def test_sort_enactments_in_group(self, copyright_clause,
copyright_statute):
regulation = Enactment(
node="/us/cfr/t37/s202.1",
heading="",
start_date=date(1992, 2, 21),
content=
"The following are examples of works not subject to copyright",
)
group = EnactmentGroup(
[regulation, copyright_clause, copyright_statute])
assert group[-1].node == "/us/cfr/t37/s202.1"
def test_do_not_consolidate_from_different_sections(self, make_response):
client = FakeClient(responses=make_response)
due_process_5 = client.read("/us/const/amendment/V")
due_process_14 = client.read("/us/const/amendment/XIV")
due_process_5.select(
"life, liberty, or property, without due process of law")
due_process_14.select(
"life, liberty, or property, without due process of law")
combined = EnactmentGroup(passages=[due_process_5, due_process_14])
assert len(combined) == 2
def test_enactments_ordered_after_adding_groups(self, first_a, second_a,
third_a):
establishment_clause = deepcopy(first_a)
establishment_clause.select(
"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion"
)
speech_clause = deepcopy(first_a)
speech_clause.select(
["Congress shall make no law", "abridging the freedom of speech"])
arms_clause = deepcopy(second_a)
arms_clause.select(
"the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed."
)
third_amendment = deepcopy(third_a)
left = EnactmentGroup([establishment_clause, arms_clause])
right = EnactmentGroup([third_amendment, speech_clause])
combined = left + right
assert len(combined) == 3
assert combined[0].node == "/us/const/amendment/I"
def test_add_enactment_to_group(self, copyright_clause):
copyright_clause.select(None)
securing_for_authors = copyright_clause + (
"To promote the Progress of Science and "
"useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors")
and_inventors = copyright_clause + "and Inventors"
right_to_writings = (
copyright_clause +
"the exclusive Right to their respective Writings")
left = EnactmentGroup([securing_for_authors, and_inventors])
right = right_to_writings
result = left + right
assert len(result) == 1
assert "respective Writings…" in str(result)
assert "/us/const/article/I/8/8" in str(result[0])
assert "1788-09-13" in str(result[:])
def test_sort_state_enactment_in_group(self, copyright_clause,
copyright_statute):
regulation = Enactment(
node="/us/cfr/t37/s202.1",
heading="",
start_date=date(1992, 2, 21),
content=
"The following are examples of works not subject to copyright",
)
ca_statute = Enactment(
node="/us-ca/code/evid/s351",
start_date=date(1966, 1, 1),
content=
"Except as otherwise provided by statute, all relevant evidence is admissible.",
heading="",
)
group = EnactmentGroup(
[regulation, ca_statute, copyright_clause, copyright_statute])
assert group[-1].node == "/us-ca/code/evid/s351"
def test_consolidate_adjacent_passages(self, make_response):
client = FakeClient(responses=make_response)
copyright_clause = client.read("/us/const/article/I/8/8")
copyright_statute = client.read("/us/usc/t17/s102/b")
passage = copyright_clause.select(None)
securing_for_authors = passage + (
"To promote the Progress of Science and "
"useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors")
and_inventors = passage + "and Inventors"
right_to_writings = passage + "the exclusive Right to their respective Writings"
to_combine = [
copyright_statute,
securing_for_authors,
and_inventors,
right_to_writings,
]
combined = EnactmentGroup(passages=to_combine)
assert len(combined) == 2
assert any(
law.selected_text().startswith("To promote the Progress")
and law.selected_text().endswith("their respective Writings…")
for law in combined)
def test_wrong_type_in_group(self, section6d, test_client):
section = test_client.read_from_json(section6d)
cite = section.as_citation()
with pytest.raises(TypeError):
EnactmentGroup([cite])
def test_make_group(self, copyright_clause, copyright_statute):
group = EnactmentGroup([copyright_clause, copyright_statute])
assert len(group) == 2
assert isinstance(EnactmentGroup(group), EnactmentGroup)
class Rule(Comparable, BaseModel):
r"""
A statement of a legal doctrine about a :class:`.Procedure` for litigation.
May decide some aspect of current litigation, and also potentially
may be cided and reused by future courts. When :class:`Rule`\s appear as
judicial holdings they are often hypothetical and don't necessarily
imply that the court accepts the :class:`.Fact` assertions or other
:class:`.Factor`\s that make up the inputs or outputs of the
:class:`.Procedure` mentioned in the :class:`Rule`.
:param procedure:
a :class:`.Procedure` containing the inputs, and despite
:class:`.Factor`\s and resulting outputs when this rule
is triggered.
:param enactments:
the :class:`.Enactment`\s cited as authority for
invoking the ``procedure``.
:param enactments_despite:
the :class:`.Enactment`\s specifically cited as failing
to preclude application of the ``procedure``.
:param mandatory:
whether the ``procedure`` is mandatory for the
court to apply whenever the :class:`.Rule` is properly invoked.
``False`` means that the ``procedure`` is "discretionary".
:param universal:
``True`` if the ``procedure`` is applicable whenever
its inputs are present. ``False`` means that the ``procedure`` is
applicable in "some" situation where the inputs are present.
:param generic:
whether the :class:`Rule` is being mentioned in a generic
context. e.g., if the :class:`Rule` is being mentioned in
an :class:`~authorityspoke.Argument` object merely as an example of the
kind of :class:`Rule` that might be mentioned in such an
:class:`~authorityspoke..Argument`.
:param name:
an identifier used to retrieve this :class:`Rule` when
needed for the composition of another :class:`.Factor`
object.
"""
procedure: Procedure
enactments: EnactmentGroup = EnactmentGroup()
enactments_despite: EnactmentGroup = EnactmentGroup()
mandatory: bool = False
universal: bool = False
generic: bool = False
absent: bool = False
name: Optional[str] = None
context_factor_names: ClassVar[Tuple[str, ...]] = ("procedure", )
enactment_attr_names: ClassVar[Tuple[str, ...]] = (
"enactments",
"enactments_despite",
)
@validator("enactments", "enactments_despite", pre=True)
def validate_enactment_groups(
cls,
v: Union[Dict, EnactmentPassage, Sequence[EnactmentPassage],
EnactmentGroup],
) -> EnactmentGroup:
"""Convert EnactmentPassage to EnactmentGroup."""
if isinstance(v, EnactmentPassage):
v = {"passages": [v]}
elif v and not isinstance(v, EnactmentGroup):
if not isinstance(v, dict) or "passages" not in v:
try:
v = EnactmentGroup(
passages=list(v)) if v else EnactmentGroup()
except ValidationError:
v = EnactmentGroup(passages=[v])
return v
@validator("enactments", "enactments_despite", pre=False)
def select_enactment_text(cls, v: EnactmentGroup) -> EnactmentGroup:
"""For Enactments with no text selection, select all text."""
for enactment in v:
if not enactment.selected_text():
enactment.select_all()
return v
@property
def despite(self):
"""Get despite Factors as a FactorGroup."""
return self.procedure.despite_group
@property
def inputs(self):
"""Get input Factors as a FactorGroup."""
return self.procedure.inputs_group
@property
def outputs(self):
"""Get output Factors as a FactorGroup."""
return self.procedure.outputs_group
@property
def recursive_terms(self) -> Dict[str, Term]:
r"""
Collect `self`'s :attr:`terms`, and their :attr:`terms`, recursively.
:returns:
a :class:`dict` (instead of a :class:`set`,
to preserve order) of :class:`Term`\s.
"""
return self.procedure.recursive_terms
def add(
self,
other: Comparable,
context: Optional[Union[ContextRegister, Explanation]] = None,
) -> Optional[Rule]:
"""Create new Rule by using the outputs of self as inputs of other."""
if not isinstance(other, Rule):
if isinstance(other, Factor):
return self.with_factor(other)
if isinstance(other, (Enactment, EnactmentPassage)):
return self.with_enactment(other)
raise TypeError
if self.universal is False and other.universal is False:
return None
if self.universal and other.universal:
new_procedure = self.procedure._add_if_universal(
other.procedure, explanation=context)
else:
new_procedure = self.procedure.add(other.procedure,
context=context)
new_enactments = self.enactments + other.enactments
new_despite = self.enactments_despite + other.enactments_despite
if new_procedure is not None:
result = deepcopy(self)
result.procedure = new_procedure
result.universal = min(self.universal, other.universal)
result.mandatory = min(self.mandatory, other.mandatory)
result.enactments = new_enactments
result.enactments_despite = new_despite
return result
return None
def __add__(self, other) -> Optional[Rule]:
r"""
Create new :class:`Rule` if ``self`` can satisfy the :attr:`inputs` of ``other``.
If both ``self`` and ``other`` have False for :attr:`universal`,
then returns ``None``. Otherwise:
If the union of the :attr:`inputs` and :attr:`outputs` of ``self``
would trigger ``other``, then return a new version of ``self``
with the output :class:`.Factor`\s of ``other`` as well as the
outputs of ``self``.
The new ``universal`` and ``mandatory`` values are the
lesser of the old values for each.
Does not test whether ``self`` could be triggered by the outputs
of other. Use ``other + self`` for that.
:param other:
another :class:`Rule` to try to add to ``self``
:returns:
a combined :class:`Rule` that extends the procedural
move made in ``self``, if possible. Otherwise ``None``.
"""
return self.add(other)
def get_contrapositives(self) -> Iterator[Rule]:
r"""
Make contrapositive forms of this :class:`Rule`.
Used when converting from JSON input containing the entry
``"exclusive": True``, which means the specified :class:`~Rule.inputs``
are the only way to reach the specified output. When that happens,
it can be inferred that in the absence of any of the inputs, the output
must also be absent. (Multiple :class:`~Rule.outputs` are not allowed
when the ``exclusive`` flag is ``True``.) So, this generator will
yield one new :class:`Rule` for each input.
:returns:
iterator yielding :class:`Rule`\s.
"""
self.procedure.valid_for_exclusive_tag()
for input_factor in self.inputs:
result = deepcopy(self)
next_input = deepcopy(input_factor)
next_input.absent = not next_input.absent
next_output = deepcopy(self.outputs[0])
next_output.absent = True
result.set_inputs(next_input)
result.set_outputs(next_output)
result.mandatory = not self.mandatory
result.universal = not self.universal
yield result
@property
def terms(self) -> TermSequence:
"""
Call :class:`Procedure`\'s :meth:`~Procedure.terms` method.
:returns:
terms from ``self``'s :class:`Procedure`
"""
return self.procedure.terms
def generic_terms_by_str(self) -> Dict[str, Comparable]:
r"""
Get :class:`.Factor`\s that can be replaced without changing ``self``\s meaning.
:returns:
generic :class:`.Factor`\s from ``self``'s :class:`Procedure`
"""
if self.generic:
return {str(self): self}
return self.procedure.generic_terms_by_str()
def add_enactment(self, incoming: Enactment) -> None:
"""
Add Enactment and sort self's Enactments.
:param incoming:
the new :class:`.Enactment` to be added to enactments
:returns:
None
"""
if not isinstance(incoming, (Enactment, EnactmentPassage)):
raise TypeError
new_enactments = self.enactments + incoming
self.set_enactments(new_enactments)
def add_enactment_despite(self, incoming: Enactment) -> None:
r"""
Add "despite" Enactment and sort self's "despite" Enactments.
:param incoming:
the new :class:`.Enactment` to be added to enactments_despite
:returns:
None
"""
if not isinstance(incoming, (Enactment, EnactmentPassage)):
raise TypeError
new_enactments = self.enactments_despite + incoming
self.set_enactments_despite(new_enactments)
def with_enactment(self, incoming: Enactment) -> Rule:
r"""
Create new Rule with added Enactment.
:param incoming:
the new :class:`.Enactment` to be added to enactments_despite
:returns:
a new version of ``self`` with the specified change
"""
if not isinstance(incoming, (Enactment, EnactmentPassage)):
raise TypeError
new_enactments = self.enactments + incoming
result = deepcopy(self)
result.set_enactments(new_enactments)
return result
def with_enactment_despite(self, incoming: Enactment) -> Rule:
r"""
Create new Rule with added "despite" Enactment.
:param incoming:
the new :class:`.Enactment` to be added to enactments_despite
:returns:
a new version of ``self`` with the specified change
"""
if not isinstance(incoming, (Enactment, EnactmentPassage)):
raise TypeError
new_enactments = self.enactments_despite + incoming
result = deepcopy(self)
result.set_enactments_despite(new_enactments)
return result
def add_factor(self, incoming: Factor) -> None:
"""
Add a :class:`.Factor` to self.inputs.
:param incoming:
the new :class:`.Factor` to be added to input
"""
self.procedure.add_factor(incoming)
return None
def with_factor(self, incoming: Factor) -> Optional[Rule]:
"""
Make new version of ``self`` with an added input :class:`.Factor`.
:param incoming:
the new :class:`.Factor` to be added to input
:returns:
a new version of ``self`` with the specified change
"""
new_procedure = self.procedure.with_factor(incoming)
if new_procedure is None:
return None
result = deepcopy(self)
result.procedure = new_procedure
return result
def comparable_with(self, other: Any) -> bool:
"""Check if other can be compared to self for implication or contradiction."""
if other and not isinstance(other, Comparable):
return False
if isinstance(other, Procedure):
return False
return not isinstance(other, Factor)
def contradicts(self,
other: Optional[Comparable],
context: Optional[ContextRegister] = None) -> bool:
"""
Test if ``self`` contradicts ``other``.
:returns:
whether ``self`` contradicts ``other``, if each is posited by a
:class:`.Holding` with :attr:`~Holding.rule_valid``
and :attr:`~Holding.decided`
"""
if not self.comparable_with(other):
raise TypeError(
f'"contradicts" test not supported between class {self.__class__} and class {other.__class__}.'
)
if context is None:
context = ContextRegister()
if not isinstance(other, self.__class__):
if other and hasattr(other, "contradicts"):
return other.contradicts(self, context=context.reversed())
return False
if not self.mandatory and not other.mandatory:
return False
if not self.universal and not other.universal:
return False
return any(
register is not None
for register in self.explanations_contradiction(other, context))
def _explanations_contradiction(
self, other, context: Explanation) -> Iterator[Explanation]:
self_to_other = self.procedure.explain_contradiction_some_to_all(
other.procedure, context)
other_to_self = (
register.reversed_context()
for register in other.procedure.explain_contradiction_some_to_all(
self.procedure, context.reversed_context()))
if other.universal:
yield from self_to_other
if self.universal:
yield from other_to_self
def explanations_contradiction(
self,
other,
context: Optional[Union[ContextRegister, Explanation]] = None
) -> Iterator[ContextRegister]:
"""Find context matches that would result in a contradiction with other."""
if not isinstance(context, Explanation):
context = Explanation.from_context(context)
yield from self._explanations_contradiction(other=other,
context=context)
def needs_subset_of_enactments(self, other) -> bool:
r"""
Test whether ``self``\'s :class:`.Enactment` support is a subset of ``other``\'s.
A :class:`Rule` makes a more powerful statement if it relies on
fewer :class:`.Enactment`\s (or applies despite more :class:`.Enactment`\s).
So this method must return ``True`` for ``self`` to imply ``other``.
"""
if not all(
any(other_e >= e for other_e in other.enactments)
for e in self.enactments):
return False
if not all(
any(e >= other_d
for e in self.enactments + self.enactments_despite)
for other_d in other.enactments_despite):
return False
return True
def explanations_implication(self,
other,
context: Optional[ContextRegister] = None
) -> Iterator[ContextRegister]:
"""Find context matches that would result in self implying other."""
if (self.needs_subset_of_enactments(other)
and self.mandatory >= other.mandatory
and self.universal >= other.universal):
if self.universal > other.universal:
yield from self.procedure.explain_implication_all_to_some(
other.procedure, context)
elif other.universal:
yield from self.procedure.explain_implication_all_to_all(
other.procedure, context)
else:
yield from self.procedure.explanations_implication(
other.procedure, context)
def implies(self,
other: Comparable,
context: Optional[ContextRegister] = None) -> bool:
r"""
Test if ``self`` implies ``other`` if posited in valid and decided :class:`.Holding`\s.
If ``self`` relies for support on some :class:`.Enactment` text
that ``other`` doesn't, then ``self`` doesn't imply ``other``.
Also, if ``other`` specifies that it applies notwithstanding
some :class:`.Enactment` not mentioned by ``self``, then
``self`` doesn't imply ``other``.
This will be called as part of the
:meth:`Holding.__ge__` implication function.
:returns:
whether ``self`` implies ``other``, assuming that
both are :class:`Rule`/s, and
``rule_valid`` and ``decided`` are ``True`` for both of them.
"""
if not self.comparable_with(other):
raise TypeError(
f'"implies" test not supported between class {self.__class__} and class {other.__class__}.'
)
if not isinstance(other, self.__class__):
if context:
context = context.reversed()
return other.implied_by(self, context=context)
return any(
explanation is not None
for explanation in self.explanations_implication(other, context))
def __ge__(self, other: Optional[Factor]) -> bool:
return self.implies(other)
def __len__(self):
r"""
Count generic :class:`.Factor`\s needed as context for this :class:`Rule`.
:returns:
the number of generic :class:`.Factor`\s needed for
self's :class:`.Procedure`.
"""
return len(self.procedure)
def has_all_same_enactments(self, other: Rule) -> bool:
r"""
Test if ``self`` has :class:`.Enactment`\s with same meanings as ``other``\'s.
:param other:
another :class:`Rule` to compare to ``self``.
:returns:
whether the :meth:`~.Enactment.means` test passes for all :class:`.Enactment`\s
"""
for enactment_group in self.enactment_attr_names:
if not all(
any(
other_e.means(self_e)
for self_e in self.__dict__[enactment_group])
for other_e in other.__dict__[enactment_group]):
return False
return True
def explanations_same_meaning(
self,
other: Optional[Factor],
context: Optional[ContextRegister] = None
) -> Iterator[ContextRegister]:
"""Find context matches that would result in self and other meaning the same."""
if (isinstance(other, Rule) and self.has_all_same_enactments(other)
and other.has_all_same_enactments(self)
and self.mandatory == other.mandatory
and self.universal == other.universal):
yield from self.procedure.explanations_same_meaning(
other.procedure, context)
def means(self,
other: Optional[Factor],
context: Optional[ContextRegister] = None) -> bool:
"""
Test whether ``other`` has the same meaning as ``self``.
:returns:
whether ``other`` is a :class:`Rule` with the
same meaning as ``self``.
"""
return any(
explanation is not None
for explanation in self.explanations_same_meaning(other, context))
def _union_with_rule(self, other: Rule,
context: ContextRegister) -> Optional[Rule]:
new_procedure = self.procedure.union(other.procedure, context=context)
if new_procedure is None:
return None
enactments = self.enactments + other.enactments
enactments_despite = self.enactments_despite + other.enactments_despite
if self.procedure.implies_all_to_all(
other.procedure,
context=context) or other.procedure.implies_all_to_all(
self.procedure, context=context):
return Rule(
procedure=new_procedure,
enactments=enactments,
enactments_despite=enactments_despite,
mandatory=max(self.mandatory, other.mandatory),
universal=max(self.universal, other.universal),
)
if self.universal is other.universal is False:
return None
return Rule(
procedure=new_procedure,
enactments=enactments,
enactments_despite=enactments_despite,
mandatory=min(self.mandatory, other.mandatory),
universal=min(self.universal, other.universal),
)
def union(self,
other: Optional[Rule],
context: Optional[ContextRegister] = None) -> Optional[Rule]:
"""Get new Rule with all the Factors of self and other."""
if other is None:
return self
context = context or ContextRegister()
if isinstance(other, Rule):
return self._union_with_rule(other, context=context)
elif hasattr(other, "union") and hasattr(other, "rule"):
return other.union(self, context=context.reversed())
raise TypeError(
f"Union operation not possible between Rule and {type(other)}.")
def __or__(self, other: Rule) -> Optional[Rule]:
r"""
Create new :class:`Rule` showing combined effect of all inputs of ``self`` and ``other``.
This operation is destructive in the sense that the new :class:`Rule` may not
contain all the information that was available in ``self`` and ``other``.
This seems to work differently when one Rule
implies the other. That could mean there is a
union to return even when both Rules are SOME
rules. Or it could mean an ALL rule should be
returned even though ``implied`` is SOME, because
implied contributes no information that wasn't
already in ``greater``.
:param other: a :class:`Rule` to be combined with ``self``.
:returns:
a :class:`Rule` indicating the combined effect of the ``input`` and ``despite``
:class:`.Factor`\s of ``self`` and ``other``
"""
return self.union(other)
def set_inputs(self, factors: Sequence[Factor]) -> None:
"""Set factors required to invoke this Procedure."""
self.procedure.set_inputs(factors)
def set_despite(self, factors: Sequence[Factor]) -> None:
"""Set factors that do not preclude application of this Rule."""
self.procedure.set_despite(factors)
def set_outputs(self, factors: Sequence[Factor]) -> None:
"""Set the outputs of this Rule."""
self.procedure.set_outputs(factors)
def set_enactments(
self, enactments: Union[Enactment, Sequence[Enactment],
EnactmentGroup]) -> None:
"""
Set the list of Enactments cited as the basis for this Rule.
Any prior enactments are replaced.
"""
self.enactments = EnactmentGroup(passages=enactments)
def set_enactments_despite(
self, enactments: Union[Enactment, Sequence[Enactment],
EnactmentGroup]) -> None:
"""
Set the list of Enactments known not to preclude application of this Rule.
Any prior despite enactments are replaced.
"""
self.enactments_despite = EnactmentGroup(passages=enactments)
def __str__(self):
mandatory = "MUST" if self.mandatory else "MAY"
universal = "ALWAYS" if self.universal else "SOMETIMES"
text = (
f"the Rule that the court {mandatory} {universal} impose the\n" +
indented(str(self.procedure)))
if self.enactments:
text += "\n GIVEN the ENACTMENT"
if len(self.enactments) > 1:
text += "S"
text += ":"
for enactment in self.enactments:
text += "\n" + indented(str(enactment), tabs=2)
if self.enactments_despite:
text += "\n DESPITE the ENACTMENT"
if len(self.enactments_despite) > 1:
text += "S"
text += ":"
for despite in self.enactments_despite:
text += "\n" + indented(str(despite), tabs=2)
return text
