def test_pre_binned_data():
# Make sure ValueError is raised when predictor.predict() is called while
# the predictor does not have any numerical thresholds.
X, y = make_regression()
# Init gradients and hessians to that of least squares loss
gradients = -y.astype(np.float32)
hessians = np.ones(1, dtype=np.float32)
mapper = BinMapper(random_state=0)
X_binned = mapper.fit_transform(X)
grower = TreeGrower(X_binned,
gradients,
hessians,
n_bins_per_feature=mapper.n_bins_per_feature_)
grower.grow()
predictor = grower.make_predictor(numerical_thresholds=None)
assert_raises_regex(ValueError,
'This predictor does not have numerical thresholds',
predictor.predict, X)
assert_raises_regex(ValueError, 'binned_data dtype should be uint8',
predictor.predict_binned, X)
predictor.predict_binned(X_binned) # No error
predictor = grower.make_predictor(
numerical_thresholds=mapper.numerical_thresholds_)
assert_raises_regex(ValueError, 'X has uint8 dtype', predictor.predict,
X_binned)
def test_min_samples_leaf(n_samples, min_samples_leaf, n_bins,
constant_hessian, noise):
rng = np.random.RandomState(seed=0)
# data = linear target, 3 features, 1 irrelevant.
X = rng.normal(size=(n_samples, 3))
y = X[:, 0] - X[:, 1]
if noise:
y_scale = y.std()
y += rng.normal(scale=noise, size=n_samples) * y_scale
mapper = BinMapper(max_bins=n_bins)
X = mapper.fit_transform(X)
all_gradients = y.astype(np.float32)
if constant_hessian:
all_hessians = np.ones(shape=1, dtype=np.float32)
else:
all_hessians = np.ones_like(all_gradients)
grower = TreeGrower(X,
all_gradients,
all_hessians,
max_bins=n_bins,
shrinkage=1.,
min_samples_leaf=min_samples_leaf,
max_leaf_nodes=n_samples)
grower.grow()
predictor = grower.make_predictor(bin_thresholds=mapper.bin_thresholds_)
if n_samples >= min_samples_leaf:
for node in predictor.nodes:
if node['is_leaf']:
assert node['count'] >= min_samples_leaf
else:
assert predictor.nodes.shape[0] == 1
assert predictor.nodes[0]['is_leaf']
assert predictor.nodes[0]['count'] == n_samples
def test_boston_dataset():
boston = load_boston()
X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(boston.data,
boston.target,
random_state=42)
mapper = BinMapper(random_state=42)
X_train_binned = mapper.fit_transform(X_train)
X_test_binned = mapper.transform(X_test)
gradients = y_train.astype(np.float32)
hessians = np.ones(1, dtype=np.float32)
min_samples_leaf = 8
max_leaf_nodes = 31
grower = TreeGrower(X_train_binned,
gradients,
hessians,
min_samples_leaf=min_samples_leaf,
max_leaf_nodes=max_leaf_nodes)
grower.grow()
predictor = grower.make_predictor(bin_thresholds=mapper.bin_thresholds_)
assert r2_score(y_train, predictor.predict_binned(X_train_binned)) > 0.75
assert r2_score(y_test, predictor.predict_binned(X_test_binned)) > 0.65
assert_allclose(predictor.predict(X_train),
predictor.predict_binned(X_train_binned))
assert_allclose(predictor.predict(X_test),
predictor.predict_binned(X_test_binned))
assert r2_score(y_train, predictor.predict(X_train)) > 0.75
assert r2_score(y_test, predictor.predict(X_test)) > 0.65
def test_boston_dataset(max_bins):
boston = load_boston()
X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(
boston.data, boston.target, random_state=42)
mapper = BinMapper(max_bins=max_bins, random_state=42)
X_train_binned = mapper.fit_transform(X_train)
X_test_binned = mapper.transform(X_test)
# Init gradients and hessians to that of least squares loss
gradients = -y_train.astype(np.float32)
hessians = np.ones(1, dtype=np.float32)
min_samples_leaf = 8
max_leaf_nodes = 31
grower = TreeGrower(X_train_binned, gradients, hessians,
min_samples_leaf=min_samples_leaf,
max_leaf_nodes=max_leaf_nodes, max_bins=max_bins,
n_bins_per_feature=mapper.n_bins_per_feature_)
grower.grow()
predictor = grower.make_predictor(bin_thresholds=mapper.bin_thresholds_)
assert r2_score(y_train, predictor.predict_binned(X_train_binned)) > 0.85
assert r2_score(y_test, predictor.predict_binned(X_test_binned)) > 0.70
assert_allclose(predictor.predict(X_train),
predictor.predict_binned(X_train_binned))
assert_allclose(predictor.predict(X_test),
predictor.predict_binned(X_test_binned))
assert r2_score(y_train, predictor.predict(X_train)) > 0.85
assert r2_score(y_test, predictor.predict(X_test)) > 0.70
def test_predictor_from_grower():
# Build a tree on the toy 3-leaf dataset to extract the predictor.
n_bins = 256
features_data, all_gradients, all_hessians = _make_training_data(
n_bins=n_bins)
grower = TreeGrower(features_data,
all_gradients,
all_hessians,
n_bins=n_bins,
shrinkage=1.,
max_leaf_nodes=3,
min_samples_leaf=5)
grower.grow()
assert grower.n_nodes == 5 # (2 decision nodes + 3 leaves)
# Check that the node structure can be converted into a predictor
# object to perform predictions at scale
predictor = grower.make_predictor()
assert predictor.nodes.shape[0] == 5
assert predictor.nodes['is_leaf'].sum() == 3
def predict(features):
return predictor.predict_one_binned(np.array(features, dtype=np.uint8))
# Probe some predictions for each leaf of the tree
input_data = np.array([
[0, 0],
[42, 99],
[128, 255],
[129, 0],
[129, 85],
[255, 85],
[129, 86],
[129, 255],
[242, 100],
],
dtype=np.uint8)
predictions = predictor.predict_binned(input_data)
expected_targets = [-1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, 1, 1, 1]
assert_array_almost_equal(predictions, expected_targets, decimal=5)
# Check that training set can be recovered exactly:
predictions = predictor.predict_binned(features_data)
assert_array_almost_equal(predictions, all_gradients, decimal=5)
def fit(self, X, y):
"""Fit the gradient boosting model.
Parameters
----------
X : array-like, shape=(n_samples, n_features)
The input samples.
y : array-like, shape=(n_samples,)
Target values.
Returns
-------
self : object
"""
fit_start_time = time()
acc_find_split_time = 0. # time spent finding the best splits
acc_apply_split_time = 0. # time spent splitting nodes
# time spent predicting X for gradient and hessians update
acc_prediction_time = 0.
# TODO: add support for mixed-typed (numerical + categorical) data
# TODO: add support for missing data
# TODO: add support for pre-binned data (pass-through)?
# TODO: test input checking
X, y = check_X_y(X, y, dtype=[np.float32, np.float64])
y = self._encode_y(y)
if X.shape[0] == 1 or X.shape[1] == 1:
raise ValueError(
'Passing only one sample or one feature is not supported yet. '
'See numba issue #3569.'
)
rng = check_random_state(self.random_state)
self._validate_parameters()
self.n_features_ = X.shape[1] # used for validation in predict()
if self.verbose:
print(f"Binning {X.nbytes / 1e9:.3f} GB of data: ", end="",
flush=True)
tic = time()
self.bin_mapper_ = BinMapper(max_bins=self.max_bins, random_state=rng)
X_binned = self.bin_mapper_.fit_transform(X)
toc = time()
if self.verbose:
duration = toc - tic
troughput = X.nbytes / duration
print(f"{duration:.3f} s ({troughput / 1e6:.3f} MB/s)")
self.loss_ = self._get_loss()
if self.scoring is not None and self.validation_split is not None:
# stratify for classification
stratify = y if hasattr(self.loss_, 'predict_proba') else None
X_binned_train, X_binned_val, y_train, y_val = train_test_split(
X_binned, y, test_size=self.validation_split,
stratify=stratify, random_state=rng)
if X_binned_train.size == 0 or X_binned_val.size == 0:
raise ValueError(
f'Not enough data (n_samples={X_binned.shape[0]}) to '
f'perform early stopping with validation_split='
f'{self.validation_split}. Use more training data or '
f'adjust validation_split.'
)
# Histogram computation is faster on feature-aligned data.
X_binned_train = np.asfortranarray(X_binned_train)
else:
X_binned_train, y_train = X_binned, y
X_binned_val, y_val = None, None
# Subsample the training set for score-based monitoring.
subsample_size = 10000
if X_binned_train.shape[0] < subsample_size:
X_binned_small_train = np.ascontiguousarray(X_binned_train)
y_small_train = y_train
else:
indices = rng.choice(
np.arange(X_binned_train.shape[0]), subsample_size)
X_binned_small_train = X_binned_train[indices]
y_small_train = y_train[indices]
if self.verbose:
print("Fitting gradient boosted rounds:")
n_samples = X_binned_train.shape[0]
# values predicted by the trees. Used as-is in regression, and
# transformed into probas and / or classes for classification
raw_predictions = np.zeros(
shape=(n_samples, self.n_trees_per_iteration_),
dtype=y_train.dtype
)
# gradients and hessians are 1D arrays of size
# n_samples * n_trees_per_iteration
gradients, hessians = self.loss_.init_gradients_and_hessians(
n_samples=n_samples,
n_trees_per_iteration=self.n_trees_per_iteration_
)
# predictors_ is a matrix of TreePredictor objects with shape
# (n_iter_, n_trees_per_iteration)
self.predictors_ = predictors = []
scorer = check_scoring(self, self.scoring)
self.train_scores_ = []
if self.scoring is not None:
# Add predictions of the initial model (before the first tree)
predicted_train = self._predict_binned(X_binned_train)
score_train = scorer._sign * scorer._score_func(y_train,
predicted_train)
self.train_scores_.append(score_train)
if self.validation_split is not None:
self.validation_scores_ = []
predicted_val = self._predict_binned(X_binned_val)
score_val = scorer._sign * scorer._score_func(y_val,
predicted_val)
self.validation_scores_.append(score_val)
for iteration in range(self.max_iter):
if self.verbose:
iteration_start_time = time()
print(f"[{iteration + 1}/{self.max_iter}] ", end='',
flush=True)
# Update gradients and hessians, inplace
self.loss_.update_gradients_and_hessians(gradients, hessians,
y_train, raw_predictions)
predictors.append([])
# Build `n_trees_per_iteration` trees.
for k, (gradients_at_k, hessians_at_k) in enumerate(zip(
np.array_split(gradients, self.n_trees_per_iteration_),
np.array_split(hessians, self.n_trees_per_iteration_))):
# the xxxx_at_k arrays are **views** on the original arrays.
# Note that for binary classif and regressions,
# n_trees_per_iteration is 1 and xxxx_at_k is equivalent to the
# whole array.
grower = TreeGrower(
X_binned_train, gradients_at_k, hessians_at_k,
max_bins=self.max_bins,
n_bins_per_feature=self.bin_mapper_.n_bins_per_feature_,
max_leaf_nodes=self.max_leaf_nodes,
max_depth=self.max_depth,
min_samples_leaf=self.min_samples_leaf,
l2_regularization=self.l2_regularization,
shrinkage=self.learning_rate)
grower.grow()
acc_apply_split_time += grower.total_apply_split_time
acc_find_split_time += grower.total_find_split_time
predictor = grower.make_predictor(
bin_thresholds=self.bin_mapper_.bin_thresholds_)
predictors[-1].append(predictor)
tic_pred = time()
# prepare leaves_data so that _update_raw_predictions can be
# @njitted
leaves_data = [(l.value, l.sample_indices)
for l in grower.finalized_leaves]
_update_raw_predictions(leaves_data, raw_predictions[:, k])
toc_pred = time()
acc_prediction_time += toc_pred - tic_pred
should_stop = self._check_early_stopping(
scorer, X_binned_small_train, y_small_train,
X_binned_val, y_val)
if self.verbose:
self._print_iteration_stats(iteration_start_time)
if should_stop:
break
if self.verbose:
duration = time() - fit_start_time
n_total_leaves = sum(
predictor.get_n_leaf_nodes()
for predictors_at_ith_iteration in self.predictors_
for predictor in predictors_at_ith_iteration)
n_predictors = sum(
len(predictors_at_ith_iteration)
for predictors_at_ith_iteration in self.predictors_)
print(f"Fit {n_predictors} trees in {duration:.3f} s, "
f"({n_total_leaves} total leaves)")
print(f"{'Time spent finding best splits:':<32} "
f"{acc_find_split_time:.3f}s")
print(f"{'Time spent applying splits:':<32} "
f"{acc_apply_split_time:.3f}s")
print(f"{'Time spent predicting:':<32} "
f"{acc_prediction_time:.3f}s")
self.train_scores_ = np.asarray(self.train_scores_)
if self.scoring is not None and self.validation_split is not None:
self.validation_scores_ = np.asarray(self.validation_scores_)
return self
def fit(self, X, y):
"""Fit the gradient boosting model.
Parameters
----------
X : array-like, shape=(n_samples, n_features)
The input samples. If ``X.dtype == np.uint8``, the data is
assumed to be pre-binned and the prediction methods
(``predict``, ``predict_proba``) will only accept pre-binned
data as well.
y : array-like, shape=(n_samples,)
Target values.
Returns
-------
self : object
"""
fit_start_time = time()
acc_find_split_time = 0. # time spent finding the best splits
acc_apply_split_time = 0. # time spent splitting nodes
# time spent predicting X for gradient and hessians update
acc_prediction_time = 0.
# TODO: add support for mixed-typed (numerical + categorical) data
# TODO: add support for missing data
self.multi_output = len(y.ravel()) != len(y)
if self.multi_output:
self.prediction_dim = y.shape[1]
else:
self.prediction_dim = 1
X, y = check_X_y(X,
y,
dtype=[np.float32, np.float64, np.uint8],
multi_output=self.multi_output)
y = self._encode_y(y)
if X.shape[0] == 1 or X.shape[1] == 1:
raise ValueError(
'Passing only one sample or one feature is not supported yet. '
'See numba issue #3569.')
rng = check_random_state(self.random_state)
self._validate_parameters(X)
self.n_features_ = X.shape[1] # used for validation in predict()
if X.dtype == np.uint8: # data is pre-binned
if self.verbose:
print("X is pre-binned.")
X_binned = X
self.bin_mapper_ = None
numerical_thresholds = None
n_bins_per_feature = X.max(axis=0).astype(np.uint32)
else:
if self.verbose:
print(f"Binning {X.nbytes / 1e9:.3f} GB of data: ",
end="",
flush=True)
tic = time()
self.bin_mapper_ = BinMapper(max_bins=self.max_bins,
random_state=rng)
X_binned = self.bin_mapper_.fit_transform(X)
numerical_thresholds = self.bin_mapper_.numerical_thresholds_
n_bins_per_feature = self.bin_mapper_.n_bins_per_feature_
toc = time()
if self.verbose:
duration = toc - tic
throughput = X.nbytes / duration
print(f"{duration:.3f} s ({throughput / 1e6:.3f} MB/s)")
self.loss_ = self._get_loss()
do_early_stopping = (self.n_iter_no_change is not None
and self.n_iter_no_change > 0)
if do_early_stopping and self.validation_split is not None:
# stratify for classification
stratify = y if hasattr(self.loss_, 'predict_proba') else None
X_binned_train, X_binned_val, y_train, y_val = train_test_split(
X_binned,
y,
test_size=self.validation_split,
stratify=stratify,
random_state=rng)
if X_binned_train.size == 0 or X_binned_val.size == 0:
raise ValueError(
f'Not enough data (n_samples={X_binned.shape[0]}) to '
f'perform early stopping with validation_split='
f'{self.validation_split}. Use more training data or '
f'adjust validation_split.')
# Predicting is faster of C-contiguous arrays, training is faster
# on Fortran arrays.
X_binned_val = np.ascontiguousarray(X_binned_val)
X_binned_train = np.asfortranarray(X_binned_train)
else:
X_binned_train, y_train = X_binned, y
X_binned_val, y_val = None, None
# Subsample the training set for score-based monitoring.
if do_early_stopping:
subsample_size = 10000
n_samples_train = X_binned_train.shape[0]
if n_samples_train > subsample_size:
indices = rng.choice(X_binned_train.shape[0], subsample_size)
X_binned_small_train = X_binned_train[indices]
y_small_train = y_train[indices]
else:
X_binned_small_train = X_binned_train
y_small_train = y_train
# Predicting is faster of C-contiguous arrays.
X_binned_small_train = np.ascontiguousarray(X_binned_small_train)
if self.verbose:
print("Fitting gradient boosted rounds:")
n_samples = X_binned_train.shape[0]
self.baseline_prediction_ = self.loss_.get_baseline_prediction(
y_train, self.prediction_dim)
# raw_predictions are the accumulated values predicted by the trees
# for the training data.
raw_predictions = np.zeros(shape=(n_samples, self.prediction_dim),
dtype=self.baseline_prediction_.dtype)
if not self.multi_output:
raw_predictions = raw_predictions.ravel()
raw_predictions += self.baseline_prediction_
# gradients and hessians are 1D arrays of size
# n_samples * n_trees_per_iteration
gradients, hessians = self.loss_.init_gradients_and_hessians(
n_samples=n_samples, prediction_dim=self.prediction_dim)
if not self.multi_output:
gradients = gradients.ravel()
# predictors_ is a matrix of TreePredictor objects with shape
# (n_iter_, n_trees_per_iteration)
self.predictors_ = predictors = []
# scorer_ is a callable with signature (est, X, y) and calls
# est.predict() or est.predict_proba() depending on its nature.
self.scorer_ = check_scoring(self, self.scoring)
self.train_scores_ = []
self.validation_scores_ = []
if do_early_stopping:
# Add predictions of the initial model (before the first tree)
self.train_scores_.append(self._get_scores(X_binned_train,
y_train))
if self.validation_split is not None:
self.validation_scores_.append(
self._get_scores(X_binned_val, y_val))
for iteration in range(self.max_iter):
if self.verbose:
iteration_start_time = time()
print(f"[{iteration + 1}/{self.max_iter}] ",
end='',
flush=True)
# Update gradients and hessians, inplace
self.loss_.update_gradients_and_hessians(gradients, hessians,
y_train, raw_predictions)
predictors.append([])
if self.multi_output:
proj_gradients, proj_hessians = self.randomly_project_gradients_and_hessians(
gradients, hessians)
else:
proj_gradients, proj_hessians = gradients.ravel(
), hessians.ravel()
# Build `n_trees_per_iteration` trees.
for k, (gradients_at_k, hessians_at_k) in enumerate(
zip(
np.array_split(proj_gradients,
self.n_trees_per_iteration_),
np.array_split(proj_hessians,
self.n_trees_per_iteration_))):
# the xxxx_at_k arrays are **views** on the original arrays.
# Note that for binary classif and regressions,
# n_trees_per_iteration is 1 and xxxx_at_k is equivalent to the
# whole array.
grower = TreeGrower(X_binned_train,
gradients_at_k,
hessians_at_k,
max_bins=self.max_bins,
n_bins_per_feature=n_bins_per_feature,
max_leaf_nodes=self.max_leaf_nodes,
max_depth=self.max_depth,
min_samples_leaf=self.min_samples_leaf,
l2_regularization=self.l2_regularization,
shrinkage=self.learning_rate)
grower.grow()
if self.multi_output:
for l in grower.finalized_leaves:
l.residual = (
-self.learning_rate *
np.sum(a=gradients[l.sample_indices, :], axis=0) /
(l.sum_hessians + self.l2_regularization +
np.finfo(np.float64).eps))
leaves_data = [(l.residual, l.sample_indices)
for l in grower.finalized_leaves]
else:
leaves_data = [(l.value, l.sample_indices)
for l in grower.finalized_leaves]
acc_apply_split_time += grower.total_apply_split_time
acc_find_split_time += grower.total_find_split_time
predictor = grower.make_predictor(numerical_thresholds)
predictors[-1].append(predictor)
tic_pred = time()
# prepare leaves_data so that _update_raw_predictions can be
# @njitted
_update_raw_predictions(leaves_data, raw_predictions)
toc_pred = time()
acc_prediction_time += toc_pred - tic_pred
should_early_stop = False
if do_early_stopping:
should_early_stop = self._check_early_stopping(
X_binned_small_train, y_small_train, X_binned_val, y_val)
if self.verbose:
self._print_iteration_stats(iteration_start_time,
do_early_stopping)
if should_early_stop:
break
if self.verbose:
duration = time() - fit_start_time
n_total_leaves = sum(
predictor.get_n_leaf_nodes()
for predictors_at_ith_iteration in self.predictors_
for predictor in predictors_at_ith_iteration)
n_predictors = sum(
len(predictors_at_ith_iteration)
for predictors_at_ith_iteration in self.predictors_)
print(f"Fit {n_predictors} trees in {duration:.3f} s, "
f"({n_total_leaves} total leaves)")
print(f"{'Time spent finding best splits:':<32} "
f"{acc_find_split_time:.3f}s")
print(f"{'Time spent applying splits:':<32} "
f"{acc_apply_split_time:.3f}s")
print(f"{'Time spent predicting:':<32} "
f"{acc_prediction_time:.3f}s")
self.train_scores_ = np.asarray(self.train_scores_)
self.validation_scores_ = np.asarray(self.validation_scores_)
return self
def fit(self, X, y):
fit_start_time = time()
acc_find_split_time = 0. # time spent finding the best splits
acc_apply_split_time = 0. # time spent splitting nodes
# time spent predicting X for gradient and hessians update
acc_prediction_time = 0.
# TODO: add support for mixed-typed (numerical + categorical) data
# TODO: add support for missing data
# TODO: add support for pre-binned data (pass-through)?
X, y = check_X_y(X, y, dtype=[np.float32, np.float64])
y = y.astype(np.float32, copy=False)
rng = check_random_state(self.random_state)
if self.verbose:
print(f"Binning {X.nbytes / 1e9:.3f} GB of data: ",
end="",
flush=True)
tic = time()
self.bin_mapper_ = BinMapper(max_bins=self.max_bins, random_state=rng)
X_binned = self.bin_mapper_.fit_transform(X)
toc = time()
if self.verbose:
duration = toc - tic
troughput = X.nbytes / duration
print(f"{duration:.3f} s ({troughput / 1e6:.3f} MB/s)")
if self.validation_split is not None:
X_binned_train, X_binned_val, y_train, y_val = train_test_split(
X_binned,
y,
test_size=self.validation_split,
stratify=y,
random_state=rng)
# Histogram computation is faster on feature-aligned data.
X_binned_train = np.asfortranarray(X_binned_train)
else:
X_binned_train, y_train = X_binned, y
X_binned_val, y_val = None, None
# Subsample the training set for score-based monitoring.
subsample_size = 10000
if X_binned_train.shape[0] < subsample_size:
X_binned_small_train = np.ascontiguousarray(X_binned_train)
y_small_train = y_train
else:
indices = rng.choice(np.arange(X_binned_train.shape[0]),
subsample_size)
X_binned_small_train = X_binned_train[indices]
y_small_train = y_train[indices]
if self.verbose:
print("Fitting gradient boosted rounds:")
# TODO: plug custom loss functions
y_pred = np.zeros_like(y_train, dtype=np.float32)
gradients = np.asarray(y_train, dtype=np.float32).copy()
hessians = np.ones(1, dtype=np.float32)
self.predictors_ = predictors = []
self.train_scores_ = []
if self.validation_split is not None:
self.validation_scores_ = []
scorer = check_scoring(self, self.scoring)
gb_start_time = time()
# TODO: compute training loss and use it for early stopping if no
# validation data is provided?
self.n_iter_ = 0
while True:
should_stop = self._stopping_criterion(gb_start_time, scorer,
X_binned_small_train,
y_small_train, X_binned_val,
y_val)
if should_stop or self.n_iter_ == self.max_iter:
break
shrinkage = 1. if self.n_iter_ == 0 else self.learning_rate
grower = TreeGrower(X_binned_train,
gradients,
hessians,
n_bins=self.max_bins,
max_leaf_nodes=self.max_leaf_nodes,
max_depth=self.max_depth,
min_samples_leaf=self.min_samples_leaf,
shrinkage=shrinkage)
grower.grow()
predictor = grower.make_predictor(
bin_thresholds=self.bin_mapper_.bin_thresholds_)
predictors.append(predictor)
self.n_iter_ += 1
tic_pred = time()
leaves_data = [(l.value, l.sample_indices)
for l in grower.finalized_leaves]
_update_y_pred(leaves_data, y_pred)
gradients = y_train - y_pred
toc_pred = time()
acc_prediction_time += toc_pred - tic_pred
acc_apply_split_time += grower.total_apply_split_time
acc_find_split_time += grower.total_find_split_time
if self.verbose:
duration = time() - fit_start_time
n_leaf_nodes = sum(p.get_n_leaf_nodes() for p in self.predictors_)
print(f"Fit {len(self.predictors_)} trees in {duration:.3f} s, "
f"({n_leaf_nodes} total leaf nodes)")
print('{:<32} {:.3f}s'.format('Time spent finding best splits:',
acc_find_split_time))
print('{:<32} {:.3f}s'.format('Time spent applying splits:',
acc_apply_split_time))
print('{:<32} {:.3f}s'.format('Time spent predicting:',
acc_prediction_time))
self.train_scores_ = np.asarray(self.train_scores_)
if self.validation_split is not None:
self.validation_scores_ = np.asarray(self.validation_scores_)
return self