
res = gdb_start_silent_cmd(cmd, target=target)
self.assertIn("printf", res)
self.assertIn("strcpy", res)
res = gdb_start_silent_cmd("got printf", target=target)
self.assertIn("printf", res)
self.assertNotIn("strcpy", res)
return
def test_cmd_print_format(self):
self.assertFailIfInactiveSession(gdb_run_cmd("print-format"))
res = gdb_start_silent_cmd("print-format $rsp")
self.assertNoException(res)
self.assertTrue("buf = [" in res)
res = gdb_start_silent_cmd("print-format -f js $rsp")
self.assertNoException(res)
self.assertTrue("var buf = [" in res)
res = gdb_start_silent_cmd("print-format -f iDontExist $rsp")
self.assertNoException(res)
self.assertTrue("Language must be :" in res)
return
def test_func_pie(self):
cmd = "x/s $_pie()"
self.assertFailIfInactiveSession(gdb_run_cmd(cmd))
res = gdb_start_silent_cmd(cmd)
self.assertNoException(res)
self.assertIn("\\177ELF", res)
cmd = "x/s $_pie(1)"
res = gdb_start_silent_cmd(cmd)
self.assertNoException(res)
self.assertNotIn("\\177ELF", res)
self.assertIn("ELF", res)
return
def test_func_pie(self):
cmd = "x/s $_pie()"
self.assertFailIfInactiveSession(gdb_run_cmd(cmd))
res = gdb_start_silent_cmd(cmd)
self.assertNoException(res)
self.assertIn("\\177ELF", res)
cmd = "x/s $_pie(1)"
res = gdb_start_silent_cmd(cmd)
self.assertNoException(res)
self.assertNotIn("\\177ELF", res)
self.assertIn("ELF", res)
return
def test_cmd_xor_memory(self):
cmd = "xor-memory display $sp 0x10 0x41"
self.assertFailIfInactiveSession(gdb_run_cmd(cmd))
res = gdb_start_silent_cmd(cmd)
self.assertNoException(res)
self.assertIn("Original block", res)
self.assertIn("XOR-ed block", res)
cmd = "xor-memory patch $sp 0x10 0x41"
res = gdb_start_silent_cmd(cmd)
self.assertNoException(res)
self.assertIn("Patching XOR-ing ", res)
return
def test_cmd_heap_analysis(self):
cmd = "heap-analysis-helper"
target = "tests/binaries/heap-analysis.out"
self.assertFailIfInactiveSession(gdb_run_cmd(cmd))
res = gdb_start_silent_cmd(cmd, after=["continue"], target=target)
self.assertNoException(res)
self.assertIn("Tracking", res)
self.assertIn("correctly setup", res)
self.assertIn("malloc(16)=", res)
self.assertIn("calloc(32)=", res)
addr = int(res.split("calloc(32)=")[1].split("\n")[0], 0)
self.assertRegex(res, r"realloc\(.+, 48")
self.assertIn("free({:#x}".format(addr), res)
return
def test_cmd_scan(self):
cmd = "scan libc stack"
target = "tests/binaries/checksec-no-pie.out"
self.assertFailIfInactiveSession(gdb_run_cmd(cmd))
res = gdb_start_silent_cmd(cmd, target=target)
self.assertNoException(res)
self.assertIn(target, res)
target = "tests/binaries/default.out"
res = gdb_start_silent_cmd("scan binary libc", target=target)
self.assertNoException(res)
self.assertIn("__libc_start_main", res)
return
def test_cmd_set_permission(self):
self.assertFailIfInactiveSession(gdb_run_cmd("set-permission"))
target = "tests/binaries/set-permission.out"
res = gdb_run_silent_cmd("set-permission 0x1337000", after=["vmmap",], target=target)
self.assertNoException(res)
line = [ l for l in res.splitlines() if "0x0000000001337000" in l ][0]
line = line.split()
self.assertEqual(line[0], "0x0000000001337000")
self.assertEqual(line[1], "0x0000000001338000")
self.assertEqual(line[2], "0x0000000000000000")
self.assertEqual(line[3], "rwx")
res = gdb_run_silent_cmd("set-permission 0x1338000", target=target)
self.assertNoException(res)
self.assertIn("Unmapped address", res)
return
