def write_memory_to_file(A, filename, mode='w', title='test'):
"""
write memory to a h5 file
h5 file contains root.real and root.imag(if A complex)
best for transfer data with Matlab
A: a ndarray, GPUArray or PitchArray
filename: name of file to store
mode: 'w' to start a new file
'a' to append, leading dimension of A must be the
same as the existing file
file can be read by read_file or in matlab using h5read.m
"""
h5file = tables.openFile(filename, mode, title)
if (A.dtype == np.float32) or (A.dtype == np.complex64):
tb = tables.Float32Atom
elif (A.dtype == np.float64) or (A.dtype == np.complex128):
tb = tables.Float64Atom
elif A.dtype == np.int32:
tb = tables.Int32Atom
elif A.dtype == np.int64:
tb = tables.Int64Atom
else:
TypeError("Write file error: unkown input dtype")
if PYCUDA:
if A.__class__.__name__ in ["GPUArray", "PitchArray"]:
B = A.get()
elif A.__class__.__name__ == "ndarray":
B = A
else:
raise TypeError("Write file error: unkown input")
else:
if A.__class__.__name__ == "ndarray":
B = A
else:
raise TypeError("Write file error: unkown input")
shape = list(B.shape)
shape[0] = 0
if mode == 'w':
if np.iscomplexobj(B):
h5file.createEArray("/", "real", tb(), tuple(shape))
h5file.createEArray("/", "imag", tb(), tuple(shape))
else:
h5file.createEArray("/", "real", tb(), tuple(shape))
if np.iscomplexobj(B):
h5file.root.real.append(B.real)
h5file.root.imag.append(B.imag)
else:
h5file.root.real.append(B)
h5file.close()
if mode == 'w':
print "file %s created" % (filename)
def fitToData(self, data):
'''
param data: numpy array where [:,0] is x and [:,1] is y
'''
x = data[:, 0][:, np.newaxis]
y = data[:, 1][:, np.newaxis]
D = np.hstack((x*x, x*y, y*y, x, y, np.ones_like(x)))
S = np.dot(D.T, D)
C = np.zeros([6, 6])
C[0, 2] = C[2, 0] = 2; C[1, 1] = -1
E, V = eig(np.dot(inv(S), C))
n = np.argmax(np.abs(E))
self.parameters = V[:, n]
axes = self.ellipse_axis_length()
self.a = axes[0]
self.b = axes[1]
self.angle = self.ellipse_angle_of_rotation()
if not self.a or not self.b or self.parameters == None or np.iscomplexobj(self.parameters) or \
math.isnan(self.a) or math.isnan(self.b) or math.isnan(self.ellipse_center()[0]) or \
np.iscomplex(self.ellipse_center()[0]) or np.iscomplex(self.a) or np.iscomplex(self.b) or \
np.iscomplexobj(self.angle):
self.a = 0
self.b = 0
self.parameters = [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0]
self.angle = 0
self.error = True
def test_c2c(comm):
# this test requires pfft-python 0.1.16.
pm = ParticleMesh(BoxSize=8.0, Nmesh=[8, 8], comm=comm, dtype='complex128')
numpy.random.seed(1234)
if comm.rank == 0:
Npar = 100
else:
Npar = 0
pos = 1.0 * (numpy.arange(Npar * len(pm.Nmesh))).reshape(-1, len(pm.Nmesh)) * (7, 7)
pos %= (pm.Nmesh + 1)
layout = pm.decompose(pos)
npos = layout.exchange(pos)
real = pm.paint(npos)
complex = real.r2c()
real2 = complex.c2r()
assert numpy.iscomplexobj(real)
assert numpy.iscomplexobj(real2)
assert numpy.iscomplexobj(complex)
assert_array_equal(complex.cshape, pm.Nmesh)
assert_array_equal(real2.cshape, pm.Nmesh)
assert_array_equal(real.cshape, pm.Nmesh)
real.readout(npos)
assert_almost_equal(numpy.asarray(real), numpy.asarray(real2), decimal=7)
def __init__(self, f, data, model=default_model, guess=default_guess, functions=default_functions,
mask=None, errors=None, weight_by_errors=True):
"""
Instantiate a resonator using our current best model.
Parameter model is a function S_21(params, f) that returns the
modeled values of S_21.
Parameter guess is a function guess(f, data) that returns a
good-enough initial guess at all of the fit parameters.
Parameter functions is a dictionary that maps keys that are
valid Python variables to functions that take a Parameters
object as their only argument.
Parameter mask is a boolean array of the same length as f and
data; only points f[mask] and data[mask] are used to fit the
data. The default is to use all data. Use this to exclude
glitches or resonances other than the desired one.
"""
if not np.iscomplexobj(data):
raise TypeError("Resonator data should always be complex, but got real values")
if errors is not None:
if not np.iscomplexobj(errors):
errors = errors*(1+1j) # ensure errors is complex
super(Resonator,self).__init__(f,data,model=model,guess=guess,functions=functions,mask=mask,
errors=errors,weight_by_errors=weight_by_errors)
if self.x_data.max() < 1e6:
self.freq_units_MHz = True
else:
self.freq_units_MHz = False
self.freq_data = self.x_data
self.s21_data = self.y_data
def dot(self, coords_a, coords_b, frac_coords=False):
"""
Compute the scalar product of vector(s).
Args:
coords_a, coords_b: Array-like objects with the coordinates.
frac_coords (bool): Boolean stating whether the vector
corresponds to fractional or cartesian coordinates.
Returns:
one-dimensional `numpy` array.
"""
coords_a, coords_b = np.reshape(coords_a, (-1,3)), \
np.reshape(coords_b, (-1,3))
if len(coords_a) != len(coords_b):
raise ValueError("")
if np.iscomplexobj(coords_a) or np.iscomplexobj(coords_b):
raise TypeError("Complex array!")
if not frac_coords:
cart_a, cart_b = coords_a, coords_b
else:
cart_a = np.reshape([self.get_cartesian_coords(vec)
for vec in coords_a], (-1,3))
cart_b = np.reshape([self.get_cartesian_coords(vec)
for vec in coords_b], (-1,3))
return np.array([np.dot(a,b) for a,b in zip(cart_a, cart_b)])
def filter(self, array, *args, **kwargs):
# Processed bandwith in percentages
#------------------------------------------------------------------------
sys = kwargs["meta"]
bw_proc_az = 1.33 * sys['v0'] / sys['res_az']
bw_proc_rg = 1.33 * (sys['c0']/2.) / sys['res_rg']
percentage_az = 100.* bw_proc_az / (sys['prf']/sys['pre_az'])
percentage_rg = 100.* bw_proc_rg / sys['rsf']
bw = [percentage_az, percentage_rg]
print(" bw=["+str(bw[0])+","+str(bw[1])+"] ... ")
#------------------------------------------------------------------------
if array.ndim == 2 and np.iscomplexobj(array):
return self.unweight2d(array, self.ov, bw)
if array.ndim == 3 and np.iscomplexobj(array):
p = array.shape
for k in range(0,p[0]):
array_temp = self.unweight2d(array[k,:,:], self.ov, bw)
if k == 0:
s = array_temp.shape
array_new = np.empty((p[0],s[0],s[1]), dtype='complex64')
array_new[k,:,:] = array_temp
return array_new
else:
print(" ERROR: Bad input.")
return None
def test_dtype_agreement():
dtypes = [np.complex64, np.complex128, np.float32, np.float64]
for dtype1 in dtypes:
for dtype2 in dtypes:
print dtype1,dtype2
y_data = np.random.randn(10)+1j*np.random.randn(10)
errors = np.random.randn(10)+1j*np.random.randn(10)
with warnings.catch_warnings():
warnings.simplefilter('ignore', np.ComplexWarning)
y_data = y_data.astype(dtype1)
errors = errors.astype(dtype2)
x_data = np.linspace(100,110,10)
if np.iscomplexobj(y_data) and np.iscomplexobj(errors):
kid_readout.analysis.fitter.Fitter(x_data=x_data,y_data=y_data,errors=errors,
model=complex_dummy_model,
guess=complex_dummy_guess)
elif (not np.iscomplexobj(y_data)) and (not np.iscomplexobj(errors)):
kid_readout.analysis.fitter.Fitter(x_data=x_data,y_data=y_data,errors=errors,
model=kid_readout.analysis.fitter.line_model,
guess=kid_readout.analysis.fitter.line_guess)
else:
try:
kid_readout.analysis.fitter.Fitter(x_data=x_data,y_data=y_data,errors=errors,
model=complex_dummy_model,
guess=complex_dummy_guess)
except TypeError:
pass
def get_jk_incore(self, cell=None, dm=None, hermi=1, verbose=logger.DEBUG, kpt=None):
'''Get Coulomb (J) and exchange (K) following :func:`scf.hf.RHF.get_jk_`.
*Incore* version of Coulomb and exchange build only.
Currently RHF always uses PBC AO integrals (unlike RKS), since
exchange is currently computed by building PBC AO integrals.
'''
if cell is None: cell = self.cell
if dm is None: dm = self.make_rdm1()
if kpt is None: kpt = self.kpt
log = logger.Logger
if isinstance(verbose, logger.Logger):
log = verbose
else:
log = logger.Logger(cell.stdout, verbose)
log.debug('JK PBC build: incore only with PBC integrals')
if self._eri is None:
log.debug('Building PBC AO integrals')
if kpt is not None and pyscf.lib.norm(kpt) > 1.e-15:
raise RuntimeError("Non-zero k points not implemented for exchange")
self._eri = ao2mo.get_ao_eri(cell)
if np.iscomplexobj(dm) or np.iscomplexobj(self._eri):
vj, vk = dot_eri_dm_complex(self._eri, dm, hermi)
else:
vj, vk = pyscf.scf.hf.dot_eri_dm(self._eri, dm, hermi)
return vj, vk
def map_coordinates(input, coordinates, output_type = None, output = None,
order = 3, mode = 'constant', cval = 0.0, prefilter = True):
"""Apply an arbritrary coordinate transformation.
The array of coordinates is used to find, for each point in the output,
the corresponding coordinates in the input. The value of the input at
that coordinates is determined by spline interpolation of the
requested order.
The shape of the output is derived from that of the coordinate
array by dropping the first axis. The values of the array along
the first axis are the coordinates in the input array at which the
output value is found. For example, if the input has dimensions
(100,200,3), then the shape of coordinates will be (3,100,200,3),
where coordinates[:,1,2,3] specify the input coordinate at which
output[1,2,3] is found.
Points outside the boundaries of the input are filled according to
the given mode ('constant', 'nearest', 'reflect' or 'wrap'). The
parameter prefilter determines if the input is pre-filtered before
interpolation (necessary for spline interpolation of order >
1). If False it is assumed that the input is already filtered.
Example usage:
>>> a = arange(12.).reshape((4,3))
>>> print a
[[ 0. 1. 2.]
[ 3. 4. 5.]
[ 6. 7. 8.]
[ 9. 10. 11.]]
>>> output = map_coordinates(a,[[0.5, 2], [0.5, 1]],order=1)
>>> print output
[ 2. 7.]
Here, the interpolated value of a[0.5,0.5] gives output[0], while
a[2,1] is output[1].
"""
if order < 0 or order > 5:
raise RuntimeError, 'spline order not supported'
input = numpy.asarray(input)
if numpy.iscomplexobj(input):
raise TypeError, 'Complex type not supported'
coordinates = numpy.asarray(coordinates)
if numpy.iscomplexobj(coordinates):
raise TypeError, 'Complex type not supported'
output_shape = coordinates.shape[1:]
if input.ndim < 1 or len(output_shape) < 1:
raise RuntimeError, 'input and output rank must be > 0'
if coordinates.shape[0] != input.ndim:
raise RuntimeError, 'invalid shape for coordinate array'
mode = _extend_mode_to_code(mode)
if prefilter and order > 1:
filtered = spline_filter(input, order, output = numpy.float64)
else:
filtered = input
output, return_value = _ni_support._get_output(output, input,
output_type, shape = output_shape)
_nd_image.geometric_transform(filtered, None, coordinates, None, None,
output, order, mode, cval, None, None)
return return_value
def RCCSD(mf, frozen=0, mo_coeff=None, mo_occ=None):
__doc__ = ccsd.CCSD.__doc__
import numpy
from pyscf import lib
from pyscf import scf
from pyscf.soscf import newton_ah
from pyscf.cc import dfccsd
if isinstance(mf, scf.uhf.UHF):
raise RuntimeError('RCCSD cannot be used with UHF method.')
elif isinstance(mf, scf.rohf.ROHF):
lib.logger.warn(mf, 'RCCSD method does not support ROHF method. ROHF object '
'is converted to UHF object and UCCSD method is called.')
return UCCSD(mf, frozen, mo_coeff, mo_occ)
if isinstance(mf, newton_ah._CIAH_SOSCF) or not isinstance(mf, scf.hf.RHF):
mf = scf.addons.convert_to_rhf(mf)
if getattr(mf, 'with_df', None):
return dfccsd.RCCSD(mf, frozen, mo_coeff, mo_occ)
elif numpy.iscomplexobj(mo_coeff) or numpy.iscomplexobj(mf.mo_coeff):
return rccsd.RCCSD(mf, frozen, mo_coeff, mo_occ)
else:
return ccsd.CCSD(mf, frozen, mo_coeff, mo_occ)
def _matvec(self, x):
from bempp.api.utils.data_types import combined_type
if x.ndim == 1:
x_new = _np.expand_dims(x, 1)
return self.matvec(x_new).ravel()
if not self._fill_complete():
raise ValueError("Not all rows or columns contain operators.")
row_dim = 0
res = _np.zeros((self.shape[0], x.shape[1]), dtype=combined_type(self.dtype, x.dtype))
for i in range(self._m):
col_dim = 0
local_res = res[row_dim:row_dim + self._rows[i], :]
for j in range(self._n):
local_x = x[col_dim:col_dim + self._cols[j], :]
if self._operators[i, j] is not None:
op_is_complex = _np.iscomplexobj(self._operators[i, j].dtype.type(1))
if _np.iscomplexobj(x) and not op_is_complex:
local_res[:] += (self._operators[i, j] * _np.real(local_x) +
1j * self._operators[i, j] * _np.imag(local_x))
else:
local_res[:] += self._operators[i, j].dot(local_x)
col_dim += self._cols[j]
row_dim += self._rows[i]
return res
def imshow(ax, x, y, z, *args, **kwargs):
if (np.iscomplexobj(x)):
x = np.asfarray(x.real)
else:
x = np.asfarray(x)
if (np.iscomplexobj(y)):
y = np.asfarray(y.real)
else:
y = np.asfarray(y)
assert(len(x) == z.shape[1])
assert(len(y) == z.shape[0])
dx = x[1] - x[0]
dy = y[1] - y[0]
if (np.iscomplexobj(z)):
zabs = abs(z)
else:
zabs = z
zabs = np.asfarray(zabs)
# Use this to center pixel around (x,y) values
extent = (x[0]-dx/2.0, x[-1]+dx/2.0, y[0]-dy/2.0, y[-1]+dy/2.0)
# Use this to let (x,y) be the lower-left pixel location (upper-left when origin = 'lower' is not used)
#extent = (x[0], x[-1], y[0], y[-1])
im = ax.imshow(zabs, extent = extent, *args, **kwargs)
imshow_show_z(ax, z, x, y)
ax.set_xlim((x[0], x[-1]))
ax.set_ylim((y[0], y[-1]))
return im
def __init__(self, frequency, s21, errors, **kwargs):
"""
General resonator fitting class.
Parameters
----------
frequency: array of floats
Frequencies at which data was measured
s21: array of complex
measured S21 data
errors: None or array of complex
errors on the real and imaginary parts of the s21 data. None means use no errors
kwargs:
passed on to model.fit
"""
if not np.iscomplexobj(s21):
raise TypeError("S21 must be complex.")
if errors is not None and not np.iscomplexobj(errors):
raise TypeError("S21 errors must be complex.")
if errors is None:
weights = None
else:
weights = 1/errors.real + 1j/errors.imag
# kwargs get passed from Fitter to Model.fit directly. Signature is:
# def fit(self, data, params=None, weights=None, method='leastsq',
# iter_cb=None, scale_covar=True, verbose=False, fit_kws=None, **kwargs):
super(GeneralCable, self).__init__(data=s21, f=frequency,
model=lmfit_models.GeneralCableModel, weights=weights, **kwargs)
self.frequency = frequency
self.errors = errors
self.weights = weights
self.fit()
def subsample(args):
"""
Rebin / Congrid variant
"""
arr, shape, mode = args # unpack arguments
if mode == 'phase' and np.iscomplexobj(arr):
arr = np.angle(arr)
if np.iscomplexobj(arr):
arr = np.abs(arr)
if arr.shape == shape:
return arr
oshap = arr.shape
for d in range(arr.ndim):
n1 = shape[d]
n2 = oshap[d]
if n1 < n2:
s = list(arr.shape)
s.insert(d + 1, n2 // n1)
s[d] = n1
if mode == 'phase':
arr = np.angle(np.exp(1j * arr.reshape(s)).mean(d + 1))
elif mode == 'lables':
arr = np.take(arr.reshape(s), 0, d + 1)
else:
arr = arr.reshape(s).mean(d + 1)
else:
arr = arr.repeat(n1 // n2, axis=d)
return arr
def assert_array_almost_equal_nulp(x, y, nulp=1):
"""Compare two arrays relatively to their spacing. It is a relatively
robust method to compare two arrays whose amplitude is variable.
Note
----
An assertion is raised if the following condition is not met:
abs(x - y) <= nulps * spacing(max(abs(x), abs(y)))
Parameters
----------
x: array_like
first input array
y: array_like
second input array
nulp: int
max number of unit in the last place for tolerance (see Note)
"""
import numpy as np
ax = np.abs(x)
ay = np.abs(y)
ref = nulp * np.spacing(np.where(ax > ay, ax, ay))
if not np.all(np.abs(x-y) <= ref):
if np.iscomplexobj(x) or np.iscomplexobj(y):
msg = "X and Y are not equal to %d ULP" % nulp
else:
max_nulp = np.max(nulp_diff(x, y))
msg = "X and Y are not equal to %d ULP (max is %g)" % (nulp, max_nulp)
raise AssertionError(msg)
def __init__(self, freq, s21,
model=default_model, guess=default_guess, functions=default_functions,
mask=None, errors=None):
"""
Fit a resonator using the given model.
f: the frequencies used in a sweep.
s21: the complex S_21 data taken at the given frequencies.
model: a function S_21(params, f) that returns the modeled values of S_21.
guess: a function guess(f, s21) that returns a good-enough initial guess at all of the fit parameters.
functions: a dictionary that maps keys that are valid Python variables to functions that take a Parameters
object as their only argument.
mask: a boolean array of the same length as f and s21; only points f[mask] and s21[mask] are used to fit the
data and the default is to use all data; use this to exclude glitches or resonances other than the desired one.
"""
if not np.iscomplexobj(s21):
raise TypeError("Resonator s21 must be complex.")
if errors is not None and not np.iscomplexobj(errors):
raise TypeError("Resonator s21 errors must be complex.")
super(Resonator, self).__init__(freq, s21,
model=model, guess=guess, functions=functions, mask=mask, errors=errors)
self.freq_data = self.x_data
self.s21_data = self.y_data
self.freq_units_MHz = self.freq_data.max() < 1e6
def __init__(self, x_data, y_data,
model=line_model, guess=line_guess, functions=default_functions,
mask=None, errors=None, method='leastsq', **minimize_keywords):
"""
Arguments:
model: a function y(params, x) that returns the modeled values.
guess: a function guess(x_data, y_data) that returns a Parameters object containing an initial guess at the
fit parameters.
functions: a dictionary that maps keys that are valid Python variables to functions that take a Parameters
object as their only argument.
mask: a boolean array of the same length as f and data; only points x_data[mask] and y_data[mask] are used to
fit the data, and the default is to use all data.
errors: an array of the same size and data type as y_data with the corresponding error values;
method: a string representing the fitting method for lmfit.minimize to use.
minimize_keywords: keyword arguments that are passed directly to lmfit.minimize.
Returns:
A new Fitter using the given data and model.
"""
self.x_data = x_data
if np.iscomplexobj(y_data):
y_data = y_data.astype('complex') # promote data to complex128 if needed
if errors is not None:
if not np.iscomplexobj(errors):
raise TypeError(
"y_data and errors must both be complex or real, but got complex data with real errors.")
errors = errors.astype('complex')
else: # data is real
y_data = y_data.astype('float') # promote data to float64 if needed
if errors is not None:
if np.iscomplexobj(errors):
raise TypeError(
"y_data and errors must both be complex or real, but got real data with complex errors.")
errors = errors.astype('float')
self.y_data = y_data
self._model = model
self._functions = functions
self.method = method
self.minimize_keywords = minimize_keywords
if mask is None:
self.mask = np.ones(x_data.shape, dtype=np.bool)
else:
self.mask = mask
self.errors = errors
if errors is None:
self.residual = self._residual_without_errors
else:
self.residual = self._residual_with_errors
self.fit(guess(x_data[self.mask], y_data[self.mask]))
def olafilt(b, x, zi=None):
"""
Filter a one-dimensional array with an FIR filter
Filter a data sequence, `x`, using a FIR filter given in `b`.
Filtering uses the overlap-add method converting both `x` and `b`
into frequency domain first. The FFT size is determined as the
next higher power of 2 of twice the length of `b`.
Parameters
----------
b : one-dimensional numpy array
The impulse response of the filter
x : one-dimensional numpy array
Signal to be filtered
zi : one-dimensional numpy array, optional
Initial condition of the filter, but in reality just the
runout of the previous computation. If `zi` is None or not
given, then zero initial state is assumed.
Returns
-------
y : array
The output of the digital filter.
zf : array, optional
If `zi` is None, this is not returned, otherwise, `zf` holds the
final filter delay values.
"""
L_I = b.shape[0]
# Find power of 2 larger that 2*L_I (from abarnert on Stackoverflow)
L_F = 2<<(L_I-1).bit_length()
L_S = L_F - L_I + 1
L_sig = x.shape[0]
offsets = range(0, L_sig, L_S)
# handle complex or real input
if np.iscomplexobj(b) or np.iscomplexobj(x):
fft_func = np.fft.fft
ifft_func = np.fft.ifft
res = np.zeros(L_sig+L_F, dtype=np.complex128)
else:
fft_func = np.fft.rfft
ifft_func = np.fft.irfft
res = np.zeros(L_sig+L_F)
FDir = fft_func(b, n=L_F)
# overlap and add
for n in offsets:
res[n:n+L_F] += ifft_func(fft_func(x[n:n+L_S], n=L_F)*FDir)
if zi is not None:
res[:zi.shape[0]] = res[:zi.shape[0]] + zi
return res[:L_sig], res[L_sig:]
else:
return res[:L_sig]
def compute(self):
# make a copy for changes
data = self.getData('in').copy()
# convert complex to mag
if np.iscomplexobj(data):
data = np.abs(data)
# get rid of negative numbers
if data.min() < 0.:
data -= data.min()
# normalize the data
data_min = data.min()
data_max = data.max()
data_range = data_max - data_min
val = self.getAttr('L W F C:', 'val')
new_min = data_range * val['floor'] / 100.0 + data_min
new_max = data_range * val['ceiling'] / 100.0 + data_min
data[data < new_min] = new_min
data[data > new_max] = new_max
data = data - math.fabs(new_min)
data = data / (new_max - math.fabs(new_min)) * 255
image = numpy2qimage(data.astype(np.uint8))
if image.isNull():
self.log.warn("Image Viewer: cannot load image")
else:
self.setAttr('Viewport:', val=image)
line = self.getAttr('Viewport:', 'line')
if line:
a = self.getData('in')
if np.iscomplexobj(a):
a = np.abs(a)
# Make a line with "l" points
x0, y0 = line[0]
x1, y1 = line[1]
l = int(np.hypot(x1 - x0, y1 - y0))
x, y = np.linspace(x0, x1, l), np.linspace(y0, y1, l)
# Extract the values along the line, using cubic interpolation
arr = ndimage.map_coordinates(a, np.vstack((x, y)), order=3)
self.setAttr('Cross Section', val=[arr])
self.setAttr('Cross Section', visible=True)
else:
self.setAttr('Cross Section', visible=False)
return(0)
def plot(self, *args, **kwargs):
if "projection" in kwargs:
projection = kwargs.pop("projection")
else:
projection = self.name
vars = args[:2]
args = args[2:]
if len(vars) == 2 and isinstance(vars[1], (str, unicode)):
args = (vars[1],) + args
vars = vars[:1]
if ((len(vars) == 1 and
isinstance(vars[0], hfarray) and
len(vars[0].dims) >= 1)):
y = vars[0]
x = hfarray(y.dims[0])
vars = (x, y)
if self.HFTOOLS_default_x_name is None:
self.HFTOOLS_default_x_name = y.dims[0].name
fmt = self.axes.xaxis.get_major_formatter()
if hasattr(fmt, "update_template"):
fmt.default_label = self.HFTOOLS_default_x_name
fmt.update_template()
if len(vars) == 1:
y = vars[0]
if projection in _projfun:
x, y = _projfun[projection](None, y)
return Axes.plot(self, y, *args, **kwargs)
elif np.iscomplexobj(y):
return Axes.plot(self, y.real, y.imag, *args, **kwargs)
else:
return Axes.plot(self, y, *args, **kwargs)
elif len(vars) == 2:
x = vars[0]
y = vars[1]
xunit = getattr(x, "unit", None)
yunit = getattr(y, "unit", None)
if projection in _projfun:
x, y = _projfun[projection](x, y)
lines = self._plot_helper(x, y, *args, **kwargs)
elif np.iscomplexobj(y):
xunit = yunit
lines = self._plot_helper(y.real, y.imag, *args, **kwargs)
else:
lines = self._plot_helper(x, y, *args, **kwargs)
if xunit:
self.set_xlabel_unit(xunit)
if yunit:
self.set_ylabel_unit(yunit)
return lines
else:
raise Exception("Missing plot data")
def it(Z,c,max_iteration): """ This function takes a Complex matrix and returns a Matrix filled with number of iterations taken by every complex number to escape (|z|>2) """ if not numpy.iscomplexobj(c): raise NotComplexError, "c parameter must be complex" if not numpy.iscomplexobj(Z): raise NotComplexError, "The Z matrix (complex plane) must be complex" if max_iteration == 0 : raise OutOfRangeError, "Number of iterations should be a positive Integer and not 0" if max_iteration < 0 : raise OutOfRangeError, "Number of iterations should be a positive Integer and not negative" if not type(max_iteration) is int: raise NotIntegerError, "Number of iterations should be a positive Integer and not float" # just to keep the dimensions I = Z.copy() C = Z.copy() C.fill(c) W = Z.getA() i = 0 zn = 0 + 0j for z in numpy.nditer(I, op_flags=['readwrite']): i = max_iteration zn = z[()] for j in range(-1,max_iteration): if abs(zn) > 2: i = j +1 break #zn = zn**3 + c #print zn.real zn = cmath.exp(zn**3) + c #print z[...] # hacer aca la trans color(i) z[...] = i*10 return (I.real).astype(int)
def __test(y, truth, max_size, axis):
ac = librosa.autocorrelate(y, max_size=max_size, axis=axis)
my_slice = [slice(None)] * truth.ndim
if max_size is not None and max_size <= y.shape[axis]:
my_slice[axis] = slice(min(max_size, y.shape[axis]))
if not np.iscomplexobj(y):
assert not np.iscomplexobj(ac)
assert np.allclose(ac, truth[my_slice])
def is_correct_scalar_dd(a_sub, a_tru, digits=2):
# If answers are complex, check real and imaginary parts separately
if np.iscomplexobj(a_sub) or np.iscomplexobj(a_tru):
return is_correct_scalar_dd(a_sub.real, a_tru.real, digits=digits) and is_correct_scalar_dd(a_sub.imag, a_tru.imag, digits=digits)
# Get bounds on submitted answer
eps = 0.51 * (10**-digits)
lower_bound = a_tru - eps
upper_bound = a_tru + eps
# Check if submitted answer is in bounds
return (a_sub > lower_bound) & (a_sub < upper_bound)
def cpsd(a, b, nfft, fs, window='hann'):
"""
Compute the cross power spectral density (CPSD) of the signals *a* and *b*.
This performs:
fft(a)*conj(fft(b))
Note that this is consistent with *np.correlate*'s definition of correlation.
(The conjugate of D.B. Chelton's definition of correlation.)
The two signals should be the same length, and should both be real.
See also:
psd,cohere
The units of the spectra is the product of the units of *a* and *b*, divided by the units of fs.
"""
if np.iscomplexobj(a) or np.iscomplexobj(b):
raise Exception
auto_psd = False
if a is b:
auto_psd = True
max_ind = len(a)
nfft = min([nfft, max_ind])
repeats = np.fix(2. * max_ind / nfft)
fs = np.float64(fs)
if max_ind == nfft:
repeats = 1
if window == 'hann':
wind = np.hanning(nfft)
elif window is None or window == 1:
wind = np.ones(nfft)
fft_inds = slice(1, np.floor(nfft / 2. + 1))
wght = 2. / (wind ** 2).sum()
s1 = fft(detrend(a[0:nfft]) * wind)[fft_inds]
if auto_psd:
pwr = np.abs(s1) ** 2
else:
pwr = s1 * np.conj(fft(detrend(b[0:nfft]) * wind)[fft_inds])
if repeats - 1:
step = np.fix((max_ind - nfft) / (repeats - 1))
for i in range(step, max_ind - nfft + 1, step):
s1 = fft(detrend(a[i:(i + nfft)]) * wind)[fft_inds]
if auto_psd:
pwr += np.abs(s1) ** 2
else:
pwr += s1 * \
np.conj(fft(detrend(b[i:(i + nfft)]) * wind)[fft_inds])
pwr *= wght / repeats / fs
if auto_psd: # No need to take the abs again.
return pwr
return np.abs(pwr)
def nulp_diff(x, y, dtype=None):
"""For each item in x and y, return the number of representable floating
points between them.
Parameters
----------
x : array_like
first input array
y : array_like
second input array
Returns
-------
nulp: array_like
number of representable floating point numbers between each item in x
and y.
Examples
--------
# By definition, epsilon is the smallest number such as 1 + eps != 1, so
# there should be exactly one ULP between 1 and 1 + eps
>>> nulp_diff(1, 1 + np.finfo(x.dtype).eps)
1.0
"""
import numpy as np
if dtype:
x = np.array(x, dtype=dtype)
y = np.array(y, dtype=dtype)
else:
x = np.array(x)
y = np.array(y)
t = np.common_type(x, y)
if np.iscomplexobj(x) or np.iscomplexobj(y):
raise NotImplementedError("_nulp not implemented for complex array")
x = np.array(x, dtype=t)
y = np.array(y, dtype=t)
if not x.shape == y.shape:
raise ValueError("x and y do not have the same shape: %s - %s" % \
(x.shape, y.shape))
def _diff(rx, ry, vdt):
diff = np.array(rx-ry, dtype=vdt)
return np.abs(diff)
rx = integer_repr(x)
ry = integer_repr(y)
return _diff(rx, ry, t)
def _hdm (a,b):
c = tensor()
c.d = a.d
c.n = a.n
c.r = np.zeros((a.d+1,1),dtype=np.int32)
c.ps = np.zeros((a.d+1,1),dtype=np.int32)
if np.iscomplexobj(a.core) or np.iscomplexobj(b.core):
c.r,c.ps = tt_f90.tt_f90.ztt_hdm(a.n,a.r,b.r,a.ps,b.ps,a.core,b.core)
c.core = tt_f90.tt_f90.zcore.copy()
else:
c.r,c.ps = tt_f90.tt_f90.dtt_hdm(a.n,a.r,b.r,a.ps,b.ps,a.core,b.core)
c.core = tt_f90.tt_f90.core.copy()
tt_f90.tt_f90.tt_dealloc()
return c
def validate(self):
data1 = self.getData('inLeft')
data2 = self.getData('inRight')
data1_shape = list(data1.shape)
data2_shape = list(data2.shape)
if data1_shape != data2_shape:
self.log.warn("Two data sets must be the same size")
return(1)
if np.iscomplexobj(data1) != np.iscomplexobj(data2):
self.log.warn("Two data sets must both be complex or both be real")
return(1)
return(0)
def numpy_to_matlab_sf(A, ndigits=2):
"""numpy_to_matlab(A, ndigits=2)
This function assumes that A is one of these things:
- a number (float or complex)
- a 2D ndarray (float or complex)
It returns A as a MATLAB-formatted string in which each number has
ndigits significant digits.
"""
if np.isscalar(A):
if np.iscomplexobj(A):
A_str = _string_from_complex_sigfig(A, ndigits)
else:
A_str = to_precision.to_precision(A, ndigits)
return A_str
elif A.ndim == 1:
s = A.shape
m = s[0]
A_str = '['
for i in range(0, m):
if np.iscomplexobj(A[i]):
A_str += _string_from_complex_sigfig(A[i], ndigits)
else:
A_str += to_precision.to_precision(A[i], ndigits)
if i < m - 1:
A_str += ', '
A_str += ']'
return A_str
else:
s = A.shape
m = s[0]
n = s[1]
A_str = '['
for i in range(0, m):
for j in range(0, n):
if np.iscomplexobj(A[i, j]):
A_str += _string_from_complex_sigfig(A[i, j], ndigits)
else:
A_str += to_precision.to_precision(A[i, j], ndigits)
if j == n - 1:
if i == m - 1:
A_str += ']'
else:
A_str += '; '
else:
A_str += ' '
return A_str
def __init__(self, x, h, uprate=1, downrate=1, xdim=-1, hdim=-1):
"""
Construct the ResamplerBank object.
Parameters
----------
x : array-like
Input signal array. May be multi-dimensional (ND). The signals
will be operated on along the "xdim" dimension of x.
This is needed to determine how many Resamplers need to be created,
since each one needs to retain state.
h : array-like
FIR (finite-impulse response) filter coefficients array. May be ND.
The filters are along the "hdim" dimension of h.
uprate : int, optional
Upsampling rate. (default=1)
downrate : int, optional
Downsampling rate. (default=1)
xdim : int, optional
Dimension for "x" input signal array. (default=-1)
hdim : int, optional
Dimension for "h" coefficient array. (default=-1)
"""
x = np.atleast_1d(x)
h = np.atleast_1d(h)
klass = klass_lookup(x, h)
x = dim2back(x, xdim)
h = dim2back(h, hdim)
xi = full_index(x)
xi[-1] = xi[-1][0:1]
# xx is ignored
xx, hh = np.broadcast_arrays(x[xi], h)
self.hh = hh
bank = np.zeros(self.hh.shape[:-1], dtype=object)
for idx, hi in enumdims(self.hh, (-1,), complement=True):
bank[idx] = klass(uprate, downrate, hi)
self.bank = bank
self.r0 = self.bank.flat[0]
self.coefs_per_phase = (h.shape[-1] + uprate - 1) // uprate
self.xdim = xdim
if np.iscomplexobj(x) or np.iscomplexobj(h):
self.output_type = complex
else:
self.output_type = float
def iscomplexobj(self):
"""
Check if values is array of complex numbers.
The type of the input is checked, not the value. Even if the input
has an imaginary part equal to zero, `iscomplexobj` evaluates to True.
"""
return np.iscomplexobj(self.values)
def eigss(A, delcc):
r"""Solve complex eigen problem for state-space formulation.
Parameters
----------
A : 2d ndarray
The state-space matrix (which doesn't have to be defined as
below)
delcc : bool
If True, delete one of each complex-conjugate pair and put the
appropriate factor of 2. in ur output (see below). This is
handy for real time-domain solutions, but not for frequency
domain solutions. See note below.
Returns
-------
A SimpleNamespace with the members:
lam : 1d ndarray; complex
The vector of complex eigenvalues
ur : 2d ndarray; complex
Normalized complex right eigenvectors
ur_inv : 2d ndarray; complex
Inverse of right eigenvectors
dups : 1d ndarray
Index partition vector for repeated roots; it will be empty
(`np.array([])`) if there are no repeated roots. For example,
if only the second and third roots are duplicates of each
other, `dups` will be `np.array([1, 2])`.
wn : 1d ndarray; real
Vector of natural frequencies (rad/sec) in the same order as
`lam` (see :func:`get_freq_damping`)
zeta : 1d ndarray; real
Vector of critical damping ratios (see
:func:`get_freq_damping`)
eig_success : bool
True if routine is successful. False if the eigenvectors form
a singular matrix or they do not diagonalize `A`; in that
case, ODE solution (if computed) is most likely wrong.
Notes
-----
The typical 2nd order ODE is:
.. math::
M \ddot{q} + B \dot{q} + K q = F
The 2nd order ODE set of equations are transformed into the 1st
order ODE (see :func:`make_A`):
.. math::
\left\{
\begin{array}{c} \ddot{q} \\ \dot{q} \end{array}
\right\} - \left[
\begin{array}{cc} -M^{-1} B & -M^{-1} K \\ I & 0 \end{array}
\right] \left\{
\begin{array}{c} \dot{q} \\ q \end{array}
\right\} = \left\{
\begin{array}{c} M^{-1} F \\ 0 \end{array} \right\}
or:
.. math::
\dot{y} - A y = w
When the `M`, `B` and `K` are assembled into the `A` matrix, they
must not contain any rigid-body modes since the inverse of `ur`
may not exist, causing the method to fail. If you seen any warning
messages about a matrix being singular or near singular, the
method has likely failed. Duplicate roots can also cause trouble,
so if there are duplicates, check to see if ``ur_inv @ ur`` and
``ur_inv @ A @ ur`` are diagonal matrices (if ``not delcc``, these
would be identity and the eigenvalues, but if `delcc` is True, the
factor of 2.0 discussed next has the chance to modify that). If
method fails, see :class:`SolveExp1` or :class:`SolveExp2`.
For underdamped modes, the complex eigenvalues and modes come in
complex conjugate pairs. Each mode of a pair yields the same
solution for real time-domain problems. This routine takes
advantage of this fact (if `delcc` is True) by chopping out one of
the pair and multiplying the other one by 2.0 (in `ur`). Then, if
all modes are underdamped: ``len(lam) = M.shape[0]`` and if no
modes are underdamped: ``len(lam) = 2*M.shape[0]``.
See also
--------
:func:`make_A`, :class:`SolveUnc`, :func:`get_freq_damping`.
"""
warn1 = ("in :func:`eigss`, the eigenvectors for the state-"
"space formulation are poorly conditioned (cond={:.3e}).\n")
warn2 = ("Repeated roots detected and equations do not appear "
"to be diagonalized. Generally, this is a failure "
"condition.\n"
"\tMax off-diag / on-diag of `inv(ur) @ A @ ur` = {} / {} = {}\n")
note = ("Solution will likely be inaccurate. "
"Possible causes/solutions:\n"
"\tThe partition vector for the rigid-body modes is "
"incorrect or not set\n"
"\tThe equations are not in modal space, and the "
"rigid-body modes cannot be detected -- use the "
"`pre_eig` option\n"
"\tUse :class:`SolveExp2` instead for time domain, or\n"
"\tUse :class:`FreqDirect` instead for frequency domain\n\n"
"\tSetting `eig_success` attribute to False\n")
lam, ur = la.eig(A)
c = np.linalg.cond(ur)
if c > 1 / np.finfo(float).eps:
warnings.warn(warn1.format(c) + note, RuntimeWarning)
eig_success = False
else:
eig_success = True
ur_inv = la.inv(ur)
lam, i, dups = _eigc_dups(lam)
ur = ur[:, i]
ur_inv = ur_inv[i]
if dups.size:
uau = ur_inv @ A @ ur
d = np.diag(uau)
max_off = abs(np.diag(d) - uau).max()
max_on = abs(d).max()
if max_off > 1e-8 * max_on:
warnings.warn(
warn2.format(max_off, max_on, max_off / max_on) + note,
RuntimeWarning)
eig_success = False
wn, zeta = get_freq_damping(lam, np.iscomplexobj(A))
if delcc:
lam, ur, ur_inv, dups = delconj(lam, ur, ur_inv, dups)
return SimpleNamespace(
lam=lam,
ur=ur,
ur_inv=ur_inv,
dups=dups,
wn=wn,
zeta=zeta,
eig_success=eig_success,
)
def __init__(self,
points,
values,
method="slinear",
bounds_error=True,
fill_value=np.nan,
spline_dim_error=True):
"""
Initialize instance of interpolation class.
Parameters
----------
points : tuple of ndarray of float, with shapes (m1, ), ..., (mn, )
The points defining the regular grid in n dimensions.
values : array_like, shape (m1, ..., mn, ...)
The data on the regular grid in n dimensions.
method : str, optional
The method of interpolation to perform. Supported are 'slinear',
'cubic', and 'quintic'. This parameter will become
the default for the object's
``__call__`` method. Default is "linear".
bounds_error : bool, optional
If True, when interpolated values are requested outside of the
domain of the input data, a ValueError is raised.
If False, then `fill_value` is used.
Default is True (raise an exception).
fill_value : number, optional
If provided, the value to use for points outside of the
interpolation domain. If None, values outside
the domain are extrapolated. Note that gradient values will always be
extrapolated rather than set to the fill_value if bounds_error=False
for any points outside of the interpolation domain.
Default is `np.nan`.
spline_dim_error : bool, optional
If spline_dim_error=True and an order `k` spline interpolation method
is used, then if any dimension has fewer points than `k` + 1, an error
will be raised. If spline_dim_error=False, then the spline interpolant
order will be reduced as needed on a per-dimension basis. Default
is True (raise an exception).
"""
if not make_interp_spline:
msg = "'MetaModelStructuredComp' requires scipy>=0.19, but the currently" \
" installed version is %s." % scipy_version
warnings.warn(msg)
configs = _RegularGridInterp._interp_methods()
self._all_methods, self._interp_config = configs
if method not in self._all_methods:
all_m = ', '.join(['"' + m + '"' for m in self._all_methods])
raise ValueError('Method "%s" is not defined. Valid methods are '
'%s.' % (method, all_m))
self.method = method
self.bounds_error = bounds_error
if not hasattr(values, 'ndim'):
# allow reasonable duck-typed values
values = np.asarray(values)
if len(points) > values.ndim:
raise ValueError("There are %d point arrays, but values has %d "
"dimensions" % (len(points), values.ndim))
if hasattr(values, 'dtype') and hasattr(values, 'astype'):
if not np.issubdtype(values.dtype, np.inexact):
values = values.astype(float)
if np.iscomplexobj(values[:]):
raise ValueError("method '%s' does not support complex values." %
method)
self.fill_value = fill_value
if fill_value is not None:
fill_value_dtype = np.asarray(fill_value).dtype
if (hasattr(values, 'dtype') and not np.can_cast(
fill_value_dtype, values.dtype, casting='same_kind')):
raise ValueError("fill_value must be either 'None' or "
"of a type compatible with values")
k = self._interp_config[method]
self._ki = []
for i, p in enumerate(points):
n_p = len(p)
if not np.all(np.diff(p) > 0.):
raise ValueError("The points in dimension %d must be strictly "
"ascending" % i)
if not np.asarray(p).ndim == 1:
raise ValueError("The points in dimension %d must be "
"1-dimensional" % i)
if not values.shape[i] == n_p:
raise ValueError("There are %d points and %d values in "
"dimension %d" % (len(p), values.shape[i], i))
self._ki.append(k)
if n_p <= k:
if not spline_dim_error:
self._ki[-1] = n_p - 1
else:
raise ValueError("There are %d points in dimension %d,"
" but method %s requires at least %d "
"points per "
"dimension."
"" % (n_p, i, method, k + 1))
self.grid = tuple([np.asarray(p) for p in points])
self.values = values
self._xi = None
self._all_gradients = None
self._spline_dim_error = spline_dim_error
self._gmethod = None
def make_A(M, B, K):
r"""
Setup the state-space matrix from mass, damping and stiffness.
Parameters
----------
M : 1d or 2d ndarray or None
Mass; vector (of diagonal), or full; if None, mass is assumed
identity
B : 1d or 2d ndarray
Damping; vector (of diagonal), or full
K : 1d or 2d ndarray
Stiffness; vector (of diagonal), or full
Returns
-------
A : 2d ndarray
The state-space matrix defined as shown below
Notes
-----
The typical 2nd order ODE is:
.. math::
M \ddot{q} + B \dot{q} + K q = F
The 2nd order ODE set of equations are transformed into the
1st order ODE:
.. math::
\left\{
\begin{array}{c} \ddot{q} \\ \dot{q} \end{array}
\right\} - \left[
\begin{array}{cc} -M^{-1} B & -M^{-1} K \\ I & 0 \end{array}
\right] \left\{
\begin{array}{c} \dot{q} \\ q \end{array}
\right\} = \left\{
\begin{array}{c} M^{-1} F \\ 0 \end{array} \right\}
or:
.. math::
\dot{y} - A y = w
When the `M`, `B` and `K` are assembled into the `A` matrix, they
must not contain any rigid-body modes. See :func:`eigss`.
See also
--------
:func:`eigss`, :class:`SolveUnc`, :class:`SolveExp2`
"""
Atype = float
if M is None:
B, K = np.atleast_1d(B, K)
if np.iscomplexobj(B) or np.iscomplexobj(K):
Atype = complex
else:
M, B, K = np.atleast_1d(M, B, K)
if np.iscomplexobj(M) or np.iscomplexobj(B) or np.iscomplexobj(K):
Atype = complex
n = K.shape[0]
A = np.zeros((2 * n, 2 * n), Atype)
v1 = range(n)
v2 = range(n, 2 * n)
if B.ndim == 2:
A[:n, :n] = -B
else:
A[v1, v1] = -B
if K.ndim == 2:
A[:n, n:] = -K
else:
A[v1, v2] = -K
A[v2, v1] = 1.0
if M is not None:
if M.ndim == 1:
A[:n] = (1.0 / M).reshape(-1, 1) * A[:n]
else:
A[:n] = la.solve(M, A[:n])
return A
def _spectral_helper(x, y=None, NFFT=None, Fs=None, detrend_func=None,
window=None, noverlap=None, pad_to=None,
sides=None, scale_by_freq=None, mode=None):
"""
Private helper implementing the common parts between the psd, csd,
spectrogram and complex, magnitude, angle, and phase spectrums.
"""
if y is None:
# if y is None use x for y
same_data = True
else:
# The checks for if y is x are so that we can use the same function to
# implement the core of psd(), csd(), and spectrogram() without doing
# extra calculations. We return the unaveraged Pxy, freqs, and t.
same_data = y is x
if Fs is None:
Fs = 2
if noverlap is None:
noverlap = 0
if detrend_func is None:
detrend_func = detrend_none
if window is None:
window = window_hanning
# if NFFT is set to None use the whole signal
if NFFT is None:
NFFT = 256
if mode is None or mode == 'default':
mode = 'psd'
_api.check_in_list(
['default', 'psd', 'complex', 'magnitude', 'angle', 'phase'],
mode=mode)
if not same_data and mode != 'psd':
raise ValueError("x and y must be equal if mode is not 'psd'")
# Make sure we're dealing with a numpy array. If y and x were the same
# object to start with, keep them that way
x = np.asarray(x)
if not same_data:
y = np.asarray(y)
if sides is None or sides == 'default':
if np.iscomplexobj(x):
sides = 'twosided'
else:
sides = 'onesided'
_api.check_in_list(['default', 'onesided', 'twosided'], sides=sides)
# zero pad x and y up to NFFT if they are shorter than NFFT
if len(x) < NFFT:
n = len(x)
x = np.resize(x, NFFT)
x[n:] = 0
if not same_data and len(y) < NFFT:
n = len(y)
y = np.resize(y, NFFT)
y[n:] = 0
if pad_to is None:
pad_to = NFFT
if mode != 'psd':
scale_by_freq = False
elif scale_by_freq is None:
scale_by_freq = True
# For real x, ignore the negative frequencies unless told otherwise
if sides == 'twosided':
numFreqs = pad_to
if pad_to % 2:
freqcenter = (pad_to - 1)//2 + 1
else:
freqcenter = pad_to//2
scaling_factor = 1.
elif sides == 'onesided':
if pad_to % 2:
numFreqs = (pad_to + 1)//2
else:
numFreqs = pad_to//2 + 1
scaling_factor = 2.
if not np.iterable(window):
window = window(np.ones(NFFT, x.dtype))
if len(window) != NFFT:
raise ValueError(
"The window length must match the data's first dimension")
result = stride_windows(x, NFFT, noverlap, axis=0)
result = detrend(result, detrend_func, axis=0)
result = result * window.reshape((-1, 1))
result = np.fft.fft(result, n=pad_to, axis=0)[:numFreqs, :]
freqs = np.fft.fftfreq(pad_to, 1/Fs)[:numFreqs]
if not same_data:
# if same_data is False, mode must be 'psd'
resultY = stride_windows(y, NFFT, noverlap)
resultY = detrend(resultY, detrend_func, axis=0)
resultY = resultY * window.reshape((-1, 1))
resultY = np.fft.fft(resultY, n=pad_to, axis=0)[:numFreqs, :]
result = np.conj(result) * resultY
elif mode == 'psd':
result = np.conj(result) * result
elif mode == 'magnitude':
result = np.abs(result) / np.abs(window).sum()
elif mode == 'angle' or mode == 'phase':
# we unwrap the phase later to handle the onesided vs. twosided case
result = np.angle(result)
elif mode == 'complex':
result /= np.abs(window).sum()
if mode == 'psd':
# Also include scaling factors for one-sided densities and dividing by
# the sampling frequency, if desired. Scale everything, except the DC
# component and the NFFT/2 component:
# if we have a even number of frequencies, don't scale NFFT/2
if not NFFT % 2:
slc = slice(1, -1, None)
# if we have an odd number, just don't scale DC
else:
slc = slice(1, None, None)
result[slc] *= scaling_factor
# MATLAB divides by the sampling frequency so that density function
# has units of dB/Hz and can be integrated by the plotted frequency
# values. Perform the same scaling here.
if scale_by_freq:
result /= Fs
# Scale the spectrum by the norm of the window to compensate for
# windowing loss; see Bendat & Piersol Sec 11.5.2.
result /= (np.abs(window)**2).sum()
else:
# In this case, preserve power in the segment, not amplitude
result /= np.abs(window).sum()**2
t = np.arange(NFFT/2, len(x) - NFFT/2 + 1, NFFT - noverlap)/Fs
if sides == 'twosided':
# center the frequency range at zero
freqs = np.roll(freqs, -freqcenter, axis=0)
result = np.roll(result, -freqcenter, axis=0)
elif not pad_to % 2:
# get the last value correctly, it is negative otherwise
freqs[-1] *= -1
# we unwrap the phase here to handle the onesided vs. twosided case
if mode == 'phase':
result = np.unwrap(result, axis=0)
return result, freqs, t
def toimage(arr, high=255, low=0, cmin=None, cmax=None, pal=None,
mode=None, channel_axis=None):
"""Takes a numpy array and returns a PIL image.
This function is only available if Python Imaging Library (PIL) is installed.
The mode of the PIL image depends on the array shape and the `pal` and
`mode` keywords.
For 2-D arrays, if `pal` is a valid (N,3) byte-array giving the RGB values
(from 0 to 255) then ``mode='P'``, otherwise ``mode='L'``, unless mode
is given as 'F' or 'I' in which case a float and/or integer array is made.
.. warning::
This function uses `bytescale` under the hood to rescale images to use
the full (0, 255) range if ``mode`` is one of ``None, 'L', 'P', 'l'``.
It will also cast data for 2-D images to ``uint32`` for ``mode=None``
(which is the default).
Notes
-----
For 3-D arrays, the `channel_axis` argument tells which dimension of the
array holds the channel data.
For 3-D arrays if one of the dimensions is 3, the mode is 'RGB'
by default or 'YCbCr' if selected.
The numpy array must be either 2 dimensional or 3 dimensional.
"""
data = np.asarray(arr)
if np.iscomplexobj(data):
raise ValueError("Cannot convert a complex-valued array.")
shape = list(data.shape)
valid = len(shape) == 2 or ((len(shape) == 3) and
((3 in shape) or (4 in shape)))
if not valid:
raise ValueError("'arr' does not have a suitable array shape for "
"any mode.")
if len(shape) == 2:
shape = (shape[1], shape[0]) # columns show up first
if mode == 'F':
data32 = data.astype(np.float32)
image = Image.frombytes(mode, shape, data32.tostring())
return image
if mode in [None, 'L', 'P']:
bytedata = bytescale(data, high=high, low=low,
cmin=cmin, cmax=cmax)
image = Image.frombytes('L', shape, bytedata.tostring())
if pal is not None:
image.putpalette(np.asarray(pal, dtype=np.uint8).tostring())
# Becomes a mode='P' automagically.
elif mode == 'P': # default gray-scale
pal = (np.arange(0, 256, 1, dtype=np.uint8)[:, np.newaxis] *
np.ones((3,), dtype=np.uint8)[np.newaxis, :])
image.putpalette(np.asarray(pal, dtype=np.uint8).tostring())
return image
if mode == '1': # high input gives threshold for 1
bytedata = (data > high)
image = Image.frombytes('1', shape, bytedata.tostring())
return image
if cmin is None:
cmin = np.amin(np.ravel(data))
if cmax is None:
cmax = np.amax(np.ravel(data))
data = (data*1.0 - cmin)*(high - low)/(cmax - cmin) + low
if mode == 'I':
data32 = data.astype(np.uint32)
image = Image.frombytes(mode, shape, data32.tostring())
else:
raise ValueError(_errstr)
return image
# if here then 3-d array with a 3 or a 4 in the shape length.
# Check for 3 in datacube shape --- 'RGB' or 'YCbCr'
if channel_axis is None:
if (3 in shape):
ca = np.flatnonzero(np.asarray(shape) == 3)[0]
else:
ca = np.flatnonzero(np.asarray(shape) == 4)
if len(ca):
ca = ca[0]
else:
raise ValueError("Could not find channel dimension.")
else:
ca = channel_axis
numch = shape[ca]
if numch not in [3, 4]:
raise ValueError("Channel axis dimension is not valid.")
bytedata = bytescale(data, high=high, low=low, cmin=cmin, cmax=cmax)
if ca == 2:
strdata = bytedata.tostring()
shape = (shape[1], shape[0])
elif ca == 1:
strdata = np.transpose(bytedata, (0, 2, 1)).tostring()
shape = (shape[2], shape[0])
elif ca == 0:
strdata = np.transpose(bytedata, (1, 2, 0)).tostring()
shape = (shape[2], shape[1])
if mode is None:
if numch == 3:
mode = 'RGB'
else:
mode = 'RGBA'
if mode not in ['RGB', 'RGBA', 'YCbCr', 'CMYK']:
raise ValueError(_errstr)
if mode in ['RGB', 'YCbCr']:
if numch != 3:
raise ValueError("Invalid array shape for mode.")
if mode in ['RGBA', 'CMYK']:
if numch != 4:
raise ValueError("Invalid array shape for mode.")
# Here we know data and mode is correct
image = Image.frombytes(mode, shape, strdata)
return image
def savetxt_nice(fname,
X,
fmt='%.18e',
delimiter=' ',
newline='\n',
header='',
footer='',
comments='# '):
"""
Reimplmenentation of numpy's savetxt that doesn't complain about
bytes when saving to unicode files in Python 3.
Save an array to a text file.
Parameters
----------
fname : filename or file handle
If the filename ends in ``.gz``, the file is automatically saved in
compressed gzip format. `loadtxt` understands gzipped files
transparently.
X : array_like
Data to be saved to a text file.
fmt : str or sequence of strs, optional
A single format (%10.5f), a sequence of formats, or a
multi-format string, e.g. 'Iteration %d -- %10.5f', in which
case `delimiter` is ignored. For complex `X`, the legal options
for `fmt` are:
a) a single specifier, `fmt='%.4e'`, resulting in numbers formatted
like `' (%s+%sj)' % (fmt, fmt)`
b) a full string specifying every real and imaginary part, e.g.
`' %.4e %+.4j %.4e %+.4j %.4e %+.4j'` for 3 columns
c) a list of specifiers, one per column - in this case, the real
and imaginary part must have separate specifiers,
e.g. `['%.3e + %.3ej', '(%.15e%+.15ej)']` for 2 columns
delimiter : str, optional
String or character separating columns.
newline : str, optional
String or character separating lines.
.. versionadded:: 1.5.0
header : str, optional
String that will be written at the beginning of the file.
.. versionadded:: 1.7.0
footer : str, optional
String that will be written at the end of the file.
.. versionadded:: 1.7.0
comments : str, optional
String that will be prepended to the ``header`` and ``footer`` strings,
to mark them as comments. Default: '# ', as expected by e.g.
``numpy.loadtxt``.
.. versionadded:: 1.7.0
See Also
--------
save : Save an array to a binary file in NumPy ``.npy`` format
savez : Save several arrays into an uncompressed ``.npz`` archive
savez_compressed : Save several arrays into a compressed ``.npz`` archive
Notes
-----
Further explanation of the `fmt` parameter
(``%[flag]width[.precision]specifier``):
flags:
``-`` : left justify
``+`` : Forces to precede result with + or -.
``0`` : Left pad the number with zeros instead of space (see width).
width:
Minimum number of characters to be printed. The value is not truncated
if it has more characters.
precision:
- For integer specifiers (eg. ``d,i,o,x``), the minimum number of
digits.
- For ``e, E`` and ``f`` specifiers, the number of digits to print
after the decimal point.
- For ``g`` and ``G``, the maximum number of significant digits.
- For ``s``, the maximum number of characters.
specifiers:
``c`` : character
``d`` or ``i`` : signed decimal integer
``e`` or ``E`` : scientific notation with ``e`` or ``E``.
``f`` : decimal floating point
``g,G`` : use the shorter of ``e,E`` or ``f``
``o`` : signed octal
``s`` : string of characters
``u`` : unsigned decimal integer
``x,X`` : unsigned hexadecimal integer
This explanation of ``fmt`` is not complete, for an exhaustive
specification see [1]_.
References
----------
.. [1] `Format Specification Mini-Language
<http://docs.python.org/library/string.html#
format-specification-mini-language>`_, Python Documentation.
Examples
--------
>>> x = y = z = np.arange(0.0,5.0,1.0)
>>> np.savetxt('test.out', x, delimiter=',') # X is an array
>>> np.savetxt('test.out', (x,y,z)) # x,y,z equal sized 1D arrays
>>> np.savetxt('test.out', x, fmt='%1.4e') # use exponential notation
"""
# Py3 conversions first
if isinstance(fmt, bytes):
fmt = asstr(fmt)
delimiter = asstr(delimiter)
own_fh = False
if _is_string_like(fname):
own_fh = True
if fname.endswith('.gz'):
import gzip
fh = gzip.open(fname, 'wb')
else:
if sys.version_info[0] >= 3:
fh = open(fname, 'wb')
else:
fh = open(fname, 'w')
elif hasattr(fname, 'write'):
fh = fname
else:
raise ValueError('fname must be a string or file handle')
try:
X = np.asarray(X)
# Handle 1-dimensional arrays
if X.ndim == 1:
# Common case -- 1d array of numbers
if X.dtype.names is None:
X = np.atleast_2d(X).T
ncol = 1
# Complex dtype -- each field indicates a separate column
else:
ncol = len(X.dtype.descr)
else:
ncol = X.shape[1]
iscomplex_X = np.iscomplexobj(X)
# `fmt` can be a string with multiple insertion points or a
# list of formats. E.g. '%10.5f\t%10d' or ('%10.5f', '$10d')
print("type(fmt) = %s" % type(fmt))
if type(fmt) in (list, tuple):
if len(fmt) != ncol:
raise AttributeError('fmt has wrong shape. %s' % str(fmt))
format = asstr(delimiter).join(map(asstr, fmt))
elif isinstance(fmt, str):
n_fmt_chars = fmt.count('%')
error = ValueError('fmt has wrong number of %% formats: %s' % fmt)
if n_fmt_chars == 1:
if iscomplex_X:
fmt = [
' (%s+%sj)' % (fmt, fmt),
] * ncol
else:
fmt = [
fmt,
] * ncol
format = delimiter.join(fmt)
elif iscomplex_X and n_fmt_chars != (2 * ncol):
raise error
elif ((not iscomplex_X) and n_fmt_chars != ncol):
raise error
else:
format = fmt
else:
raise ValueError('invalid fmt: %r' % (fmt, ))
if len(header) > 0:
header = header.replace('\n', '\n' + comments)
fh.write(asbytes(comments + header + newline))
if iscomplex_X:
for row in X:
row2 = []
for number in row:
row2.append(number.real)
row2.append(number.imag)
fh.write(asbytes(format % tuple(row2) + newline))
else:
for row in X:
try:
print('format = %r' % format, type(format))
fh.write(asbytes(format % tuple(row) + newline))
except TypeError:
raise TypeError("Mismatch between array dtype ('%s') and "
"format specifier ('%s')" %
(str(X.dtype), format))
if len(footer) > 0:
footer = footer.replace('\n', '\n' + comments)
fh.write(asbytes(comments + footer + newline))
finally:
if own_fh:
fh.close()
def __init__(self, dtype, m, n, compute_u=True, compute_v=True):
"""
Parameters
----------
dtype : type
type of matrix to decompose
m : int
number of rows of matrix to decompose
n : int
number of columns of matrix to decompose
compute_u : bool, optional
whether to compute matrix u, default is True
compute_v : bool, optional
whether to compute matrix v, default is True
"""
self.dtype = dtype.type if isinstance(dtype, np.dtype) else dtype
self.dtypereal = self.dtype(0).real.dtype.type
self.complex = np.iscomplexobj(self.dtype(0))
from .lapack import _gesvd
self.gesvd = _gesvd[self.dtype]
self.m = m
self.n = n
mn = min(m, n)
self.compute_u = compute_u
self.compute_v = compute_v
if not compute_u:
self.jobu = "n"
self.ldu = 0 # never referenced
self.u_ptr = ctypes.c_void_p(0)
self.write_u_into_a = False
elif compute_v and m < n:
self.jobu = "s"
self.u = np.empty((m, mn), self.dtype, "F")
self.ldu = self.u.strides[1] // self.u.itemsize
self.u_ptr = self.u.ctypes.data_as(ctypes.c_void_p)
self.write_u_into_a = False
else:
self.jobu = "o"
self.ldu = m
self.write_u_into_a = True
if not compute_v:
self.jobv = "n"
self.ldv = 0 # never referenced
self.v_ptr = ctypes.c_void_p(0)
self.write_v_into_a = False
elif compute_u and m >= n:
self.jobv = "s"
self.v = np.empty((mn, n), self.dtype, "F")
self.ldv = self.v.strides[1] // self.v.itemsize
self.v_ptr = self.v.ctypes.data_as(ctypes.c_void_p)
self.write_v_into_a = False
else:
self.jobv = "o"
self.ldv = mn
self.write_v_into_a = True
self.jobu = ctypes.byref(ctypes.c_char(self.jobu))
self.jobv = ctypes.byref(ctypes.c_char(self.jobv))
self.lda = m
self.s = np.empty(mn, self.dtypereal)
self.info = ctypes.c_int()
work = np.empty(1, self.dtype)
if self.complex:
self.rwork = np.empty(5 * mn, self.dtypereal)
self.gesvd(self.jobu, self.jobv,
ctypes.byref(ctypes.c_int(self.m)),
ctypes.byref(ctypes.c_int(self.n)), ctypes.c_void_p(0),
ctypes.byref(ctypes.c_int(self.lda)),
self.s.ctypes.data_as(ctypes.c_void_p),
ctypes.c_void_p(0),
ctypes.byref(ctypes.c_int(self.ldu)),
ctypes.c_void_p(0),
ctypes.byref(ctypes.c_int(self.ldv)),
work.ctypes.data_as(ctypes.c_void_p),
ctypes.byref(ctypes.c_int(-1)),
self.rwork.ctypes.data_as(ctypes.c_void_p),
ctypes.byref(self.info))
else:
self.gesvd(self.jobu, self.jobv,
ctypes.byref(ctypes.c_int(self.m)),
ctypes.byref(ctypes.c_int(self.n)), ctypes.c_void_p(0),
ctypes.byref(ctypes.c_int(self.lda)),
self.s.ctypes.data_as(ctypes.c_void_p),
ctypes.c_void_p(0),
ctypes.byref(ctypes.c_int(self.ldu)),
ctypes.c_void_p(0),
ctypes.byref(ctypes.c_int(self.ldv)),
work.ctypes.data_as(ctypes.c_void_p),
ctypes.byref(ctypes.c_int(-1)), ctypes.byref(self.info))
assert self.info.value == 0
self.lwork = int(work[0].real)
self.work = np.empty(self.lwork, self.dtype)
def geometric_transform(input, mapping, output_shape=None,
output=None, order=3,
mode='constant', cval=0.0, prefilter=True,
extra_arguments=(), extra_keywords={}):
"""
Apply an arbitrary geometric transform.
The given mapping function is used to find, for each point in the
output, the corresponding coordinates in the input. The value of the
input at those coordinates is determined by spline interpolation of
the requested order.
Parameters
----------
%(input)s
mapping : {callable, scipy.LowLevelCallable}
A callable object that accepts a tuple of length equal to the output
array rank, and returns the corresponding input coordinates as a tuple
of length equal to the input array rank.
output_shape : tuple of ints, optional
Shape tuple.
%(output)s
order : int, optional
The order of the spline interpolation, default is 3.
The order has to be in the range 0-5.
%(mode_interp_constant)s
%(cval)s
%(prefilter)s
extra_arguments : tuple, optional
Extra arguments passed to `mapping`.
extra_keywords : dict, optional
Extra keywords passed to `mapping`.
Returns
-------
output : ndarray
The filtered input.
See Also
--------
map_coordinates, affine_transform, spline_filter1d
Notes
-----
This function also accepts low-level callback functions with one
the following signatures and wrapped in `scipy.LowLevelCallable`:
.. code:: c
int mapping(npy_intp *output_coordinates, double *input_coordinates,
int output_rank, int input_rank, void *user_data)
int mapping(intptr_t *output_coordinates, double *input_coordinates,
int output_rank, int input_rank, void *user_data)
The calling function iterates over the elements of the output array,
calling the callback function at each element. The coordinates of the
current output element are passed through ``output_coordinates``. The
callback function must return the coordinates at which the input must
be interpolated in ``input_coordinates``. The rank of the input and
output arrays are given by ``input_rank`` and ``output_rank``
respectively. ``user_data`` is the area_data pointer provided
to `scipy.LowLevelCallable` as-is.
The callback function must return an integer error status that is zero
if something went wrong and one otherwise. If an error occurs, you should
normally set the Python error status with an informative message
before returning, otherwise a default error message is set by the
calling function.
In addition, some other low-level function pointer specifications
are accepted, but these are for backward compatibility only and should
not be used in new code.
For complex-valued `input`, this function transforms the real and imaginary
components independently.
.. versionadded:: 1.6.0
Complex-valued support added.
Examples
--------
>>> import numpy as np
>>> from scipy.ndimage import geometric_transform
>>> a = np.arange(12.).reshape((4, 3))
>>> def shift_func(output_coords):
... return (output_coords[0] - 0.5, output_coords[1] - 0.5)
...
>>> geometric_transform(a, shift_func)
array([[ 0. , 0. , 0. ],
[ 0. , 1.362, 2.738],
[ 0. , 4.812, 6.187],
[ 0. , 8.263, 9.637]])
>>> b = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> def shift_func(output_coords):
... return (output_coords[0] - 3,)
...
>>> geometric_transform(b, shift_func, mode='constant')
array([0, 0, 0, 1, 2])
>>> geometric_transform(b, shift_func, mode='nearest')
array([1, 1, 1, 1, 2])
>>> geometric_transform(b, shift_func, mode='reflect')
array([3, 2, 1, 1, 2])
>>> geometric_transform(b, shift_func, mode='wrap')
array([2, 3, 4, 1, 2])
"""
if order < 0 or order > 5:
raise RuntimeError('spline order not supported')
input = numpy.asarray(input)
if output_shape is None:
output_shape = input.shape
if input.ndim < 1 or len(output_shape) < 1:
raise RuntimeError('input and output rank must be > 0')
complex_output = numpy.iscomplexobj(input)
output = _ni_support._get_output(output, input, shape=output_shape,
complex_output=complex_output)
if complex_output:
kwargs = dict(order=order, mode=mode, prefilter=prefilter,
output_shape=output_shape,
extra_arguments=extra_arguments,
extra_keywords=extra_keywords)
geometric_transform(input.real, mapping, output=output.real,
cval=numpy.real(cval), **kwargs)
geometric_transform(input.imag, mapping, output=output.imag,
cval=numpy.imag(cval), **kwargs)
return output
if prefilter and order > 1:
padded, npad = _prepad_for_spline_filter(input, mode, cval)
filtered = spline_filter(padded, order, output=numpy.float64,
mode=mode)
else:
npad = 0
filtered = input
mode = _ni_support._extend_mode_to_code(mode)
_nd_image.geometric_transform(filtered, mapping, None, None, None, output,
order, mode, cval, npad, extra_arguments,
extra_keywords)
return output
def _apply_dics(data, info, tmin, forward, noise_csd, data_csd, reg,
label=None, picks=None, pick_ori=None, verbose=None):
"""Dynamic Imaging of Coherent Sources (DICS).
Calculate the DICS spatial filter based on a given cross-spectral
density object and return estimates of source activity based on given data.
Parameters
----------
data : array or list / iterable
Sensor space data. If data.ndim == 2 a single observation is assumed
and a single stc is returned. If data.ndim == 3 or if data is
a list / iterable, a list of stc's is returned.
info : dict
Measurement info.
tmin : float
Time of first sample.
forward : dict
Forward operator.
noise_csd : instance of CrossSpectralDensity
The noise cross-spectral density.
data_csd : instance of CrossSpectralDensity
The data cross-spectral density.
reg : float
The regularization for the cross-spectral density.
label : Label | None
Restricts the solution to a given label.
picks : array-like of int | None
Indices (in info) of data channels. If None, MEG and EEG data channels
(without bad channels) will be used.
pick_ori : None | 'normal'
If 'normal', rather than pooling the orientations by taking the norm,
only the radial component is kept.
verbose : bool, str, int, or None
If not None, override default verbose level (see mne.verbose).
Returns
-------
stc : SourceEstimate (or list of SourceEstimate)
Source time courses.
"""
is_free_ori, picks, _, proj, vertno, G =\
_prepare_beamformer_input(info, forward, label, picks, pick_ori)
Cm = data_csd.data
# Calculating regularized inverse, equivalent to an inverse operation after
# regularization: Cm += reg * np.trace(Cm) / len(Cm) * np.eye(len(Cm))
Cm_inv = linalg.pinv(Cm, reg)
# Compute spatial filters
W = np.dot(G.T, Cm_inv)
n_orient = 3 if is_free_ori else 1
n_sources = G.shape[1] // n_orient
for k in range(n_sources):
Wk = W[n_orient * k: n_orient * k + n_orient]
Gk = G[:, n_orient * k: n_orient * k + n_orient]
Ck = np.dot(Wk, Gk)
# TODO: max-power is not implemented yet, however DICS does employ
# orientation picking when one eigen value is much larger than the
# other
if is_free_ori:
# Free source orientation
Wk[:] = np.dot(linalg.pinv(Ck, 0.1), Wk)
else:
# Fixed source orientation
Wk /= Ck
# Noise normalization
noise_norm = np.dot(np.dot(Wk.conj(), noise_csd.data), Wk.T)
noise_norm = np.abs(noise_norm).trace()
Wk /= np.sqrt(noise_norm)
# Pick source orientation normal to cortical surface
if pick_ori == 'normal':
W = W[2::3]
is_free_ori = False
if isinstance(data, np.ndarray) and data.ndim == 2:
data = [data]
return_single = True
else:
return_single = False
subject = _subject_from_forward(forward)
for i, M in enumerate(data):
if len(M) != len(picks):
raise ValueError('data and picks must have the same length')
if not return_single:
logger.info("Processing epoch : %d" % (i + 1))
# Apply SSPs
if info['projs']:
M = np.dot(proj, M)
# project to source space using beamformer weights
if is_free_ori:
sol = np.dot(W, M)
logger.info('combining the current components...')
sol = combine_xyz(sol)
else:
# Linear inverse: do not delay compuation due to non-linear abs
sol = np.dot(W, M)
tstep = 1.0 / info['sfreq']
if np.iscomplexobj(sol):
sol = np.abs(sol) # XXX : STC cannot contain (yet?) complex values
yield SourceEstimate(sol, vertices=vertno, tmin=tmin, tstep=tstep,
subject=subject)
logger.info('[done]')
def affine_transform(input, matrix, offset=0.0, output_shape=None,
output=None, order=3,
mode='constant', cval=0.0, prefilter=True):
"""
Apply an affine transformation.
Given an output image pixel index vector ``o``, the pixel value
is determined from the input image at position
``np.dot(matrix, o) + offset``.
This does 'pull' (or 'backward') resampling, transforming the output space
to the input to locate area_data. Affine transformations are often described in
the 'push' (or 'forward') direction, transforming input to output. If you
have a matrix for the 'push' transformation, use its inverse
(:func:`numpy.linalg.inv`) in this function.
Parameters
----------
%(input)s
matrix : ndarray
The inverse coordinate transformation matrix, mapping output
coordinates to input coordinates. If ``ndim`` is the number of
dimensions of ``input``, the given matrix must have one of the
following shapes:
- ``(ndim, ndim)``: the linear transformation matrix for each
output coordinate.
- ``(ndim,)``: assume that the 2-D transformation matrix is
diagonal, with the diagonal specified by the given value. A more
efficient algorithm is then used that exploits the separability
of the problem.
- ``(ndim + 1, ndim + 1)``: assume that the transformation is
specified using homogeneous coordinates [1]_. In this case, any
value passed to ``offset`` is ignored.
- ``(ndim, ndim + 1)``: as above, but the bottom row of a
homogeneous transformation matrix is always ``[0, 0, ..., 1]``,
and may be omitted.
offset : float or sequence, optional
The offset into the array where the transform is applied. If a float,
`offset` is the same for each axis. If a sequence, `offset` should
contain one value for each axis.
output_shape : tuple of ints, optional
Shape tuple.
%(output)s
order : int, optional
The order of the spline interpolation, default is 3.
The order has to be in the range 0-5.
%(mode_interp_constant)s
%(cval)s
%(prefilter)s
Returns
-------
affine_transform : ndarray
The transformed input.
Notes
-----
The given matrix and offset are used to find for each point in the
output the corresponding coordinates in the input by an affine
transformation. The value of the input at those coordinates is
determined by spline interpolation of the requested order. Points
outside the boundaries of the input are filled according to the given
mode.
.. versionchanged:: 0.18.0
Previously, the exact interpretation of the affine transformation
depended on whether the matrix was supplied as a 1-D or a
2-D array. If a 1-D array was supplied
to the matrix parameter, the output pixel value at index ``o``
was determined from the input image at position
``matrix * (o + offset)``.
For complex-valued `input`, this function transforms the real and imaginary
components independently.
.. versionadded:: 1.6.0
Complex-valued support added.
References
----------
.. [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homogeneous_coordinates
"""
if order < 0 or order > 5:
raise RuntimeError('spline order not supported')
input = numpy.asarray(input)
if output_shape is None:
output_shape = input.shape
if input.ndim < 1 or len(output_shape) < 1:
raise RuntimeError('input and output rank must be > 0')
complex_output = numpy.iscomplexobj(input)
output = _ni_support._get_output(output, input, shape=output_shape,
complex_output=complex_output)
if complex_output:
kwargs = dict(offset=offset, output_shape=output_shape, order=order,
mode=mode, prefilter=prefilter)
affine_transform(input.real, matrix, output=output.real,
cval=numpy.real(cval), **kwargs)
affine_transform(input.imag, matrix, output=output.imag,
cval=numpy.imag(cval), **kwargs)
return output
if prefilter and order > 1:
padded, npad = _prepad_for_spline_filter(input, mode, cval)
filtered = spline_filter(padded, order, output=numpy.float64,
mode=mode)
else:
npad = 0
filtered = input
mode = _ni_support._extend_mode_to_code(mode)
matrix = numpy.asarray(matrix, dtype=numpy.float64)
if matrix.ndim not in [1, 2] or matrix.shape[0] < 1:
raise RuntimeError('no proper affine matrix provided')
if (matrix.ndim == 2 and matrix.shape[1] == input.ndim + 1 and
(matrix.shape[0] in [input.ndim, input.ndim + 1])):
if matrix.shape[0] == input.ndim + 1:
exptd = [0] * input.ndim + [1]
if not numpy.all(matrix[input.ndim] == exptd):
msg = ('Expected homogeneous transformation matrix with '
'shape %s for image shape %s, but bottom row was '
'not equal to %s' % (matrix.shape, input.shape, exptd))
raise ValueError(msg)
# assume input is homogeneous coordinate transformation matrix
offset = matrix[:input.ndim, input.ndim]
matrix = matrix[:input.ndim, :input.ndim]
if matrix.shape[0] != input.ndim:
raise RuntimeError('affine matrix has wrong number of rows')
if matrix.ndim == 2 and matrix.shape[1] != output.ndim:
raise RuntimeError('affine matrix has wrong number of columns')
if not matrix.flags.contiguous:
matrix = matrix.copy()
offset = _ni_support._normalize_sequence(offset, input.ndim)
offset = numpy.asarray(offset, dtype=numpy.float64)
if offset.ndim != 1 or offset.shape[0] < 1:
raise RuntimeError('no proper offset provided')
if not offset.flags.contiguous:
offset = offset.copy()
if matrix.ndim == 1:
warnings.warn(
"The behavior of affine_transform with a 1-D "
"array supplied for the matrix parameter has changed in "
"SciPy 0.18.0."
)
_nd_image.zoom_shift(filtered, matrix, offset/matrix, output, order,
mode, cval, npad, False)
else:
_nd_image.geometric_transform(filtered, None, None, matrix, offset,
output, order, mode, cval, npad, None,
None)
return output
def map_coordinates(input, coordinates, output=None, order=3,
mode='constant', cval=0.0, prefilter=True):
"""
Map the input array to new coordinates by interpolation.
The array of coordinates is used to find, for each point in the output,
the corresponding coordinates in the input. The value of the input at
those coordinates is determined by spline interpolation of the
requested order.
The shape of the output is derived from that of the coordinate
array by dropping the first axis. The values of the array along
the first axis are the coordinates in the input array at which the
output value is found.
Parameters
----------
%(input)s
coordinates : array_like
The coordinates at which `input` is evaluated.
%(output)s
order : int, optional
The order of the spline interpolation, default is 3.
The order has to be in the range 0-5.
%(mode_interp_constant)s
%(cval)s
%(prefilter)s
Returns
-------
map_coordinates : ndarray
The result of transforming the input. The shape of the output is
derived from that of `coordinates` by dropping the first axis.
See Also
--------
spline_filter, geometric_transform, scipy.interpolate
Notes
-----
For complex-valued `input`, this function maps the real and imaginary
components independently.
.. versionadded:: 1.6.0
Complex-valued support added.
Examples
--------
>>> from scipy import ndimage
>>> a = np.arange(12.).reshape((4, 3))
>>> a
array([[ 0., 1., 2.],
[ 3., 4., 5.],
[ 6., 7., 8.],
[ 9., 10., 11.]])
>>> ndimage.map_coordinates(a, [[0.5, 2], [0.5, 1]], order=1)
array([ 2., 7.])
Above, the interpolated value of a[0.5, 0.5] gives output[0], while
a[2, 1] is output[1].
>>> inds = np.array([[0.5, 2], [0.5, 4]])
>>> ndimage.map_coordinates(a, inds, order=1, cval=-33.3)
array([ 2. , -33.3])
>>> ndimage.map_coordinates(a, inds, order=1, mode='nearest')
array([ 2., 8.])
>>> ndimage.map_coordinates(a, inds, order=1, cval=0, output=bool)
array([ True, False], dtype=bool)
"""
if order < 0 or order > 5:
raise RuntimeError('spline order not supported')
input = numpy.asarray(input)
coordinates = numpy.asarray(coordinates)
if numpy.iscomplexobj(coordinates):
raise TypeError('Complex type not supported')
output_shape = coordinates.shape[1:]
if input.ndim < 1 or len(output_shape) < 1:
raise RuntimeError('input and output rank must be > 0')
if coordinates.shape[0] != input.ndim:
raise RuntimeError('invalid shape for coordinate array')
complex_output = numpy.iscomplexobj(input)
output = _ni_support._get_output(output, input, shape=output_shape,
complex_output=complex_output)
if complex_output:
kwargs = dict(order=order, mode=mode, prefilter=prefilter)
map_coordinates(input.real, coordinates, output=output.real,
cval=numpy.real(cval), **kwargs)
map_coordinates(input.imag, coordinates, output=output.imag,
cval=numpy.imag(cval), **kwargs)
return output
if prefilter and order > 1:
padded, npad = _prepad_for_spline_filter(input, mode, cval)
filtered = spline_filter(padded, order, output=numpy.float64,
mode=mode)
else:
npad = 0
filtered = input
mode = _ni_support._extend_mode_to_code(mode)
_nd_image.geometric_transform(filtered, None, coordinates, None, None,
output, order, mode, cval, npad, None, None)
return output
def spline_filter1d(input, order=3, axis=-1, output=numpy.float64,
mode='mirror'):
"""
Calculate a 1-D spline filter along the given axis.
The lines of the array along the given axis are filtered by a
spline filter. The order of the spline must be >= 2 and <= 5.
Parameters
----------
%(input)s
order : int, optional
The order of the spline, default is 3.
axis : int, optional
The axis along which the spline filter is applied. Default is the last
axis.
output : ndarray or dtype, optional
The array in which to place the output, or the dtype of the returned
array. Default is ``numpy.float64``.
%(mode_interp_mirror)s
Returns
-------
spline_filter1d : ndarray
The filtered input.
Notes
-----
All functions in `ndimage.interpolation` do spline interpolation of
the input image. If using B-splines of `order > 1`, the input image
values have to be converted to B-spline coefficients first, which is
done by applying this 1-D filter sequentially along all
axes of the input. All functions that require B-spline coefficients
will automatically filter their inputs, a behavior controllable with
the `prefilter` keyword argument. For functions that accept a `mode`
parameter, the result will only be correct if it matches the `mode`
used when filtering.
For complex-valued `input`, this function processes the real and imaginary
components independently.
.. versionadded:: 1.6.0
Complex-valued support added.
See Also
--------
spline_filter : Multidimensional spline filter.
Examples
--------
We can filter an image using 1-D spline along the given axis:
>>> from scipy.ndimage import spline_filter1d
>>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
>>> orig_img = np.eye(20) # create an image
>>> orig_img[10, :] = 1.0
>>> sp_filter_axis_0 = spline_filter1d(orig_img, axis=0)
>>> sp_filter_axis_1 = spline_filter1d(orig_img, axis=1)
>>> f, ax = plt.subplots(1, 3, sharex=True)
>>> for ind, area_data in enumerate([[orig_img, "original image"],
... [sp_filter_axis_0, "spline filter (axis=0)"],
... [sp_filter_axis_1, "spline filter (axis=1)"]]):
... ax[ind].imshow(area_data[0], cmap='gray_r')
... ax[ind].set_title(area_data[1])
>>> plt.tight_layout()
>>> plt.show()
"""
if order < 0 or order > 5:
raise RuntimeError('spline order not supported')
input = numpy.asarray(input)
complex_output = numpy.iscomplexobj(input)
output = _ni_support._get_output(output, input,
complex_output=complex_output)
if complex_output:
spline_filter1d(input.real, order, axis, output.real, mode)
spline_filter1d(input.imag, order, axis, output.imag, mode)
return output
if order in [0, 1]:
output[...] = numpy.array(input)
else:
mode = _ni_support._extend_mode_to_code(mode)
axis = normalize_axis_index(axis, input.ndim)
_nd_image.spline_filter1d(input, order, axis, output, mode)
return output
def calc_generator_fid(model, data_loader, args, dims=2048):
eps = 1e-6
incept = InceptionV3([InceptionV3.BLOCK_INDEX_BY_DIM[dims]])
model.eval()
incept.eval()
valiter = iter(data_loader)
tot_iter = len(valiter)
pred_fake = np.empty((args.val_batch * tot_iter, dims))
pred_real = np.empty((args.val_batch * tot_iter, dims))
if not next(model.parameters()).device == torch.device('cpu'):
incept = incept.cuda(args.gpu)
for i in tqdm(range(tot_iter)):
x_real, _ = next(valiter)
z_in = torch.randn(args.val_batch, args.latent_size)
if not next(model.parameters()).device == torch.device('cpu'):
x_real = x_real.cuda(args.gpu, non_blocking=True)
z_in = z_in.cuda(args.gpu, non_blocking=True)
out = model(z_in)
x_fake = out[0]
x_fake = (x_fake + 1.0) / 2.0
x_real = (x_real + 1.0) / 2.0
tmp_fake = incept(x_fake)[0]
tmp_real = incept(x_real)[0]
if tmp_fake.shape[2] != 1 or tmp_fake.shape[3] != 1:
tmp_fake = adaptive_avg_pool2d(tmp_fake, output_size=(1, 1))
tmp_real = adaptive_avg_pool2d(tmp_real, output_size=(1, 1))
pred_fake[i * args.val_batch: (i + 1) * args.val_batch] = tmp_fake.cpu().data.numpy().reshape(args.val_batch, -1)
pred_real[i * args.val_batch: (i + 1) * args.val_batch] = tmp_real.cpu().data.numpy().reshape(args.val_batch, -1)
mu_fake = np.atleast_1d(np.mean(pred_fake, axis=0))
std_fake = np.atleast_2d(np.cov(pred_fake, rowvar=False))
mu_real = np.atleast_1d(np.mean(pred_real, axis=0))
std_real = np.atleast_2d(np.cov(pred_real, rowvar=False))
assert mu_fake.shape == mu_real.shape
assert std_fake.shape == std_real.shape
mu_diff = mu_fake - mu_real
covmean, _ = linalg.sqrtm(std_fake.dot(std_real), disp=False)
if not np.isfinite(covmean).all():
msg = ('fid calculation produces singular product; '
'adding %s to diagonal of cov estimates') % eps
print(msg)
offset = np.eye(std_fake.shape[0]) * eps
covmean = linalg.sqrtm((std_fake + offset).dot(std_real + offset))
# Numerical error might give slight imaginary component
if np.iscomplexobj(covmean):
if not np.allclose(np.diagonal(covmean).imag, 0, atol=1e-3):
m = np.max(np.abs(covmean.imag))
raise ValueError('Imaginary component {}'.format(m))
covmean = covmean.real
tr_covmean = np.trace(covmean)
return mu_diff.dot(mu_diff) + np.trace(std_fake) + np.trace(std_real) - 2 * tr_covmean
def process_data(self, data):
# Append any data carried from the last run
if self.carry.size > 0:
data = np.concatenate((self.carry, data))
# This is the largest number of records we can handle
num_records = data.size // self.record_length
# This is the carryover that we'll store until next round.
# If nothing is left then reset the carryover.
remaining_points = data.size % self.record_length
if remaining_points > 0:
if num_records > 0:
self.carry = data[-remaining_points:]
data = data[:-remaining_points]
else:
self.carry = data
else:
self.carry = np.zeros(0, dtype=self.source.descriptor.dtype)
if num_records > 0:
# The records are processed in parallel after being reshaped here
reshaped_data = np.reshape(data, (num_records, self.record_length),
order="C")
# Update demodulation frequency if necessary
if self.follow_axis.value is not "":
freq = self.demod_freqs[(self.idx % self.pts_before_freq_reset)
// self.pts_before_freq_update]
if freq != self.current_freq:
self.update_references(freq)
self.current_freq = freq
self.idx += data.size
# first stage decimating filter
if self.filters[0] is None:
filtered = reshaped_data
else:
stacked_coeffs = np.concatenate(self.filters[0])
# filter
if np.iscomplexobj(reshaped_data):
# TODO: compile complex versions of the IPP functions
filtered_r = np.empty_like(reshaped_data, dtype=np.float32)
filtered_i = np.empty_like(reshaped_data, dtype=np.float32)
libipp.filter_records_iir(
stacked_coeffs, self.filters[0][0].size - 1,
np.ascontiguousarray(
reshaped_data.real.astype(np.float32)),
self.record_length, num_records, filtered_r)
libipp.filter_records_iir(
stacked_coeffs, self.filters[0][0].size - 1,
np.ascontiguousarray(
reshaped_data.imag.astype(np.float32)),
self.record_length, num_records, filtered_i)
filtered = filtered_r + 1j * filtered_i
# decimate
if self.decim_factors[0] > 1:
filtered = filtered[:, ::self.decim_factors[0]]
else:
filtered = np.empty_like(reshaped_data, dtype=np.float32)
libipp.filter_records_iir(
stacked_coeffs, self.filters[0][0].size - 1,
np.ascontiguousarray(
reshaped_data.real.astype(np.float32)),
self.record_length, num_records, filtered)
# decimate
if self.decim_factors[0] > 1:
filtered = filtered[:, ::self.decim_factors[0]]
# mix with reference
# keep real and imaginary separate for filtering below
if np.iscomplexobj(reshaped_data):
filtered *= self.reference
filtered_r = filtered.real
filtered_i = filtered.imag
else:
filtered_r = self.reference_r * filtered
filtered_i = self.reference_i * filtered
# channel selection filters
for ct in [1, 2]:
if self.filters[ct] == None:
continue
coeffs = self.filters[ct]
stacked_coeffs = np.concatenate(self.filters[ct])
out_r = np.empty_like(filtered_r).astype(np.float32)
out_i = np.empty_like(filtered_i).astype(np.float32)
libipp.filter_records_iir(
stacked_coeffs, self.filters[ct][0].size - 1,
np.ascontiguousarray(filtered_r.astype(np.float32)),
filtered_r.shape[-1], num_records, out_r)
libipp.filter_records_iir(
stacked_coeffs, self.filters[ct][0].size - 1,
np.ascontiguousarray(filtered_i.astype(np.float32)),
filtered_i.shape[-1], num_records, out_i)
# decimate
if self.decim_factors[ct] > 1:
filtered_r = np.copy(out_r[:, ::self.decim_factors[ct]],
order="C")
filtered_i = np.copy(out_i[:, ::self.decim_factors[ct]],
order="C")
else:
filtered_r = out_r
filtered_i = out_i
filtered = filtered_r + 1j * filtered_i
# recover gain from selecting single sideband
filtered *= 2
# push to ouptut connectors
for os in self.source.output_streams:
os.push(filtered)
def reference_evolution_soc(A, B, epsilon=4.0, k=2, proj_type="l2"):
"""
All python reference implementation for Evolution Strength of Connection
--> If doing imaginary test, both A and B should be imaginary type upon
entry
--> This does the "unsymmetrized" version of the ode measure
"""
# number of PDEs per point is defined implicitly by block size
csrflag = isspmatrix_csr(A)
if csrflag:
numPDEs = 1
else:
numPDEs = A.blocksize[0]
A = A.tocsr()
# Preliminaries
near_zero = finfo(float).eps
sqrt_near_zero = sqrt(sqrt(near_zero))
Bmat = mat(B)
A.eliminate_zeros()
A.sort_indices()
dimen = A.shape[1]
NullDim = Bmat.shape[1]
# Get spectral radius of Dinv*A, this is the time step size for the ODE
D = A.diagonal()
Dinv = numpy.zeros_like(D)
mask = (D != 0.0)
Dinv[mask] = 1.0 / D[mask]
Dinv[D == 0] = 1.0
Dinv_A = scale_rows(A, Dinv, copy=True)
rho_DinvA = approximate_spectral_radius(Dinv_A)
# Calculate (Atilde^k) naively
S = (scipy.sparse.eye(dimen, dimen, format="csr") -
(1.0 / rho_DinvA) * Dinv_A)
Atilde = scipy.sparse.eye(dimen, dimen, format="csr")
for i in range(k):
Atilde = S * Atilde
# Strength Info should be row-based, so transpose Atilde
Atilde = Atilde.T.tocsr()
# Construct and apply a sparsity mask for Atilde that restricts Atilde^T to
# the nonzero pattern of A, with the added constraint that row i of
# Atilde^T retains only the nonzeros that are also in the same PDE as i.
mask = A.copy()
# Only consider strength at dofs from your PDE. Use mask to enforce this
# by zeroing out all entries in Atilde that aren't from your PDE.
if numPDEs > 1:
row_length = diff(mask.indptr)
my_pde = mod(range(dimen), numPDEs)
my_pde = repeat(my_pde, row_length)
mask.data[mod(mask.indices, numPDEs) != my_pde] = 0.0
del row_length, my_pde
mask.eliminate_zeros()
# Apply mask to Atilde, zeros in mask have already been eliminated at start
# of routine.
mask.data[:] = 1.0
Atilde = Atilde.multiply(mask)
Atilde.eliminate_zeros()
Atilde.sort_indices()
del mask
# Calculate strength based on constrained min problem of
LHS = mat(zeros((NullDim + 1, NullDim + 1)), dtype=A.dtype)
RHS = mat(zeros((NullDim + 1, 1)), dtype=A.dtype)
# Choose tolerance for dropping "numerically zero" values later
t = Atilde.dtype.char
eps = numpy.finfo(numpy.float).eps
feps = numpy.finfo(numpy.single).eps
geps = numpy.finfo(numpy.longfloat).eps
_array_precision = {'f': 0, 'd': 1, 'g': 2, 'F': 0, 'D': 1, 'G': 2}
tol = {0: feps * 1e3, 1: eps * 1e6, 2: geps * 1e6}[_array_precision[t]]
for i in range(dimen):
# Get rowptrs and col indices from Atilde
rowstart = Atilde.indptr[i]
rowend = Atilde.indptr[i + 1]
length = rowend - rowstart
colindx = Atilde.indices[rowstart:rowend]
# Local diagonal of A is used for scale invariant min problem
D_A = mat(eye(length, dtype=A.dtype))
if proj_type == "D_A":
for j in range(length):
D_A[j, j] = D[colindx[j]]
# Find row i's position in colindx, matrix must have sorted column
# indices.
iInRow = colindx.searchsorted(i)
if length <= NullDim:
# Do nothing, because the number of nullspace vectors will
# be able to perfectly approximate this row of Atilde.
Atilde.data[rowstart:rowend] = 1.0
else:
# Grab out what we want from Atilde and B. Put into zi, Bi
zi = mat(Atilde.data[rowstart:rowend]).T
Bi = Bmat[colindx, :]
# Construct constrained min problem
LHS[0:NullDim, 0:NullDim] = 2.0 * Bi.H * D_A * Bi
LHS[0:NullDim, NullDim] = D_A[iInRow, iInRow] * Bi[iInRow, :].H
LHS[NullDim, 0:NullDim] = Bi[iInRow, :]
RHS[0:NullDim, 0] = 2.0 * Bi.H * D_A * zi
RHS[NullDim, 0] = zi[iInRow, 0]
# Calc Soln to Min Problem
x = mat(pinv(LHS)) * RHS
# Calculate best constrained approximation to zi with span(Bi), and
# filter out "numerically" zero values. This is important because
# we look only at the sign of values below when calculating angle.
zihat = Bi * x[:-1]
tol_i = max(abs(zihat)) * tol
zihat.real[abs(zihat.real) < tol_i] = 0.0
if numpy.iscomplexobj(zihat):
zihat.imag[abs(zihat.imag) < tol_i] = 0.0
# if angle in the complex plane between individual entries is
# greater than 90 degrees, then weak. We can just look at the dot
# product to determine if angle is greater than 90 degrees.
angle = real(ravel(zihat))*real(ravel(zi)) +\
imag(ravel(zihat))*imag(ravel(zi))
angle = angle < 0.0
angle = array(angle, dtype=bool)
# Calculate approximation ratio
zi = zihat / zi
# If the ratio is small, then weak connection
zi[abs(zi) <= 1e-4] = 1e100
# If angle is greater than 90 degrees, then weak connection
zi[angle] = 1e100
# Calculate Relative Approximation Error
zi = abs(1.0 - zi)
# important to make "perfect" connections explicitly nonzero
zi[zi < sqrt_near_zero] = 1e-4
# Calculate and apply drop-tol. Ignore diagonal by making it very
# large
zi[iInRow] = 1e5
drop_tol = min(zi) * epsilon
zi[zi > drop_tol] = 0.0
Atilde.data[rowstart:rowend] = ravel(zi)
# Clean up, and return Atilde
Atilde.eliminate_zeros()
Atilde.data = array(real(Atilde.data), dtype=float)
# Set diagonal to 1.0, as each point is strongly connected to itself.
I = scipy.sparse.eye(dimen, dimen, format="csr")
I.data -= Atilde.diagonal()
Atilde = Atilde + I
# If converted BSR to CSR we return amalgamated matrix with the minimum
# nonzero for each block making up the nonzeros of Atilde
if not csrflag:
Atilde = Atilde.tobsr(blocksize=(numPDEs, numPDEs))
# Atilde = csr_matrix((data, row, col), shape=(*,*))
At = []
for i in range(Atilde.indices.shape[0]):
Atmin = Atilde.data[i, :, :][Atilde.data[i, :, :].nonzero()]
At.append(Atmin.min())
Atilde = csr_matrix(
(array(At), Atilde.indices, Atilde.indptr),
shape=(Atilde.shape[0] / numPDEs, Atilde.shape[1] / numPDEs))
# Standardized strength values require small values be weak and large
# values be strong. So, we invert the algebraic distances computed here
Atilde.data = 1.0 / Atilde.data
# Scale Atilde by the largest magnitude entry in each row
largest_row_entry = numpy.zeros((Atilde.shape[0], ), dtype=Atilde.dtype)
for i in range(Atilde.shape[0]):
for j in range(Atilde.indptr[i], Atilde.indptr[i + 1]):
val = numpy.abs(Atilde.data[j])
if val > largest_row_entry[i]:
largest_row_entry[i] = val
largest_row_entry[largest_row_entry != 0] =\
1.0 / largest_row_entry[largest_row_entry != 0]
Atilde = Atilde.tocsr()
Atilde = scale_rows(Atilde, largest_row_entry, copy=True)
return Atilde
def check(self, data=None, dtype=None):
"""Check the special function against the data."""
if self.knownfailure:
pytest.xfail(reason=self.knownfailure)
if data is None:
data = self.data
if dtype is None:
dtype = data.dtype
else:
data = data.astype(dtype)
rtol, atol = self.get_tolerances(dtype)
# Apply given filter functions
if self.param_filter:
param_mask = np.ones((data.shape[0], ), np.bool_)
for j, filter in zip(self.param_columns, self.param_filter):
if filter:
param_mask &= list(filter(data[:, j]))
data = data[param_mask]
# Pick parameters from the correct columns
params = []
for j in self.param_columns:
if np.iscomplexobj(j):
j = int(j.imag)
params.append(data[:, j].astype(complex))
else:
params.append(data[:, j])
# Helper for evaluating results
def eval_func_at_params(func, skip_mask=None):
if self.vectorized:
got = func(*params)
else:
got = []
for j in range(len(params[0])):
if skip_mask is not None and skip_mask[j]:
got.append(np.nan)
continue
got.append(
func(*tuple([params[i][j]
for i in range(len(params))])))
got = np.asarray(got)
if not isinstance(got, tuple):
got = (got, )
return got
# Evaluate function to be tested
got = eval_func_at_params(self.func)
# Grab the correct results
if self.result_columns is not None:
# Correct results passed in with the data
wanted = tuple([data[:, icol] for icol in self.result_columns])
else:
# Function producing correct results passed in
skip_mask = None
if self.nan_ok and len(got) == 1:
# Don't spend time evaluating what doesn't need to be evaluated
skip_mask = np.isnan(got[0])
wanted = eval_func_at_params(self.result_func, skip_mask=skip_mask)
# Check the validity of each output returned
assert_(len(got) == len(wanted))
for output_num, (x, y) in enumerate(zip(got, wanted)):
if np.issubdtype(x.dtype,
np.complexfloating) or self.ignore_inf_sign:
pinf_x = np.isinf(x)
pinf_y = np.isinf(y)
minf_x = np.isinf(x)
minf_y = np.isinf(y)
else:
pinf_x = np.isposinf(x)
pinf_y = np.isposinf(y)
minf_x = np.isneginf(x)
minf_y = np.isneginf(y)
nan_x = np.isnan(x)
nan_y = np.isnan(y)
olderr = np.seterr(all='ignore')
try:
abs_y = np.absolute(y)
abs_y[~np.isfinite(abs_y)] = 0
diff = np.absolute(x - y)
diff[~np.isfinite(diff)] = 0
rdiff = diff / np.absolute(y)
rdiff[~np.isfinite(rdiff)] = 0
finally:
np.seterr(**olderr)
tol_mask = (diff <= atol + rtol * abs_y)
pinf_mask = (pinf_x == pinf_y)
minf_mask = (minf_x == minf_y)
nan_mask = (nan_x == nan_y)
bad_j = ~(tol_mask & pinf_mask & minf_mask & nan_mask)
point_count = bad_j.size
if self.nan_ok:
bad_j &= ~nan_x
bad_j &= ~nan_y
point_count -= (nan_x | nan_y).sum()
if not self.distinguish_nan_and_inf and not self.nan_ok:
# If nan's are okay we've already covered all these cases
inf_x = np.isinf(x)
inf_y = np.isinf(y)
both_nonfinite = (inf_x & nan_y) | (nan_x & inf_y)
bad_j &= ~both_nonfinite
point_count -= both_nonfinite.sum()
if np.any(bad_j):
# Some bad results: inform what, where, and how bad
msg = [""]
msg.append("Max |adiff|: %g" % diff.max())
msg.append("Max |rdiff|: %g" % rdiff.max())
msg.append(
"Bad #1lab_results (%d out of %d) for the following points (in output %d):"
% (
np.sum(bad_j),
point_count,
output_num,
))
for j in np.where(bad_j)[0]:
j = int(j)
fmt = lambda x: "%30s" % np.array2string(x[j],
precision=18)
a = " ".join(map(fmt, params))
b = " ".join(map(fmt, got))
c = " ".join(map(fmt, wanted))
d = fmt(rdiff)
msg.append("%s => %s != %s (rdiff %s)" % (a, b, c, d))
assert_(False, "\n".join(msg))
def _normalized_weights(Wk, Gk, Cm_inv_sq, reduce_rank, nn, sk):
"""Compute the normalized weights in max-power orientation.
Uses Eq. 4.47 from [1]_. Operates in place on Wk.
Parameters
----------
Wk : ndarray, shape (n_sources, 3, n_channels)
The set of un-normalized filters at a single source point.
Gk : ndarray, shape (n_sources, n_channels, 3)
The leadfield at a single source point.
Cm_inv_sq : nsarray, snape (n_channels, n_channels)
The squared inverse covariance matrix.
reduce_rank : bool
Whether to reduce the rank of the filter by one.
nn : ndarray, shape (n_sources, 3)
The source normal.
sk : ndarray, shape (n_sources, 3)
The source prior.
References
----------
.. [1] Sekihara & Nagarajan. Adaptive spatial filters for electromagnetic
brain imaging (2008) Springer Science & Business Media
"""
# np.dot Gk with Cm_inv_sq on left and right
norm_inv = np.matmul(Gk.transpose(0, 2, 1),
np.matmul(Cm_inv_sq[np.newaxis], Gk))
# invert this using an eigenvalue decomposition
norm = _sym_inv(norm_inv, reduce_rank)
# Reapply source covariance after inversion
norm *= sk[:, :, np.newaxis]
norm *= sk[:, np.newaxis, :]
power = np.matmul(norm, np.matmul(Wk, Gk)) # np.dot for each source
# Determine orientation of max power
assert power.dtype in (np.float64, np.complex128) # LCMV, DICS
eig_vals, eig_vecs = np.linalg.eig(power)
if not np.iscomplexobj(power) and np.iscomplexobj(eig_vecs):
raise ValueError('The eigenspectrum of the leadfield is '
'complex. Consider reducing the rank of the '
'leadfield by using reduce_rank=True.')
idx_max = np.argmax(eig_vals, axis=1)
max_power_ori = eig_vecs[np.arange(eig_vecs.shape[0]), :, idx_max]
# set the (otherwise arbitrary) sign to match the normal
sign = np.sign(np.sum(max_power_ori * nn, axis=1, keepdims=True))
sign[sign == 0] = 1
max_power_ori *= sign
# Compute the filter in the orientation of max power
Wk_max = np.matmul(max_power_ori[:, np.newaxis], Wk)[:, 0]
Gk_max = np.matmul(Gk, max_power_ori[:, :, np.newaxis])
denom = np.matmul(Gk_max.transpose(0, 2, 1),
np.matmul(Cm_inv_sq[np.newaxis], Gk_max))[:, 0]
np.sqrt(denom, out=denom)
Wk_max /= denom
# All three entries get the same value from this operation
Wk[:] = Wk_max[:, np.newaxis]
def encode(obj):
"""
Data encoder
"""
tobj = type(obj)
if isinstance(obj, Index):
if isinstance(obj, PeriodIndex):
return {
'typ': 'period_index',
'klass': obj.__class__.__name__,
'name': getattr(obj, 'name', None),
'freq': getattr(obj, 'freqstr', None),
'dtype': obj.dtype.num,
'data': convert(obj.asi8)
}
elif isinstance(obj, DatetimeIndex):
tz = getattr(obj, 'tz', None)
# store tz info and data as UTC
if tz is not None:
tz = tz.zone
obj = obj.tz_convert('UTC')
return {
'typ': 'datetime_index',
'klass': obj.__class__.__name__,
'name': getattr(obj, 'name', None),
'dtype': obj.dtype.num,
'data': convert(obj.asi8),
'freq': getattr(obj, 'freqstr', None),
'tz': tz
}
elif isinstance(obj, MultiIndex):
return {
'typ': 'multi_index',
'klass': obj.__class__.__name__,
'names': getattr(obj, 'names', None),
'dtype': obj.dtype.num,
'data': convert(obj.values)
}
else:
return {
'typ': 'index',
'klass': obj.__class__.__name__,
'name': getattr(obj, 'name', None),
'dtype': obj.dtype.num,
'data': convert(obj.values)
}
elif isinstance(obj, Series):
if isinstance(obj, SparseSeries):
raise NotImplementedError(
'msgpack sparse series is not implemented')
#d = {'typ': 'sparse_series',
# 'klass': obj.__class__.__name__,
# 'dtype': obj.dtype.num,
# 'index': obj.index,
# 'sp_index': obj.sp_index,
# 'sp_values': convert(obj.sp_values),
# 'compress': compressor}
#for f in ['name', 'fill_value', 'kind']:
# d[f] = getattr(obj, f, None)
#return d
else:
return {
'typ': 'series',
'klass': obj.__class__.__name__,
'name': getattr(obj, 'name', None),
'index': obj.index,
'dtype': obj.dtype.num,
'data': convert(obj.values),
'compress': compressor
}
elif issubclass(tobj, NDFrame):
if isinstance(obj, SparseDataFrame):
raise NotImplementedError(
'msgpack sparse frame is not implemented')
#d = {'typ': 'sparse_dataframe',
# 'klass': obj.__class__.__name__,
# 'columns': obj.columns}
#for f in ['default_fill_value', 'default_kind']:
# d[f] = getattr(obj, f, None)
#d['data'] = dict([(name, ss)
# for name, ss in compat.iteritems(obj)])
#return d
elif isinstance(obj, SparsePanel):
raise NotImplementedError(
'msgpack sparse frame is not implemented')
#d = {'typ': 'sparse_panel',
# 'klass': obj.__class__.__name__,
# 'items': obj.items}
#for f in ['default_fill_value', 'default_kind']:
# d[f] = getattr(obj, f, None)
#d['data'] = dict([(name, df)
# for name, df in compat.iteritems(obj)])
#return d
else:
data = obj._data
if not data.is_consolidated():
data = data.consolidate()
# the block manager
return {
'typ':
'block_manager',
'klass':
obj.__class__.__name__,
'axes':
data.axes,
'blocks': [{
'items': b.items,
'values': convert(b.values),
'shape': b.values.shape,
'dtype': b.dtype.num,
'klass': b.__class__.__name__,
'compress': compressor
} for b in data.blocks]
}
elif isinstance(
obj, (datetime, date, np.datetime64, timedelta, np.timedelta64)):
if isinstance(obj, Timestamp):
tz = obj.tzinfo
if tz is not None:
tz = tz.zone
offset = obj.offset
if offset is not None:
offset = offset.freqstr
return {
'typ': 'timestamp',
'value': obj.value,
'offset': offset,
'tz': tz
}
elif isinstance(obj, np.timedelta64):
return {'typ': 'timedelta64', 'data': obj.view('i8')}
elif isinstance(obj, timedelta):
return {
'typ': 'timedelta',
'data': (obj.days, obj.seconds, obj.microseconds)
}
elif isinstance(obj, np.datetime64):
return {'typ': 'datetime64', 'data': str(obj)}
elif isinstance(obj, datetime):
return {'typ': 'datetime', 'data': obj.isoformat()}
elif isinstance(obj, date):
return {'typ': 'date', 'data': obj.isoformat()}
raise Exception("cannot encode this datetimelike object: %s" % obj)
elif isinstance(obj, Period):
return {'typ': 'period', 'ordinal': obj.ordinal, 'freq': obj.freq}
elif isinstance(obj, BlockIndex):
return {
'typ': 'block_index',
'klass': obj.__class__.__name__,
'blocs': obj.blocs,
'blengths': obj.blengths,
'length': obj.length
}
elif isinstance(obj, IntIndex):
return {
'typ': 'int_index',
'klass': obj.__class__.__name__,
'indices': obj.indices,
'length': obj.length
}
elif isinstance(obj, np.ndarray):
return {
'typ': 'ndarray',
'shape': obj.shape,
'ndim': obj.ndim,
'dtype': obj.dtype.num,
'data': convert(obj),
'compress': compressor
}
elif isinstance(obj, np.number):
if np.iscomplexobj(obj):
return {
'typ': 'np_scalar',
'sub_typ': 'np_complex',
'dtype': obj.dtype.name,
'real': obj.real.__repr__(),
'imag': obj.imag.__repr__()
}
else:
return {
'typ': 'np_scalar',
'dtype': obj.dtype.name,
'data': obj.__repr__()
}
elif isinstance(obj, complex):
return {
'typ': 'np_complex',
'real': obj.real.__repr__(),
'imag': obj.imag.__repr__()
}
return obj
def to_tensor(data):
if np.iscomplexobj(data):
data = np.stack((data.real, data.imag), axis=-1)
return torch.from_numpy(data)
def savetxt_nice(fname,
X,
fmt='%.18e',
delimiter=' ',
newline='\n',
header='',
footer='',
comments='# ',
encoding=None):
"""
Save an array to a text file. This is 95% a backport of numpy 1.15.1's
savetxt. It does not support:
- DataSource's URL
- pathlib fnames
- gz files
Parameters
----------
fname : filename or file handle
If the filename ends in ``.gz``, the file is automatically saved in
compressed gzip format. `loadtxt` understands gzipped files
transparently.
X : 1D or 2D array_like
Data to be saved to a text file.
fmt : str or sequence of strs, optional
A single format (%10.5f), a sequence of formats, or a
multi-format string, e.g. 'Iteration %d -- %10.5f', in which
case `delimiter` is ignored. For complex `X`, the legal options
for `fmt` are:
* a single specifier, `fmt='%.4e'`, resulting in numbers formatted
like `' (%s+%sj)' % (fmt, fmt)`
* a full string specifying every real and imaginary part, e.g.
`' %.4e %+.4ej %.4e %+.4ej %.4e %+.4ej'` for 3 columns
* a list of specifiers, one per column - in this case, the real
and imaginary part must have separate specifiers,
e.g. `['%.3e + %.3ej', '(%.15e%+.15ej)']` for 2 columns
delimiter : str, optional
String or character separating columns.
newline : str, optional
String or character separating lines.
.. versionadded:: 1.5.0
header : str, optional
String that will be written at the beginning of the file.
.. versionadded:: 1.7.0
footer : str, optional
String that will be written at the end of the file.
.. versionadded:: 1.7.0
comments : str, optional
String that will be prepended to the ``header`` and ``footer`` strings,
to mark them as comments. Default: '# ', as expected by e.g.
``numpy.loadtxt``.
.. versionadded:: 1.7.0
encoding : {None, str}, optional
Encoding used to encode the outputfile. Does not apply to output
streams. If the encoding is something other than 'bytes' or 'latin1'
you will not be able to load the file in NumPy versions < 1.14. Default
is 'latin1'.
.. versionadded:: 1.14.0
See Also
--------
save : Save an array to a binary file in NumPy ``.npy`` format
savez : Save several arrays into an uncompressed ``.npz`` archive
savez_compressed : Save several arrays into a compressed ``.npz`` archive
Notes
-----
Further explanation of the `fmt` parameter
(``%[flag]width[.precision]specifier``):
flags:
``-`` : left justify
``+`` : Forces to precede result with + or -.
``0`` : Left pad the number with zeros instead of space (see width).
width:
Minimum number of characters to be printed. The value is not truncated
if it has more characters.
precision:
- For integer specifiers (eg. ``d,i,o,x``), the minimum number of
digits.
- For ``e, E`` and ``f`` specifiers, the number of digits to print
after the decimal point.
- For ``g`` and ``G``, the maximum number of significant digits.
- For ``s``, the maximum number of characters.
specifiers:
``c`` : character
``d`` or ``i`` : signed decimal integer
``e`` or ``E`` : scientific notation with ``e`` or ``E``.
``f`` : decimal floating point
``g,G`` : use the shorter of ``e,E`` or ``f``
``o`` : signed octal
``s`` : string of characters
``u`` : unsigned decimal integer
``x,X`` : unsigned hexadecimal integer
This explanation of ``fmt`` is not complete, for an exhaustive
specification see [1]_.
References
----------
.. [1] `Format Specification Mini-Language
<http://docs.python.org/library/string.html#
format-specification-mini-language>`_, Python Documentation.
Examples
--------
>>> x = y = z = np.arange(0.0,5.0,1.0)
>>> np.savetxt('test.out', x, delimiter=',') # X is an array
>>> np.savetxt('test.out', (x,y,z)) # x,y,z equal sized 1D arrays
>>> np.savetxt('test.out', x, fmt='%1.4e') # use exponential notation
"""
# Py3 conversions first
if isinstance(fmt, bytes):
fmt = asstr(fmt)
delimiter = asstr(delimiter)
class WriteWrap(object):
"""Convert to unicode in py2 or to bytes on bytestream inputs."""
def __init__(self, fh, encoding):
self.fh = fh
self.encoding = encoding
self.do_write = self.first_write
def close(self):
self.fh.close()
def write(self, v):
self.do_write(v)
def write_bytes(self, v):
if isinstance(v, bytes):
self.fh.write(v)
else:
self.fh.write(v.encode(self.encoding))
def write_normal(self, v):
self.fh.write(asunicode(v))
def first_write(self, v):
try:
self.write_normal(v)
self.write = self.write_normal
except TypeError:
# input is probably a bytestream
self.write_bytes(v)
self.write = self.write_bytes
own_fh = False
#if is_pathlib_path(fname):
#fname = str(fname)
if _is_string_like(fname):
# datasource doesn't support creating a new file ...
open(fname, 'wt').close()
fh = open(fname, 'wt', encoding=encoding)
own_fh = True
# need to convert str to unicode for text io output
if sys.version_info[0] == 2:
fh = WriteWrap(fh, encoding or 'latin1')
elif hasattr(fname, 'write'):
# wrap to handle byte output streams
fh = WriteWrap(fname, encoding or 'latin1')
#if _is_string_like(fname):
#own_fh = True
#if fname.endswith('.gz'):
#import gzip
#fh = gzip.open(fname, 'wb')
#else:
#if sys.version_info[0] >= 3:
#fh = open(fname, 'wb')
#else:
#fh = open(fname, 'w')
#elif hasattr(fname, 'write'):
#fh = fname
else:
raise ValueError('fname must be a string or file handle')
try:
X = np.asarray(X)
# Handle 1-dimensional arrays
if X.ndim == 0 or X.ndim > 2:
raise ValueError("Expected 1D or 2D array, got %dD array instead" %
X.ndim)
elif X.ndim == 1:
# Common case -- 1d array of numbers
if X.dtype.names is None:
X = np.atleast_2d(X).T
ncol = 1
# Complex dtype -- each field indicates a separate column
else:
ncol = len(X.dtype.descr)
else:
ncol = X.shape[1]
iscomplex_X = np.iscomplexobj(X)
# `fmt` can be a string with multiple insertion points or a
# list of formats. E.g. '%10.5f\t%10d' or ('%10.5f', '$10d')
if isinstance(fmt, (list, tuple)):
if len(fmt) != ncol:
raise AttributeError('fmt has wrong shape. %s' % str(fmt))
txt_format = asstr(delimiter).join(map(asstr, fmt))
elif isinstance(fmt, str):
n_fmt_chars = fmt.count('%')
error = ValueError('fmt has wrong number of %% formats: %s' % fmt)
if n_fmt_chars == 1:
if iscomplex_X:
fmt = [
' (%s+%sj)' % (fmt, fmt),
] * ncol
else:
fmt = [
fmt,
] * ncol
txt_format = delimiter.join(fmt)
elif iscomplex_X and n_fmt_chars != (2 * ncol):
raise error
elif ((not iscomplex_X) and n_fmt_chars != ncol):
raise error
else:
txt_format = fmt
else:
raise ValueError('invalid fmt: %r' % (fmt, ))
if len(header) > 0:
header = header.replace('\n', '\n' + comments)
fh.write(comments + header + newline)
if iscomplex_X:
for row in X:
row2 = []
for number in row:
row2.append(number.real)
row2.append(number.imag)
s = txt_format % tuple(row2) + newline
fh.write(s.replace('+-', '-'))
else:
for row in X:
try:
v = txt_format % tuple(row) + newline
except TypeError:
raise TypeError("Mismatch between array dtype ('%s') and "
"format specifier ('%s')" %
(str(X.dtype), txt_format))
fh.write(v)
if len(footer) > 0:
footer = footer.replace('\n', '\n' + comments)
fh.write(comments + footer + newline)
finally:
if own_fh:
fh.close()
reveal_type(np.imag(AR_c16)) # E: numpy.ndarray[Any, numpy.dtype[{float64}]]
reveal_type(np.imag(AR_LIKE_f)) # E: numpy.ndarray[Any, numpy.dtype[Any]]
reveal_type(np.iscomplex(f8)) # E: numpy.bool_
reveal_type(
np.iscomplex(AR_f8)) # E: numpy.ndarray[Any, numpy.dtype[numpy.bool_]]
reveal_type(
np.iscomplex(AR_LIKE_f)) # E: numpy.ndarray[Any, numpy.dtype[numpy.bool_]]
reveal_type(np.isreal(f8)) # E: numpy.bool_
reveal_type(
np.isreal(AR_f8)) # E: numpy.ndarray[Any, numpy.dtype[numpy.bool_]]
reveal_type(
np.isreal(AR_LIKE_f)) # E: numpy.ndarray[Any, numpy.dtype[numpy.bool_]]
reveal_type(np.iscomplexobj(f8)) # E: bool
reveal_type(np.isrealobj(f8)) # E: bool
reveal_type(np.nan_to_num(f8)) # E: {float64}
reveal_type(np.nan_to_num(f, copy=True)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.nan_to_num(
AR_f8, nan=1.5)) # E: numpy.ndarray[Any, numpy.dtype[{float64}]]
reveal_type(np.nan_to_num(
AR_LIKE_f, posinf=9999)) # E: numpy.ndarray[Any, numpy.dtype[Any]]
reveal_type(
np.real_if_close(AR_f8)) # E: numpy.ndarray[Any, numpy.dtype[{float64}]]
reveal_type(
np.real_if_close(AR_c16)
) # E: Union[numpy.ndarray[Any, numpy.dtype[{float64}]], numpy.ndarray[Any, numpy.dtype[{complex128}]]]
reveal_type(
def init_guess_by_chkfile(mol, chkfile_name, project=None):
'''Read SCF chkfile and make the density matrix for UHF initial guess.
Kwargs:
project : None or bool
Whether to project chkfile's orbitals to the new basis. Note when
the geometry of the chkfile and the given molecule are very
different, this projection can produce very poor initial guess.
In PES scanning, it is recommended to swith off project.
If project is set to None, the projection is only applied when the
basis sets of the chkfile's molecule are different to the basis
sets of the given molecule (regardless whether the geometry of
the two molecules are different). Note the basis sets are
considered to be different if the two molecules are derived from
the same molecule with different ordering of atoms.
'''
from pyscf.scf import addons
chk_mol, scf_rec = chkfile.load_scf(chkfile_name)
if project is None:
project = not gto.same_basis_set(chk_mol, mol)
# Check whether the two molecules are similar
def inertia_momentum(mol):
im = gto.inertia_momentum(mol._atom, mol.atom_charges(),
mol.atom_coords())
return scipy.linalg.eigh(im)[0]
if abs(inertia_momentum(mol) - inertia_momentum(chk_mol)).sum() > 0.5:
logger.warn(
mol, "Large deviations found between the input "
"molecule and the molecule from chkfile\n"
"Initial guess density matrix may have large error.")
if project:
s = hf.get_ovlp(mol)
def fproj(mo):
if project:
mo = addons.project_mo_nr2nr(chk_mol, mo, mol)
norm = numpy.einsum('pi,pi->i', mo.conj(), s.dot(mo))
mo /= numpy.sqrt(norm)
return mo
mo = scf_rec['mo_coeff']
mo_occ = scf_rec['mo_occ']
if getattr(mo[0], 'ndim', None) == 1: # RHF
if numpy.iscomplexobj(mo):
raise NotImplementedError(
'TODO: project DHF orbital to UHF orbital')
mo_coeff = fproj(mo)
mo_occa = (mo_occ > 1e-8).astype(numpy.double)
mo_occb = mo_occ - mo_occa
dm = make_rdm1([mo_coeff, mo_coeff], [mo_occa, mo_occb])
else: #UHF
if getattr(mo[0][0], 'ndim', None) == 2: # KUHF
logger.warn(
mol, 'k-point UHF results are found. Density matrix '
'at Gamma point is used for the molecular SCF initial guess')
mo = mo[0]
dm = make_rdm1([fproj(mo[0]), fproj(mo[1])], mo_occ)
return dm
def zoom(input,
zoom,
output=None,
order=3,
mode='constant',
cval=0.0,
prefilter=True):
"""
Zoom an array.
The array is zoomed using spline interpolation of the requested order.
Parameters
----------
%(input)s
zoom : float or sequence
The zoom factor along the axes. If a float, `zoom` is the same for each
axis. If a sequence, `zoom` should contain one value for each axis.
%(output)s
order : int, optional
The order of the spline interpolation, default is 3.
The order has to be in the range 0-5.
%(mode)s
%(cval)s
%(prefilter)s
Returns
-------
zoom : ndarray
The zoomed input.
Examples
--------
>>> from scipy import ndimage, misc
>>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
>>> fig = plt.figure()
>>> ax1 = fig.add_subplot(121) # left side
>>> ax2 = fig.add_subplot(122) # right side
>>> ascent = misc.ascent()
>>> result = ndimage.zoom(ascent, 3.0)
>>> ax1.imshow(ascent)
>>> ax2.imshow(result)
>>> plt.show()
>>> print(ascent.shape)
(512, 512)
>>> print(result.shape)
(1536, 1536)
"""
if order < 0 or order > 5:
raise RuntimeError('spline order not supported')
input = numpy.asarray(input)
if numpy.iscomplexobj(input):
raise TypeError('Complex type not supported')
if input.ndim < 1:
raise RuntimeError('input and output rank must be > 0')
mode = _ni_support._extend_mode_to_code(mode)
if prefilter and order > 1:
filtered = spline_filter(input, order, output=numpy.float64)
else:
filtered = input
zoom = _ni_support._normalize_sequence(zoom, input.ndim)
output_shape = tuple(
[int(round(ii * jj)) for ii, jj in zip(input.shape, zoom)])
output_shape_old = tuple(
[int(ii * jj) for ii, jj in zip(input.shape, zoom)])
if output_shape != output_shape_old:
warnings.warn(
"From scipy 0.13.0, the output shape of zoom() is calculated "
"with round() instead of int() - for these inputs the size of "
"the returned array has changed.", UserWarning)
zoom_div = numpy.array(output_shape, float) - 1
# Zooming to infinite values is unpredictable, so just choose
# zoom factor 1 instead
zoom = numpy.divide(numpy.array(input.shape) - 1,
zoom_div,
out=numpy.ones_like(input.shape, dtype=numpy.float64),
where=zoom_div != 0)
output = _ni_support._get_output(output, input, shape=output_shape)
zoom = numpy.ascontiguousarray(zoom)
_nd_image.zoom_shift(filtered, zoom, None, output, order, mode, cval)
return output
def _copy_arr_with_correct_type(self, arr):
"""if arr is of the acceptable types, returns arr, else
returns a copy with the acceptable type"""
return arr.astype(Bpm3d._complex_type,
copy=False) if np.iscomplexobj(arr) else arr.astype(
Bpm3d._real_type, copy=False)
def is_complex(self) -> bool:
"""Is the Leaf complex valued?
"""
return np.iscomplexobj(self.value)
def shift(input, shift, output=None, order=3, mode='constant', cval=0.0,
prefilter=True):
"""
Shift an array.
The array is shifted using spline interpolation of the requested order.
Points outside the boundaries of the input are filled according to the
given mode.
Parameters
----------
%(input)s
shift : float or sequence
The shift along the axes. If a float, `shift` is the same for each
axis. If a sequence, `shift` should contain one value for each axis.
%(output)s
order : int, optional
The order of the spline interpolation, default is 3.
The order has to be in the range 0-5.
%(mode_interp_constant)s
%(cval)s
%(prefilter)s
Returns
-------
shift : ndarray
The shifted input.
Notes
-----
For complex-valued `input`, this function shifts the real and imaginary
components independently.
.. versionadded:: 1.6.0
Complex-valued support added.
"""
if order < 0 or order > 5:
raise RuntimeError('spline order not supported')
input = numpy.asarray(input)
if input.ndim < 1:
raise RuntimeError('input and output rank must be > 0')
complex_output = numpy.iscomplexobj(input)
output = _ni_support._get_output(output, input,
complex_output=complex_output)
if complex_output:
# import under different name to avoid confusion with shift parameter
from scipy.ndimage.interpolation import shift as _shift
kwargs = dict(order=order, mode=mode, prefilter=prefilter)
_shift(input.real, shift, output=output.real, cval=numpy.real(cval),
**kwargs)
_shift(input.imag, shift, output=output.imag, cval=numpy.imag(cval),
**kwargs)
return output
if prefilter and order > 1:
padded, npad = _prepad_for_spline_filter(input, mode, cval)
filtered = spline_filter(padded, order, output=numpy.float64,
mode=mode)
else:
npad = 0
filtered = input
mode = _ni_support._extend_mode_to_code(mode)
shift = _ni_support._normalize_sequence(shift, input.ndim)
shift = [-ii for ii in shift]
shift = numpy.asarray(shift, dtype=numpy.float64)
if not shift.flags.contiguous:
shift = shift.copy()
_nd_image.zoom_shift(filtered, None, shift, output, order, mode, cval,
npad, False)
return output
def rotate(input, angle, axes=(1, 0), reshape=True, output=None, order=3,
mode='constant', cval=0.0, prefilter=True):
"""
Rotate an array.
The array is rotated in the plane defined by the two axes given by the
`axes` parameter using spline interpolation of the requested order.
Parameters
----------
%(input)s
angle : float
The rotation angle in degrees.
axes : tuple of 2 ints, optional
The two axes that define the plane of rotation. Default is the first
two axes.
reshape : bool, optional
If `reshape` is true, the output shape is adapted so that the input
array is contained completely in the output. Default is True.
%(output)s
order : int, optional
The order of the spline interpolation, default is 3.
The order has to be in the range 0-5.
%(mode_interp_constant)s
%(cval)s
%(prefilter)s
Returns
-------
rotate : ndarray
The rotated input.
Notes
-----
For complex-valued `input`, this function rotates the real and imaginary
components independently.
.. versionadded:: 1.6.0
Complex-valued support added.
Examples
--------
>>> from scipy import ndimage, misc
>>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
>>> fig = plt.figure(figsize=(10, 3))
>>> ax1, ax2, ax3 = fig.subplots(1, 3)
>>> img = misc.ascent()
>>> img_45 = ndimage.rotate(img, 45, reshape=False)
>>> full_img_45 = ndimage.rotate(img, 45, reshape=True)
>>> ax1.imshow(img, cmap='gray')
>>> ax1.set_axis_off()
>>> ax2.imshow(img_45, cmap='gray')
>>> ax2.set_axis_off()
>>> ax3.imshow(full_img_45, cmap='gray')
>>> ax3.set_axis_off()
>>> fig.set_tight_layout(True)
>>> plt.show()
>>> print(img.shape)
(512, 512)
>>> print(img_45.shape)
(512, 512)
>>> print(full_img_45.shape)
(724, 724)
"""
input_arr = numpy.asarray(input)
ndim = input_arr.ndim
if ndim < 2:
raise ValueError('input array should be at least 2D')
axes = list(axes)
if len(axes) != 2:
raise ValueError('axes should contain exactly two values')
if not all([float(ax).is_integer() for ax in axes]):
raise ValueError('axes should contain only integer values')
if axes[0] < 0:
axes[0] += ndim
if axes[1] < 0:
axes[1] += ndim
if axes[0] < 0 or axes[1] < 0 or axes[0] >= ndim or axes[1] >= ndim:
raise ValueError('invalid rotation plane specified')
axes.sort()
c, s = special.cosdg(angle), special.sindg(angle)
rot_matrix = numpy.array([[c, s],
[-s, c]])
img_shape = numpy.asarray(input_arr.shape)
in_plane_shape = img_shape[axes]
if reshape:
# Compute transformed input bounds
iy, ix = in_plane_shape
out_bounds = rot_matrix @ [[0, 0, iy, iy],
[0, ix, 0, ix]]
# Compute the shape of the transformed input plane
out_plane_shape = (out_bounds.ptp(axis=1) + 0.5).astype(int)
else:
out_plane_shape = img_shape[axes]
out_center = rot_matrix @ ((out_plane_shape - 1) / 2)
in_center = (in_plane_shape - 1) / 2
offset = in_center - out_center
output_shape = img_shape
output_shape[axes] = out_plane_shape
output_shape = tuple(output_shape)
complex_output = numpy.iscomplexobj(input_arr)
output = _ni_support._get_output(output, input_arr, shape=output_shape,
complex_output=complex_output)
if ndim <= 2:
affine_transform(input_arr, rot_matrix, offset, output_shape, output,
order, mode, cval, prefilter)
else:
# If ndim > 2, the rotation is applied over all the planes
# parallel to axes
planes_coord = itertools.product(
*[[slice(None)] if ax in axes else range(img_shape[ax])
for ax in range(ndim)])
out_plane_shape = tuple(out_plane_shape)
for coordinates in planes_coord:
ia = input_arr[coordinates]
oa = output[coordinates]
affine_transform(ia, rot_matrix, offset, out_plane_shape,
oa, order, mode, cval, prefilter)
return output
def odeintw(func, y0, t, **kwargs):
"""
An odeint-like function for complex array-valued differential equations.
The function `scipy.integrate.odeint` is a wrapper of the LSODA function
for solving ordinary differential equations. It is designed to handle
a system of first order differential equations expressed as a vector
function. `odeint` does not handle equations with complex dependent
variables, or array equations.
`odeintw` is a wrapper of `odeint` that adds the ability to handle
complex and array differential equations. See the docstring of odeint
for an explanation of its arguments.
Unlike odeint, all arguments after the first three position arguments
`func` (the system definition function), `y0` (the initial condition)
and `t` (the time values) must be given as keyword arguments.
Initial conditions
------------------
The initial condition `y0` given to `odeintw` determines the type of the
solution that is generated. The data type and shape of the value
returned by `func` must match those of the initial condition.
If the solution is to be complex, the initial condition must be complex.
To solve a complex differential equation with real initial conditions,
give complex initial conditions with zero imaginary parts.
Similarly, the shape of the solution of a matrix differential equation
is determined by the shape of the initial condition. For example, if
the initial condition has shape (2,3), then `func` must return a numpy
array (or something array-like) that has shape (2,3).
Special handling of Jacobian arguments
--------------------------------------
The argument `Dfun` may be used with array equations. If `shp` is the
shape of the array, then the shape of the Jacobian array returned by
`Dfun` must be ``shp + shp``. For example, if the array is 2-d `F`,
jac[m, n, i, j] holds dF[m,n]/da[i,j]
`Dfun` may also be used with complex equations. However, if the
functions computed by `func` are not complex differentiable, the
Jacobian function should not be used. To use the Jacobian argument in
this case, the equations should be rewritten as a system of real
equations for the real and imaginary parts of the solution. For
example, the conjugation operation is not complex differentiable, so
to use an explicit Jacobian for the complex scalar equation
dz/dt = z.conj(),
the equation must be written as
dx/dt = x
dy/dt = -y
Then the Jacobian of the real system is [[1, 0], [0, -1]].
If `Dfun` is not given as an argument, the system may be left as a
complex differential equation.
In the case of arrays with dimension 2 or more, the odeint arguments
`col_deriv`, `ml` and `mu` can not be used.
Complex array equations are handled, but to use `Dfun`, the same
requirement on the complex differentiability of the components
holds.
"""
full_output = kwargs.get('full_output', False)
Dfun = kwargs.pop('Dfun', None)
y0 = np.atleast_1d(y0)
shape = y0.shape
if y0.ndim == 1:
func1 = func
jacfunc1 = Dfun
else:
# y0 has dimension greater than 1.
_check_args(kwargs)
# Flatten y0, and create a wrapper for func that can be used
# by odeint.
y0 = y0.ravel()
def vecfunc(y, t, *args):
a = y.reshape(shape)
dadt = func(a, t, *args)
return np.asarray(dadt).ravel()
func1 = vecfunc
if Dfun is not None:
def jacfunc(y, t, *args):
a = y.reshape(shape)
jac = Dfun(a, t, *args)
return np.asarray(jac).reshape(y0.size, y0.size)
jacfunc1 = jacfunc
else:
jacfunc1 = None
if not np.iscomplexobj(y0):
y0 = y0.astype(np.float64, **_astype_kwargs)
func2 = func1
jacfunc2 = jacfunc1
else:
# y0 is complex.
col_deriv = kwargs.pop('col_deriv', False)
ml = kwargs.pop('ml', None)
mu = kwargs.pop('mu', None)
kwargs['ml'] = None if ml is None else 1 + 2 * ml
kwargs['mu'] = None if mu is None else 1 + 2 * mu
# Cast y0 to np.complex128.
y0 = y0.astype(np.complex128, **_astype_kwargs)
# realfunc is a wrapper of the user's function that can be
# used by odeint.
def realfunc(y, t, *args):
z = y.view(np.complex128)
dzdt = func1(z, t, *args)
# func might return a python list, so convert its return
# value to an array with type np.complex128, and then return
# a np.float64 view of that array.
dydt = np.asarray(dzdt, dtype=np.complex128).view(np.float64)
return dydt
func2 = realfunc
if jacfunc1 is not None:
def jacfuncz(y, t, *args):
z = y.view(np.complex128)
jac = jacfunc1(z, t, *args)
if col_deriv:
# If col_deriv is True, transpose the result returned
# by jacfunc1, and continue as if col_deriv was False.
jac = jac.T
# Convert jac to real_jac, an array in which each complex value
# a + i*b in jac is expanded to the 2x2 array [[a, -b], [b, a]].
real_jac = _complex_to_real_jac(jac)
if ml is not None or mu is not None:
# Banded; shift every other column up one.
real_jac = _transform_banded_jac(real_jac)
return real_jac
jacfunc2 = jacfuncz
else:
jacfunc2 = None
# Call scipy.integrate.odeint with our wrapper.
result = odeint(func2, y0.view(np.float64), t, Dfun=jacfunc2, **kwargs)
if full_output:
sol, infodict = result
else:
sol = result
if np.iscomplexobj(y0):
# Restore the complex view.
sol = sol.view(np.complex128)
# Restore the shape.
sol = sol.reshape(-1, *shape)
if full_output:
result = (sol, infodict)
else:
result = sol
return result
def zoom(input, zoom, output=None, order=3, mode='constant', cval=0.0,
prefilter=True, *, grid_mode=False):
"""
Zoom an array.
The array is zoomed using spline interpolation of the requested order.
Parameters
----------
%(input)s
zoom : float or sequence
The zoom factor along the axes. If a float, `zoom` is the same for each
axis. If a sequence, `zoom` should contain one value for each axis.
%(output)s
order : int, optional
The order of the spline interpolation, default is 3.
The order has to be in the range 0-5.
%(mode_interp_constant)s
%(cval)s
%(prefilter)s
grid_mode : bool, optional
If False, the distance from the pixel centers is zoomed. Otherwise, the
distance including the full pixel extent is used. For example, a 1d
signal of length 5 is considered to have length 4 when `grid_mode` is
False, but length 5 when `grid_mode` is True. See the following
visual illustration:
.. code-block:: text
| pixel 1 | pixel 2 | pixel 3 | pixel 4 | pixel 5 |
|<-------------------------------------->|
vs.
|<----------------------------------------------->|
The starting point of the arrow in the diagram above corresponds to
coordinate location 0 in each mode.
Returns
-------
zoom : ndarray
The zoomed input.
Notes
-----
For complex-valued `input`, this function zooms the real and imaginary
components independently.
.. versionadded:: 1.6.0
Complex-valued support added.
Examples
--------
>>> from scipy import ndimage, misc
>>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
>>> fig = plt.figure()
>>> ax1 = fig.add_subplot(121) # left side
>>> ax2 = fig.add_subplot(122) # right side
>>> ascent = misc.ascent()
>>> result = ndimage.zoom(ascent, 3.0)
>>> ax1.imshow(ascent, vmin=0, vmax=255)
>>> ax2.imshow(result, vmin=0, vmax=255)
>>> plt.show()
>>> print(ascent.shape)
(512, 512)
>>> print(result.shape)
(1536, 1536)
"""
if order < 0 or order > 5:
raise RuntimeError('spline order not supported')
input = numpy.asarray(input)
if input.ndim < 1:
raise RuntimeError('input and output rank must be > 0')
zoom = _ni_support._normalize_sequence(zoom, input.ndim)
output_shape = tuple(
[int(round(ii * jj)) for ii, jj in zip(input.shape, zoom)])
complex_output = numpy.iscomplexobj(input)
output = _ni_support._get_output(output, input, shape=output_shape,
complex_output=complex_output)
if complex_output:
# import under different name to avoid confusion with zoom parameter
from scipy.ndimage.interpolation import zoom as _zoom
kwargs = dict(order=order, mode=mode, prefilter=prefilter)
_zoom(input.real, zoom, output=output.real, cval=numpy.real(cval),
**kwargs)
_zoom(input.imag, zoom, output=output.imag, cval=numpy.imag(cval),
**kwargs)
return output
if prefilter and order > 1:
padded, npad = _prepad_for_spline_filter(input, mode, cval)
filtered = spline_filter(padded, order, output=numpy.float64,
mode=mode)
else:
npad = 0
filtered = input
if grid_mode:
# warn about modes that may have surprising behavior
suggest_mode = None
if mode == 'constant':
suggest_mode = 'grid-constant'
elif mode == 'wrap':
suggest_mode = 'grid-wrap'
if suggest_mode is not None:
warnings.warn(
("It is recommended to use mode = {} instead of {} when "
"grid_mode is True."
).format(suggest_mode, mode)
)
mode = _ni_support._extend_mode_to_code(mode)
zoom_div = numpy.array(output_shape)
zoom_nominator = numpy.array(input.shape)
if not grid_mode:
zoom_div -= 1
zoom_nominator -= 1
# Zooming to infinite values is unpredictable, so just choose
# zoom factor 1 instead
zoom = numpy.divide(zoom_nominator, zoom_div,
out=numpy.ones_like(input.shape, dtype=numpy.float64),
where=zoom_div != 0)
zoom = numpy.ascontiguousarray(zoom)
_nd_image.zoom_shift(filtered, zoom, None, output, order, mode, cval, npad,
grid_mode)
return output
def _validate(self, array_type, test_shape, dtype, s, kwargs):
input_array = self.munge_input_array(array_type(test_shape, dtype),
kwargs)
orig_input_array = copy.copy(input_array)
np_input_array = numpy.asarray(input_array)
if np_input_array.dtype == 'clongdouble':
np_input_array = numpy.complex128(input_array)
elif np_input_array.dtype == 'longdouble':
np_input_array = numpy.float64(input_array)
with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as w:
# We catch the warnings so as to pick up on when
# a complex array is turned into a real array
if 'axes' in kwargs:
axes = {'axes': kwargs['axes']}
elif 'axis' in kwargs:
axes = {'axis': kwargs['axis']}
else:
axes = {}
try:
test_out_array = getattr(self.validator_module,
self.func)(copy.copy(np_input_array),
s, **axes)
except Exception as e:
interface_exception = None
try:
getattr(self.test_interface,
self.func)(copy.copy(input_array), s, **kwargs)
except Exception as _interface_exception:
# It's necessary to assign the exception to the
# already defined variable in Python 3.
# See http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-3110/#semantic-changes
interface_exception = _interface_exception
# If the test interface raised, so must this.
self.assertEqual(type(interface_exception),
type(e),
msg='Interface exception raised. ' +
'Testing for: ' + repr(e))
return
output_array = getattr(self.test_interface,
self.func)(copy.copy(input_array), s,
**kwargs)
if (functions[self.func] == 'r2c'):
if numpy.iscomplexobj(input_array):
if len(w) > 0:
# Make sure a warning is raised
self.assertIs(w[-1].category, numpy.ComplexWarning)
self.assertTrue(
numpy.allclose(output_array, test_out_array, rtol=1e-2, atol=1e-4))
input_precision_dtype = numpy.asanyarray(input_array).real.dtype
self.assertEqual(input_precision_dtype, output_array.real.dtype)
if (not self.overwrite_input_flag in kwargs
or not kwargs[self.overwrite_input_flag]):
self.assertTrue(numpy.allclose(input_array, orig_input_array))
return output_array
