def choose_next(self, num_config):
self.logger.info('LCNet: model-based choosing.')
if len(self.incumbent_obj) <= 0:
return sample_configurations(self.config_space, num_config)
self.logger.info('start to training LCNet, training data shape: %s' % str(self.lc_training_x.shape))
self.lcnet_model.train(self.lc_training_x, self.lc_training_y)
next_configs = []
random_configs = sample_configurations(self.config_space, 50 * self.num_config)
random_configs_data = convert_configurations_to_array(random_configs)
x_test = None
for i in range(random_configs_data.shape[0]):
x = np.concatenate((random_configs_data[i, None, :], np.array([[1.0]])), axis=1)
if x_test is None:
x_test = x
else:
x_test = np.concatenate((x_test, x), 0)
m, v = self.lcnet_model.predict(x_test)
sorted_configs = [random_configs[i] for i in np.argsort(-m)]
print(sorted_configs[:5])
number_flag = False
for config in sorted_configs:
if config not in next_configs:
next_configs.append(config)
if len(next_configs) == num_config:
number_flag = True
break
if not number_flag:
next_configs = expand_configurations(next_configs, self.config_space, num_config)
self.logger.warning('MBHB: add random configuration here.' + '=' * 50)
return next_configs
def choose_next(self, num_config):
if len(self.target_y[self.iterate_r[-1]]) == 0:
return sample_configurations(self.config_space, num_config)
conf_cnt = 0
next_configs = []
total_cnt = 0
incumbent = dict()
max_r = self.iterate_r[-1]
best_index = np.argmin(self.target_y[max_r])
incumbent['config'] = self.target_x[max_r][best_index]
approximate_obj = self.weighted_surrogate.predict(
convert_configurations_to_array([incumbent['config']]))[0]
incumbent['obj'] = approximate_obj
self.weighted_acquisition_func.update(model=self.weighted_surrogate,
eta=incumbent)
while conf_cnt < num_config and total_cnt < 2 * num_config:
rand_config = self.weighted_acq_optimizer.maximize(batch_size=1)[0]
if rand_config not in next_configs:
next_configs.append(rand_config)
conf_cnt += 1
total_cnt += 1
if conf_cnt < num_config:
next_configs = expand_configurations(next_configs,
self.config_space, num_config)
return next_configs
def choose_next_weighted(self, num_config):
if len(self.target_y[self.iterate_r[-1]]) == 0:
return sample_configurations(self.config_space, num_config)
conf_cnt = 0
next_configs = []
total_cnt = 0
while conf_cnt < num_config and total_cnt < 2 * num_config:
# in Bayesian optimization, eliminate epsilon sampling.
incumbent = dict()
# TODO: problem-->use the best in maximal resource.
# TODO: smac's optmization algorithm.
max_r = self.iterate_r[-1]
best_index = np.argmin(self.target_y[max_r])
incumbent['config'] = self.target_x[max_r][best_index]
approximate_obj = self.weighted_surrogate.predict(
convert_configurations_to_array([incumbent['config']]))[0]
incumbent['obj'] = approximate_obj
self.weighted_acquisition_func.update(
model=self.weighted_surrogate, eta=incumbent)
rand_config = self.weighted_acq_optimizer.maximize(batch_size=1)[0]
if rand_config not in next_configs:
next_configs.append(rand_config)
conf_cnt += 1
total_cnt += 1
if conf_cnt < num_config:
next_configs = expand_configurations(next_configs,
self.config_space, num_config)
return next_configs
def iterate_parallel(self):
# sample n_population configurations.
T = sample_configurations(self.config_space, self.n_population)
self.logger.info('-' * 20 + str([item.get_dictionary() for item in T]))
step_num = 0
result = []
extra_info = None
while step_num < self.iter_steps:
self.logger.info('=' * 40 + ('start step: %d' % step_num) +
'=' * 40)
# step_num += self.iter_gap
step_num += 1
performance_result, early_stops = self.run_in_parallel(
T, self.iter_gap, extra_info)
result = []
for i, item in enumerate(performance_result):
result.append({
'loss': item['loss'],
'worker_id': i,
'ref_id': item['ref_id']
})
T, extra_info = self.hp_iterate(T, result)
self.logger.info(
'p update: ' +
str([item.get_dictionary().values() for item in T]))
result_sorted = sorted(result, key=lambda x: x['loss'])
self.incumbent_configs.append(T[result_sorted[0]['worker_id']])
self.incumbent_obj.append(result_sorted[0]['loss'])
def mini_smac(learn_delta):
sample_num_m = s_mid
sample_num_l = s_min
if not learn_delta:
sample_num_m = s_min
start_time = time.time()
config_space = create_configspace()
types, bounds = get_types(config_space)
num_hp = len(bounds)
surrogate = RandomForestWithInstances(types=types, bounds=bounds)
acquisition_func = EI(model=surrogate)
acq_optimizer = RandomSampling(acquisition_func, config_space, n_samples=max(500, 50 * num_hp))
X = []
y = []
y_delta = []
c = []
inc_y = 1.
# Initial design.
for _ in range(num_init):
init_configs = sample_configurations(config_space, num_init)
for config in init_configs:
perf_t, _ = objective_function((config.get_dictionary(), sample_num_m))
X.append(config)
y.append(perf_t)
if perf_t < inc_y:
inc_y = perf_t
c.append([time.time()-start_time, inc_y])
if learn_delta:
perf_l, _ = objective_function((config.get_dictionary(), sample_num_l))
y_delta.append(perf_t - perf_l)
else:
y_delta.append(perf_t)
# BO iterations.
for _ in range(num_iter - num_init):
# Update the surrogate model.
surrogate.train(convert_configurations_to_array(X), np.array(y, dtype=np.float64))
# Use EI acq to choose next config.
incumbent = dict()
best_index = np.argmin(y)
incumbent['obj'] = y[best_index]
incumbent['config'] = X[best_index]
acquisition_func.update(model=surrogate, eta=incumbent)
next_config = acq_optimizer.maximize(batch_size=1)[0]
perf_t, _ = objective_function((next_config.get_dictionary(), sample_num_m))
X.append(next_config)
y.append(perf_t)
if perf_t < inc_y:
inc_y = perf_t
c.append([time.time() - start_time, inc_y])
if learn_delta:
perf_l, _ = objective_function((config.get_dictionary(), sample_num_l))
y_delta.append(perf_t - perf_l)
else:
y_delta.append(perf_t)
return [convert_configurations_to_array(X), np.array(y_delta, dtype=np.float64)]
def choose_next_batch(self, num_config):
if len(self.target_y[self.iterate_r[-1]]) == 0:
configs = [self.config_space.sample_configuration()]
configs.extend(
sample_configurations(self.config_space, num_config - 1))
self.configs.extend(configs)
return configs
config_candidates = list()
acq_configs = self.get_bo_candidates(num_configs=2 * num_config)
acq_idx = 0
for idx in range(1, 1 + 2 * num_config):
# Like BOHB, sample a fixed percentage of random configurations.
if self.random_configuration_chooser.check(idx):
_config = self.config_space.sample_configuration()
else:
_config = acq_configs[acq_idx]
acq_idx += 1
if _config not in config_candidates:
config_candidates.append(_config)
if len(config_candidates) >= num_config:
break
if len(config_candidates) < num_config:
config_candidates = expand_configurations(config_candidates,
self.config_space,
num_config)
_config_candidates = []
for config in config_candidates:
if config not in self.configs: # Check if evaluated
_config_candidates.append(config)
self.configs.extend(_config_candidates)
return _config_candidates
def choose_next(self, num_config):
if len(self.incumbent_obj) < 2 * self.num_config:
return sample_configurations(self.config_space, num_config)
# print('choose next starts!')
self.logger.info('train feature is: %s' % str(self.incumbent_configs[-5:]))
self.logger.info('train target is: %s' % str(self.incumbent_obj))
self.surrogate.train(convert_configurations_to_array(self.incumbent_configs),
np.array(self.incumbent_obj, dtype=np.float64))
conf_cnt = 0
total_cnt = 0
next_configs = []
while conf_cnt < num_config and total_cnt < 5 * num_config:
incumbent = dict()
best_index = np.argmin(self.incumbent_obj)
incumbent['obj'] = self.incumbent_obj[best_index]
incumbent['config'] = self.incumbent_configs[best_index]
self.acquisition_func.update(model=self.surrogate, eta=incumbent)
rand_config = self.acq_optimizer.maximize(batch_size=1)[0]
if rand_config not in next_configs:
next_configs.append(rand_config)
conf_cnt += 1
total_cnt += 1
if conf_cnt < num_config:
next_configs = expand_configurations(next_configs, self.config_space, num_config)
return next_configs
def iterate(self, skip_last=0):
for s in reversed(range(self.s_max + 1)):
# Initial number of configurations
n = int(ceil(self.B / self.max_iter / (s + 1) * self.eta**s))
# Initial number of iterations per config
r = self.max_iter * self.eta**(-s)
# Sample n configurations uniformly.
T = sample_configurations(self.configuration_space, n)
incumbent_loss = np.inf
extra_info = None
last_run_num = None
for i in range((s + 1) - int(skip_last)): # Changed from s + 1
# Run each of the n configs for <iterations>
# and keep best (n_configs / eta) configurations.
n_configs = n * self.eta**(-i)
n_iterations = r * self.eta**(i)
n_iter = n_iterations
if last_run_num is not None and not self.restart_needed:
n_iter -= last_run_num
last_run_num = n_iterations
self.logger.info("HB: %d configurations x %d iterations each" %
(int(n_configs), int(n_iterations)))
ret_val, early_stops = self.run_in_parallel(
T, n_iter, extra_info)
val_losses = [item['loss'] for item in ret_val]
ref_list = [item['ref_id'] for item in ret_val]
# select a number of best configurations for the next loop
# filter out early stops, if any
indices = np.argsort(val_losses)
if len(T) == sum(early_stops):
break
if len(T) >= self.eta:
T = [T[i] for i in indices if not early_stops[i]]
extra_info = [
ref_list[i] for i in indices if not early_stops[i]
]
reduced_num = int(n_configs / self.eta)
T = T[0:reduced_num]
extra_info = extra_info[0:reduced_num]
else:
T = [T[indices[0]]]
extra_info = [ref_list[indices[0]]]
incumbent_loss = val_losses[indices[0]]
self.add_stage_history(
self.stage_id, min(self.global_incumbent, incumbent_loss))
self.stage_id += 1
if not np.isnan(incumbent_loss):
self.incumbent_configs.append(T[0])
self.incumbent_perfs.append(incumbent_loss)
self.remove_immediate_model()
def choose_next(self, num_config):
if len(self.incumbent_obj) < 3:
return sample_configurations(self.config_space, num_config)
self.logger.info('BO Training - X: %s' %
str(self.incumbent_configs[-5:]))
self.logger.info('BO Training - Y: %s' % str(self.incumbent_obj))
self.surrogate.train(
convert_configurations_to_array(self.incumbent_configs),
np.array(self.incumbent_obj, dtype=np.float64))
conf_cnt = 0
total_cnt = 0
_next_configs = []
while conf_cnt < num_config and total_cnt < 5 * num_config:
incumbent = dict()
best_index = np.argmin(self.incumbent_obj)
incumbent['obj'] = self.incumbent_obj[best_index]
incumbent['config'] = self.incumbent_configs[best_index]
self.acquisition_func.update(model=self.surrogate, eta=incumbent)
rand_config = self.acq_optimizer.maximize(batch_size=1)[0]
if rand_config not in _next_configs:
_next_configs.append(rand_config)
conf_cnt += 1
total_cnt += 1
if conf_cnt < num_config:
_next_configs = expand_configurations(_next_configs,
self.config_space,
num_config)
next_configs = []
# Epsilon greedy
for config in _next_configs:
if random.random() < self.p:
next_configs.append(
sample_configurations(self.config_space, 1)[0])
else:
next_configs.append(config)
return next_configs
def iterate(self):
configs = sample_configurations(self.config_space, self.num_workers)
extra_info = None
ret_val, early_stops = self.run_in_parallel(configs, self.R,
extra_info)
val_losses = [item['loss'] for item in ret_val]
self.incumbent_configs.extend(configs)
self.incumbent_obj.extend(val_losses)
self.add_stage_history(self.stage_id, self.global_incumbent)
self.stage_id += 1
self.remove_immediate_model()
def choose_next(self, num_config, r, mode):
# different types of mode.
if mode == 'Hybrid':
mode = 'Backward' if self.iterate_id % 2 == 0 else 'Forward'
if mode == 'Forward':
if r != self.R:
r *= self.eta
elif mode == 'Backward':
if r != 1:
r /= self.eta
else:
r = self.R
# TODO: in different types, this condition may not needed any more.
n_exp = len(self.target_y[r])
if n_exp < 2 * self.num_config:
return sample_configurations(self.config_space, num_config)
self.logger.info('train feature is: %s' % str(self.target_x[r]))
self.logger.info('train target is: %s' % str(self.target_y[r]))
self.surrogate.train(convert_configurations_to_array(self.target_x[r]),
np.array(self.target_y[r], dtype=np.float64))
conf_cnt = 0
next_configs = []
total_cnt = 0
# TODO: acceleration, maximize a batch of candidates.
while conf_cnt < num_config and total_cnt < 5 * num_config:
rand_config = None
if random.uniform(0, 1) < self.init_tradeoff:
rand_config = self.config_space.sample_configuration(1)
else:
# print('use surrogate to produce candidate.')
incumbent = dict()
incumbent['obj'] = np.min(self.target_y[r])
incumbent['config'] = self.target_x[r][np.argmin(
self.target_y[r])]
self.acquisition_func.update(model=self.surrogate,
eta=incumbent)
rand_config = self.acq_optimizer.maximize(batch_size=1)[0]
if rand_config not in next_configs:
next_configs.append(rand_config)
conf_cnt += 1
total_cnt += 1
if conf_cnt < num_config:
next_configs = expand_configurations(next_configs,
self.config_space, num_config)
return next_configs
def get_neighbour_hp(self, T, worker_id):
neighbours = get_random_neighborhood(T[worker_id],
10 * self.n_population,
self.rand_int)
for item in neighbours:
if item not in T:
return item
# for _ in range(self.n_population):
# hp = random.choice(neighbours)
# if hp not in T:
# return hp
return sample_configurations(self.config_space, 1)[0]
def iterate(self):
# sample n_population configurations.
T = sample_configurations(self.config_space, self.n_population)
step_num = 0
result = []
while step_num < self.iter_steps:
step_num += self.iter_gap
result = []
for worker in self.workers:
res = worker.step(step_num, T[worker.worker_id])
result.append(res)
T = self.hp_iterate(T, result)
result_sorted = sorted(result, key=lambda x: x['loss'])
self.incumbent_configs.append(T[result_sorted[0]['worker_id']])
self.incumbent_obj.append(result_sorted[0]['loss'])
def choose_next(self, num_config):
if len(self.incumbent_obj) < 3:
return sample_configurations(self.config_space, num_config)
self.logger.info('Train feature is: %s' %
str(self.incumbent_configs[:5]))
self.logger.info('Train target is: %s' % str(self.incumbent_obj))
self.surrogate.train(
convert_configurations_to_array(self.incumbent_configs),
np.array(self.incumbent_obj, dtype=np.float64))
config_cnt = 0
total_sample_cnt = 0
config_candidates = []
while config_cnt < num_config and total_sample_cnt < 3 * num_config:
if random.random() < self.p:
rand_config = self.config_space.sample_configuration(1)
else:
# print('use surrogate to produce candidate.')
incumbent = dict()
best_index = np.argmin(self.incumbent_obj)
incumbent['obj'] = self.incumbent_obj[best_index]
incumbent['config'] = self.incumbent_configs[best_index]
self.acquisition_func.update(model=self.surrogate,
eta=incumbent)
rand_config = self.acq_optimizer.maximize(batch_size=1)[0]
if rand_config not in config_candidates:
config_candidates.append(rand_config)
config_cnt += 1
total_sample_cnt += 1
if config_cnt < num_config:
config_candidates = expand_configurations(config_candidates,
self.config_space,
num_config)
return config_candidates
def tse(run_id, train_base_models=True):
start_time = time.time()
from concurrent.futures import ProcessPoolExecutor
pool = ProcessPoolExecutor(max_workers=args.worker)
X, y = [], []
c = []
inc = 1.
X_l, y_l = [], []
weight = np.array([1/K]*(K+1))
config_evaluated = []
config_space = create_configspace()
# Initialize config L.
config_L = sample_configurations(config_space, num_L_init)
if train_base_models:
func_configs = list()
for iter_t in range(K):
print('Build mid fidelity model', iter_t)
func_configs.append(True)
func_configs.append(False)
training_data = run_parallel_async(pool, mini_smac, func_configs)
with open('data/xgb/base_tse_data_%d.pkl' % run_id, 'wb') as f:
pickle.dump(training_data, f)
else:
with open('data/xgb/base_tse_data_%d.pkl' % 10, 'rb') as f:
training_data = pickle.load(f)
print('Load training data for M evaluations!')
# Create base models.
base_models = list()
config_space = create_configspace()
types, bounds = get_types(config_space)
for iter_t in range(K+1):
config_x, config_y = training_data[iter_t]
model = RandomForestWithInstances(types=types, bounds=bounds)
model.train(config_x, config_y)
base_models.append(model)
low_fidelity_model = base_models[K]
X_l.extend(training_data[K][0].tolist())
y_l.extend(training_data[K][1].tolist())
print('Base model building finished!')
# The framework of TSE.
for iter_t in range(iter_H):
print('Iteration in TSE', iter_t)
# Sample a batch of configurations according to tse model.
configs = sample_configurations(config_space, iter_L * 10)
config_arrays = convert_configurations_to_array(configs)
perfs, _ = low_fidelity_model.predict(config_arrays)
perfs = perfs[:, 0]
if len(y) > 3:
preds = []
for i in range(K):
m, _ = base_models[i].predict(config_arrays)
preds.append(m[:, 0].tolist())
preds = np.array(preds).T
preds = np.mat(np.hstack((preds, np.ones((len(configs), 1)))))
# Add the delta.
delta = preds*np.mat(weight.reshape(-1, 1))
perfs += delta.getA()[:, 0]
configs_candidate = []
indexes = np.argsort(perfs)[:iter_L]
for index in indexes:
configs_candidate.append(configs[index])
# Evaluate the low-fidelity configurations.
print('='*10 + 'Evaluating the low-fidelity configurations')
config_params = []
for config in configs_candidate:
config_params.append((config.get_dictionary(), s_min))
result_perf = run_parallel_async(pool, objective_function, config_params)
for index, item in enumerate(result_perf):
X_l.append(configs_candidate[index].get_array().tolist())
y_l.append(item[0])
print(np.array(X_l).shape, np.array(y_l, dtype=np.float64).shape)
# Update f_L.
print('=' * 10 + 'Retrain the f_L')
low_fidelity_model.train(np.array(X_l), np.array(y_l, dtype=np.float64))
config_L.extend(configs_candidate)
configs_input = []
for config in config_L:
if config not in config_evaluated:
configs_input.append(config)
# Choose the next configuration.
config_arrays = convert_configurations_to_array(configs_input)
perfs, _ = low_fidelity_model.predict(config_arrays)
perfs = perfs[:, 0]
if len(y) > 3:
preds = []
for i in range(K):
m, _ = base_models[i].predict(config_arrays)
preds.append(m[:, 0].tolist())
preds = np.array(preds).T
preds = np.mat(np.hstack((preds, np.ones((len(configs_input), 1)))))
# Add the delta.
delta = preds * np.mat(weight.reshape(-1, 1))
perfs += delta.getA()[:, 0]
next_config = configs_input[np.argmin(perfs)]
# Evaluate this config with a high-fidelity setting.
print('=' * 10 + 'Evaluate the high-fidelity configuration')
perf, _ = objective_function((next_config.get_dictionary(), s_max))
X.append(next_config)
y.append(perf)
if perf < inc:
inc = perf
c.append([time.time()-start_time, inc])
print('Current inc', inc)
if len(y) < 3:
continue
# Learn the weight in TSE.
Z = []
for i in range(K):
m, v = base_models[i].predict(convert_configurations_to_array(X))
Z.append(m[:, 0].tolist())
Z = np.mat(np.hstack((np.array(Z).T, np.ones((len(y), 1)))))
f = np.mat(np.array(y).reshape((-1, 1)))
# Compute the weight.
try:
ZtZ_inv = np.linalg.inv(Z.T * Z)
weight = (ZtZ_inv * Z.T * f)[:, 0]
print('The weight updated is', weight)
except np.linalg.LinAlgError as err:
if 'Singular matrix' in str(err):
print('Singular matrix encountered, and do not update the weight!')
else:
raise ValueError('Unexpected error!')
# Save the result.
np.save('data/xgb/tse_%d.npy' % run_id, np.array(c))
plt.plot(np.array(c)[:, 0], np.array(c)[:, 1])
plt.xlabel('time_elapsed (s)')
plt.ylabel('validation error')
plt.savefig("data/xgb/tse_%d.png" % run_id)
if time.time() - start_time > 21600:
raise ValueError('Runtime budget meets!')
pool.shutdown(wait=True)