def to_xml_element(self):
el = ET.Element('Profile')
el.set("id", self.id_)
if self.extends:
el.set("extends", self.extends)
title = add_sub_element(el, "title", self.title)
title.set("override", "true")
desc = add_sub_element(el, "description", self.description)
desc.set("override", "true")
for selection in self.selections:
if selection.startswith("!"):
unselect = ET.Element("select")
unselect.set("idref", selection[1:])
unselect.set("selected", "false")
el.append(unselect)
elif "=" in selection:
refine_value = ET.Element("refine-value")
value_id, selector = selection.split("=", 1)
refine_value.set("idref", value_id)
refine_value.set("selector", selector)
el.append(refine_value)
else:
select = ET.Element("select")
select.set("idref", selection)
select.set("selected", "true")
el.append(select)
return el
def add_platforms(xml_tree, multi_platform):
for affected in xml_tree.findall(".//{%s}affected" % oval_ns):
if affected.get("family") != "unix":
continue
for plat_elem in affected:
try:
if plat_elem.text == 'multi_platform_all':
for platforms in multi_platform[plat_elem.text]:
for plat in multi_platform[platforms]:
platform = ElementTree.Element(
"{%s}platform" % oval_ns)
platform.text = map_name(platforms) + ' ' + plat
affected.insert(1, platform)
else:
for platforms in multi_platform[plat_elem.text]:
platform = ElementTree.Element("{%s}platform" % oval_ns)
platform.text = map_name(plat_elem.text) + ' ' + platforms
affected.insert(0, platform)
except KeyError:
pass
# Remove multi_platform element
if re.findall('multi_platform', plat_elem.text):
affected.remove(plat_elem)
return xml_tree
def add_cpes(elem, namespace, mapping):
"""
Adds derivative CPEs next to RHEL ones, checks XCCDF elements of given
namespace.
"""
affected = False
for child in list(elem):
affected = affected or add_cpes(child, namespace, mapping)
# precompute this so that we can affect the tree while iterating
children = list(elem.findall(".//{%s}platform" % (namespace)))
for child in children:
idref = child.get("idref")
if idref in mapping:
new_platform = ElementTree.Element("{%s}platform" % (namespace))
new_platform.set("idref", mapping[idref])
# this is done for the newline and indentation
new_platform.tail = child.tail
index = list(elem).index(child)
# insert it right after the respective RHEL CPE
elem.insert(index + 1, new_platform)
affected = True
return affected
def add_notice(benchmark, namespace, notice, warning):
"""
Adds derivative notice as the first notice to given benchmark.
"""
index = -1
prev_element = None
existing_notices = list(benchmark.findall("./{%s}notice" % (namespace)))
if len(existing_notices) > 0:
prev_element = existing_notices[0]
# insert before the first notice
index = list(benchmark).index(prev_element)
else:
existing_descriptions = list(
benchmark.findall("./{%s}description" % (namespace)))
prev_element = existing_descriptions[-1]
# insert after the last description
index = list(benchmark).index(prev_element) + 1
if index == -1:
raise RuntimeError(
"Can't find existing notices or description in benchmark '%s'." %
(benchmark))
elem = ElementTree.Element("{%s}notice" % (namespace))
elem.set("id", warning)
elem.append(notice)
# this is done for the newline and indentation
elem.tail = prev_element.tail
benchmark.insert(index, elem)
return True
def replace_external_vars(tree):
"""Replace external_variables with local_variables, so the definition can be
tested independently of an XCCDF file"""
# external_variable is a special case: we turn it into a local_variable so
# we can test
for node in tree.findall(".//{%s}external_variable" % ovalns):
print("External_variable with id : " + node.get("id"))
extvar_id = node.get("id")
# for envkey, envval in os.environ.iteritems():
# print envkey + " = " + envval
# sys.exit()
if extvar_id not in os.environ.keys():
print(
"External_variable specified, but no value provided via "
"environment variable",
file=sys.stderr)
sys.exit(2)
# replace tag name: external -> local
node.tag = "{%s}local_variable" % ovalns
literal = ET.Element("literal_component")
literal.text = os.environ[extvar_id]
node.append(literal)
# TODO: assignment of external_variable via environment vars, for
# testing
return tree
def _add_cce_id_refs_to_oval_checks(self, idmappingdict):
"""
For each XCCDF rule ID having <ident> CCE set and
having OVAL check implemented (remote OVAL isn't sufficient!)
add a new <reference> element into the OVAL definition having the
following form:
<reference source="CCE" ref_id="CCE-ID" />
where "CCE-ID" is the CCE identifier for that particular rule
retrieved from the XCCDF file
"""
ovalrules = self.tree.findall(".//{0}".format(self._get_checkid_string()))
for rule in ovalrules:
ovalid = rule.get("id")
assert ovalid is not None, \
"An OVAL rule doesn't have an ID"
if ovalid not in idmappingdict:
continue
ovaldesc = rule.find(".//{%s}description" % self.CHECK_NAMESPACE)
assert ovaldesc is not None, \
"OVAL rule '{0}' doesn't have a description, which is mandatory".format(ovalid)
xccdfcceid = idmappingdict[ovalid]
if is_cce_valid(xccdfcceid):
# Then append the <reference source="CCE" ref_id="CCE-ID" /> element right
# after <description> element of specific OVAL check
ccerefelem = ET.Element('reference', ref_id=xccdfcceid,
source="CCE")
metadata = rule.find(".//{%s}metadata" % self.CHECK_NAMESPACE)
metadata.append(ccerefelem)
def add_references(reference, destination):
try:
reference_root = ET.parse(reference)
except IOError as exception:
print("INFO: DISA STIG Reference file not found for this platform")
sys.exit(0)
reference_rules = reference_root.findall('.//{%s}Rule' % XCCDF11_NS)
dictionary = {}
for rule in reference_rules:
version = rule.find('.//{%s}version' % XCCDF11_NS)
if version is not None and version.text:
dictionary[version.text] = rule.get('id')
target_root = ET.parse(destination)
target_rules = target_root.findall('.//{%s}Rule' % XCCDF11_NS)
for rule in target_rules:
refs = rule.findall('.//{%s}reference' % XCCDF11_NS)
for ref in refs:
if (ref.get('href').startswith(stig_refs)
and ref.text in dictionary):
index = rule.getchildren().index(ref)
new_ref = ET.Element('{%s}reference' % XCCDF11_NS,
{'href': stig_ns})
new_ref.text = dictionary[ref.text]
new_ref.tail = ref.tail
rule.insert(index + 1, new_ref)
return target_root
def to_xml_element(self):
group = ET.Element('Group')
group.set('id', self.id_)
if self.prodtype != "all":
group.set("prodtype", self.prodtype)
title = ET.SubElement(group, 'title')
title.text = self.title
add_sub_element(group, 'description', self.description)
add_warning_elements(group, self.warnings)
for v in self.values.values():
group.append(v.to_xml_element())
for g in self.groups.values():
group.append(g.to_xml_element())
for r in self.rules.values():
group.append(r.to_xml_element())
return group
def translate(self, tree, store_defname=False):
for element in tree.getiterator():
idname = element.get("id")
if idname:
# store the old name if requested (for OVAL definitions)
if store_defname and \
element.tag == "{%s}definition" % oval_ns:
metadata = element.find("{%s}metadata" % oval_ns)
if metadata is None:
metadata = ElementTree.SubElement(element, "metadata")
defnam = ElementTree.Element("reference",
ref_id=idname,
source=self.content_id)
metadata.append(defnam)
# set the element to the new identifier
element.set("id", self.generate_id(element.tag, idname))
# continue
if element.tag == "{%s}filter" % oval_ns:
element.text = self.generate_id("{%s}state" % oval_ns,
element.text)
continue
if element.tag == "{%s#independent}var_ref" % oval_ns:
element.text = self.generate_id("{%s}variable" % oval_ns,
element.text)
continue
for attr in element.keys():
if attr in ovalrefattr_to_tag.keys():
element.set(
attr,
self.generate_id(
"{%s}%s" % (oval_ns, ovalrefattr_to_tag[attr]),
element.get(attr)))
if attr in ocilrefattr_to_tag.keys():
element.set(
attr,
self.generate_id(
"{%s}%s" % (ocil_ns, ocilrefattr_to_tag[attr]),
element.get(attr)))
if element.tag == "{%s}test_action_ref" % ocil_ns:
element.text = self.generate_id("{%s}action" % ocil_ns,
element.text)
return tree
def to_xml_element(self):
root = ET.Element('Benchmark')
root.set('xmlns:xsi', 'http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance')
root.set('xmlns:xhtml', 'http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml')
root.set('xmlns:dc', 'http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/')
root.set('id', 'product-name')
root.set('xsi:schemaLocation',
'http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.1 xccdf-1.1.4.xsd')
root.set('style', 'SCAP_1.1')
root.set('resolved', 'false')
root.set('xml:lang', 'en-US')
status = ET.SubElement(root, 'status')
status.set('date', datetime.date.today().strftime("%Y-%m-%d"))
status.text = self.status
add_sub_element(root, "title", self.title)
add_sub_element(root, "description", self.description)
notice = add_sub_element(root, "notice", self.notice_description)
notice.set('id', self.notice_id)
add_sub_element(root, "front-matter", self.front_matter)
add_sub_element(root, "rear-matter", self.rear_matter)
for idref in self.cpes:
plat = ET.SubElement(root, "platform")
plat.set("idref", idref)
version = ET.SubElement(root, 'version')
version.text = self.version
ET.SubElement(root, "metadata")
for profile in self.profiles:
if profile is not None:
root.append(profile.to_xml_element())
for v in self.values.values():
root.append(v.to_xml_element())
if self.bash_remediation_fns_group is not None:
root.append(self.bash_remediation_fns_group)
for g in self.groups.values():
root.append(g.to_xml_element())
for r in self.rules.values():
root.append(r.to_xml_element())
return root
def add_missing_check_exports(self, check, checkcontentref):
check_name = checkcontentref.get("name")
if check_name is None:
return
oval_def = self.oval_groups["definitions"].get(check_name)
if oval_def is None:
return
all_vars = set()
for def_id in self.get_nested_definitions(check_name):
extended_def = self.oval_groups["definitions"].get(def_id)
if extended_def is None:
print("WARNING: Definition '%s' was not found, can't figure "
"out which variables it needs." % (def_id), file=sys.stderr)
continue
all_vars |= resolve_definition(self.oval_groups, extended_def)
for varname in all_vars:
export = ET.Element("{%s}check-export" % XCCDF11_NS)
export.attrib["export-name"] = varname
export.attrib["value-id"] = varname
check.insert(0, export)
def to_xml_element(self):
value = ET.Element('Value')
value.set('id', self.id_)
value.set('type', self.type_)
if self.operator != "equals": # equals is the default
value.set('operator', self.operator)
if self.interactive: # False is the default
value.set('interactive', 'true')
title = ET.SubElement(value, 'title')
title.text = self.title
add_sub_element(value, 'description', self.description)
add_warning_elements(value, self.warnings)
for selector, option in self.options.items():
# do not confuse Value with big V with value with small v
# value is child element of Value
value_small = ET.SubElement(value, 'value')
# by XCCDF spec, default value is value without selector
if selector != "default":
value_small.set('selector', str(selector))
value_small.text = str(option)
return value
def to_xml_element(self):
rule = ET.Element('Rule')
rule.set('id', self.id_)
if self.prodtype != "all":
rule.set("prodtype", self.prodtype)
rule.set('severity', self.severity)
add_sub_element(rule, 'title', self.title)
add_sub_element(rule, 'description', self.description)
add_sub_element(rule, 'rationale', self.rationale)
main_ident = ET.Element('ident')
for ident_type, ident_val in self.identifiers.items():
if '@' in ident_type:
# the ident is applicable only on some product
# format : 'policy@product', eg. 'stigid@product'
# for them, we create a separate <ref> element
policy, product = ident_type.split('@')
ident = ET.SubElement(rule, 'ident')
ident.set(policy, ident_val)
ident.set('prodtype', product)
else:
main_ident.set(ident_type, ident_val)
if main_ident.attrib:
rule.append(main_ident)
main_ref = ET.Element('ref')
for ref_type, ref_val in self.references.items():
if '@' in ref_type:
# the reference is applicable only on some product
# format : 'policy@product', eg. 'stigid@product'
# for them, we create a separate <ref> element
policy, product = ref_type.split('@')
ref = ET.SubElement(rule, 'ref')
ref.set(policy, ref_val)
ref.set('prodtype', product)
else:
main_ref.set(ref_type, ref_val)
if main_ref.attrib:
rule.append(main_ref)
if self.external_oval:
check = ET.SubElement(rule, 'check')
check.set("system",
"http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5")
external_content = ET.SubElement(check, "check-content-ref")
external_content.set("href", self.external_oval)
else:
# TODO: This is pretty much a hack, oval ID will be the same as rule ID
# and we don't want the developers to have to keep them in sync.
# Therefore let's just add an OVAL ref of that ID.
oval_ref = ET.SubElement(rule, "oval")
oval_ref.set("id", self.id_)
if self.ocil or self.ocil_clause:
ocil = add_sub_element(rule, 'ocil',
self.ocil if self.ocil else "")
if self.ocil_clause:
ocil.set("clause", self.ocil_clause)
add_warning_elements(rule, self.warnings)
return rule
def main():
global definitions
global tests
global objects
global states
global variables
global silent_mode
args = parse_options()
silent_mode = args.silent_mode
oval_version = args.oval_version
testfile = args.xmlfile
header = oval_generated_header("testoval.py", oval_version, "0.0.1")
testfile = find_testfile(testfile)
body = read_ovaldefgroup_file(testfile)
defname = _add_elements(body, header)
if defname is None:
print("Error while evaluating oval: defname not set; missing "
"definitions section?")
sys.exit(1)
ovaltree = ET.fromstring(header + footer)
# append each major element type, if it has subelements
for element in [definitions, tests, objects, states, variables]:
if list(element) > 0:
ovaltree.append(element)
# re-map all the element ids from meaningful names to meaningless
# numbers
testtranslator = IDTranslator("scap-security-guide.testing")
ovaltree = testtranslator.translate(ovaltree)
(ovalfile, fname) = tempfile.mkstemp(prefix=defname, suffix=".xml")
os.write(ovalfile, ET.tostring(ovaltree))
os.close(ovalfile)
if not silent_mode:
print("Evaluating with OVAL tempfile: " + fname)
print("OVAL Schema Version: %s" % oval_version)
print("Writing results to: " + fname + "-results")
cmd = "oscap oval eval --results " + fname + "-results " + fname
oscap_child = subprocess.Popen(cmd, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, shell=True)
cmd_out = oscap_child.communicate()[0]
if not silent_mode:
print(cmd_out)
if oscap_child.returncode != 0:
if not silent_mode:
print("Error launching 'oscap' command: \n\t" + cmd)
sys.exit(2)
if 'false' in cmd_out:
# at least one from the evaluated OVAL definitions evaluated to
# 'false' result, exit with '1' to indicate OVAL scan FAIL result
sys.exit(1)
# perhaps delete tempfile?
definitions = ET.Element("definitions")
tests = ET.Element("tests")
objects = ET.Element("objects")
states = ET.Element("states")
variables = ET.Element("variables")
# 'false' keyword wasn't found in oscap's command output
# exit with '0' to indicate OVAL scan TRUE result
sys.exit(0)
import os
import re
import argparse
import tempfile
import subprocess
from ssg._constants import oval_footer as footer
from ssg._constants import oval_namespace as ovalns
from ssg._xml import ElementTree as ET
from ssg._xml import oval_generated_header
from ssg._id_translate import IDTranslator
SHARED_OVAL = re.sub('shared.*', 'shared', __file__) + '/checks/oval/'
# globals, to make recursion easier in case we encounter extend_definition
definitions = ET.Element("definitions")
tests = ET.Element("tests")
objects = ET.Element("objects")
states = ET.Element("states")
variables = ET.Element("variables")
silent_mode = False
# append new child ONLY if it's not a duplicate
def append(element, newchild):
global silent_mode
newid = newchild.get("id")
existing = element.find(".//*[@id='" + newid + "']")
if existing is not None:
if not silent_mode:
sys.stderr.write("Notification: this ID is used more than once " +
def expand_xccdf_subs(fix, remediation_type, remediation_functions):
"""For those remediation scripts utilizing some of the internal SCAP
Security Guide remediation functions expand the selected shell variables
and remediation functions calls with <xccdf:sub> element
This routine translates any instance of the 'populate' function call in
the form of:
populate variable_name
into
variable_name="<sub idref="variable_name"/>"
Also transforms any instance of the 'ansible-populate' function call in the
form of:
(ansible-populate variable_name)
into
<sub idref="variable_name"/>
Also transforms any instance of some other known remediation function (e.g.
'replace_or_append' etc.) from the form of:
function_name "arg1" "arg2" ... "argN"
into:
<sub idref="function_function_name"/>
function_name "arg1" "arg2" ... "argN"
"""
if remediation_type == "ansible":
fix_text = fix.text
if "(ansible-populate " in fix_text:
raise RuntimeError(
"(ansible-populate VAR) has been deprecated. Please use "
"(xccdf-var VAR) instead. Keep in mind that the latter will "
"make an ansible variable out of XCCDF Value as opposed to "
"substituting directly."
)
fix_text = re.sub(
r"- \(xccdf-var\s+(\S+)\)",
r"- name: XCCDF Value \1 # promote to variable\n"
r" set_fact:\n"
r" \1: (ansible-populate \1)\n"
r" tags:\n"
r" - always",
fix_text
)
pattern = r'\(ansible-populate\s*(\S+)\)'
# we will get list what looks like
# [text, varname, text, varname, ..., text]
parts = re.split(pattern, fix_text)
fix.text = parts[0] # add first "text"
for index in range(1, len(parts), 2):
varname = parts[index]
text_between_vars = parts[index + 1]
# we cannot combine elements and text easily
# so text is in ".tail" of element
xccdfvarsub = ElementTree.SubElement(fix, "sub", idref=varname)
xccdfvarsub.tail = text_between_vars
return
elif remediation_type == "puppet":
pattern = r'\(puppet-populate\s*(\S+)\)'
# we will get list what looks like
# [text, varname, text, varname, ..., text]
parts = re.split(pattern, fix.text)
fix.text = parts[0] # add first "text"
for index in range(1, len(parts), 2):
varname = parts[index]
text_between_vars = parts[index + 1]
# we cannot combine elements and text easily
# so text is in ".tail" of element
xccdfvarsub = ElementTree.SubElement(fix, "sub", idref=varname)
xccdfvarsub.tail = text_between_vars
return
elif remediation_type == "anaconda":
pattern = r'\(anaconda-populate\s*(\S+)\)'
# we will get list what looks like
# [text, varname, text, varname, ..., text]
parts = re.split(pattern, fix.text)
fix.text = parts[0] # add first "text"
for index in range(1, len(parts), 2):
varname = parts[index]
text_between_vars = parts[index + 1]
# we cannot combine elements and text easily
# so text is in ".tail" of element
xccdfvarsub = ElementTree.SubElement(fix, "sub", idref=varname)
xccdfvarsub.tail = text_between_vars
return
elif remediation_type == "bash":
# This remediation script doesn't utilize internal remediation functions
# Skip it without any further processing
if 'remediation_functions' not in fix.text:
return
# This remediation script utilizes some of internal remediation functions
# Expand shell variables and remediation functions calls with <xccdf:sub>
# elements
pattern = '\n+(\s*(?:' + '|'.join(remediation_functions) + ')[^\n]*)\n'
patcomp = re.compile(pattern, re.DOTALL)
fixparts = re.split(patcomp, fix.text)
if fixparts[0] is not None:
# Split the portion of fix.text from fix start to first call of
# remediation function into two parts:
# * head to hold inclusion of the remediation functions
# * tail to hold part of the fix.text after inclusion,
# but before first call of remediation function
try:
rfpattern = '(.*remediation_functions)(.*)'
rfpatcomp = re.compile(rfpattern, re.DOTALL)
_, head, tail, _ = re.split(rfpatcomp, fixparts[0], maxsplit=2)
except ValueError:
sys.stderr.write("Processing fix.text for: %s rule\n"
% fix.get('rule'))
sys.stderr.write("Unable to extract part of the fix.text "
"after inclusion of remediation functions."
" Aborting..\n")
sys.exit(1)
# If the 'tail' is not empty, make it new fix.text.
# Otherwise use ''
fix.text = tail if tail is not None else ''
# Drop the first element of 'fixparts' since it has been processed
fixparts.pop(0)
# Perform sanity check on new 'fixparts' list content (to continue
# successfully 'fixparts' has to contain even count of elements)
if len(fixparts) % 2 != 0:
sys.stderr.write("Error performing XCCDF expansion on "
"remediation script: %s\n"
% fix.get("rule"))
sys.stderr.write("Invalid count of elements. Exiting!\n")
sys.exit(1)
# Process remaining 'fixparts' elements in pairs
# First pair element is remediation function to be XCCDF expanded
# Second pair element (if not empty) is the portion of the original
# fix text to be used in newly added sublement's tail
for idx in range(0, len(fixparts), 2):
# We previously removed enclosing newlines when creating
# fixparts list. Add them back and reuse the above 'pattern'
fixparts[idx] = "\n%s\n" % fixparts[idx]
# Sanity check (verify the first field truly contains call of
# some of the remediation functions)
if re.match(pattern, fixparts[idx], re.DOTALL) is not None:
# This chunk contains call of 'populate' function
if "populate" in fixparts[idx]:
varname, fixtextcontrib = get_populate_replacement(
remediation_type,
fixparts[idx])
# Define new XCCDF <sub> element for the variable
xccdfvarsub = ElementTree.Element("sub", idref=varname)
# If this is first sub element,
# the textcontribution needs to go to fix text
# otherwise, append to last subelement
nfixchildren = len(list(fix))
if nfixchildren == 0:
fix.text += fixtextcontrib
else:
previouselem = fix[nfixchildren-1]
previouselem.tail += fixtextcontrib
# If second pair element is not empty, append it as
# tail for the subelement (prefixed with closing '"')
if fixparts[idx + 1] is not None:
xccdfvarsub.tail = '"' + '\n' + fixparts[idx + 1]
# Otherwise append just enclosing '"'
else:
xccdfvarsub.tail = '"' + '\n'
# Append the new subelement to the fix element
fix.append(xccdfvarsub)
# This chunk contains call of other remediation function
else:
# Extract remediation function name
funcname = re.search('\n\s*(\S+)(| .*)\n',
fixparts[idx],
re.DOTALL).group(1)
# Define new XCCDF <sub> element for the function
xccdffuncsub = ElementTree.Element(
"sub", idref='function_%s' % funcname)
# Append original function call into tail of the
# subelement
xccdffuncsub.tail = fixparts[idx]
# If the second element of the pair is not empty,
# append it to the tail of the subelement too
if fixparts[idx + 1] is not None:
xccdffuncsub.tail += fixparts[idx + 1]
# Append the new subelement to the fix element
fix.append(xccdffuncsub)
# Ensure the newly added <xccdf:sub> element for the
# function will be always inserted at newline
# If xccdffuncsub is the first <xccdf:sub> element
# being added as child of <fix> and fix.text doesn't
# end up with newline character, append the newline
# to the fix.text
if list(fix).index(xccdffuncsub) == 0:
if re.search('.*\n$', fix.text) is None:
fix.text += '\n'
# If xccdffuncsub isn't the first child (first
# <xccdf:sub> being added), and tail of previous
# child doesn't end up with newline, append the newline
# to the tail of previous child
else:
previouselem = fix[list(fix).index(xccdffuncsub) - 1]
if re.search('.*\n$', previouselem.tail) is None:
previouselem.tail += '\n'
# Perform a sanity check if all known remediation function calls have been
# properly XCCDF substituted. Exit with failure if some wasn't
# First concat output form of modified fix text (including text appended
# to all children of the fix)
modfix = [fix.text]
for child in fix.getchildren():
if child is not None and child.text is not None:
modfix.append(child.text)
modfixtext = "".join(modfix)
for f in remediation_functions:
# Then efine expected XCCDF sub element form for this function
funcxccdfsub = "<sub idref=\"function_%s\"" % f
# Finally perform the sanity check -- if function was properly XCCDF
# substituted both the original function call and XCCDF <sub> element
# for that function need to be present in the modified text of the fix
# Otherwise something went wrong, thus exit with failure
if f in modfixtext and funcxccdfsub not in modfixtext:
sys.stderr.write("Error performing XCCDF <sub> substitution "
"for function %s in %s fix. Exiting...\n"
% (f, fix.get("rule")))
sys.exit(1)
else:
sys.stderr.write("Unknown remediation type '%s'\n" % (remediation_type))
sys.exit(1)