示例#1
0
    def get_object(self, g=None):
        # try to load function back into its module:
        if not self.module.startswith('__'):
            __import__(self.module)
            g = sys.modules[self.module].__dict__

        if g is None:
            g = {}
        if self.defaults:
            defaults = tuple(uncan(cfd, g) for cfd in self.defaults)
        else:
            defaults = None

        if self.kwdefaults:
            kwdefaults = uncan_dict(self.kwdefaults)
        else:
            kwdefaults = None
        if self.annotations:
            annotations = uncan_dict(self.annotations)
        else:
            annotations = {}

        if self.closure:
            closure = tuple(uncan(cell, g) for cell in self.closure)
        else:
            closure = None
        newFunc = FunctionType(self.code, g, self.__name__, defaults, closure)
        if kwdefaults:
            newFunc.__kwdefaults__ = kwdefaults
        if annotations:
            newFunc.__annotations__ = annotations
        return newFunc
示例#2
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 def chained_function(meta, func, mod):
     d = ModuleChainedDict(mod.__dict__, func.__globals__)
     newfunc = FunctionType(func.__code, d)
     newfunc.__doc__ = func.__doc__
     newfunc.__defaults__ = newfunc.__defaults__
     newfunc.__kwdefaults__ = func.__kwdefaults__
     return newfunc
示例#3
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def copy_func(f: FunctionType, name, defaults, signature: Signature):
    """
    Makes exact copy of a function object with given name and defaults
    """
    new_defaults = []
    kw_only_defaults = f.__kwdefaults__.copy() if f.__kwdefaults__ else {}

    for key, param in signature.parameters.items():
        if param.kind is param.KEYWORD_ONLY:
            if key in defaults:
                kw_only_defaults[key] = defaults.pop(key)
        elif key in defaults:
            new_defaults.append(defaults.pop(key))
        elif param.default is not param.empty:
            new_defaults.append(param.default)

    new_func = FunctionType(
        code=copy_code(f.__code__, co_name=name),
        globals=f.__globals__,
        name=name,
        argdefs=tuple(new_defaults),
        closure=f.__closure__,
    )
    new_func.__kwdefaults__ = kw_only_defaults
    new_func.__dict__.update(f.__dict__)
    return new_func
示例#4
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def hax(target: T) -> T:

    if isinstance(target, CodeType):
        return cast(T, _hax(target))

    if isinstance(target, FunctionType):

        new = FunctionType(
            _hax(target.__code__),
            target.__globals__,
            target.__name__,
            target.__defaults__,
            target.__closure__,
        )

        if target.__annotations__:
            new.__annotations__ = target.__annotations__.copy()

        if target.__kwdefaults__ is not None:
            new.__kwdefaults__ = target.__kwdefaults__.copy()

        if target.__dict__:
            new.__dict__ = target.__dict__.copy()

        return cast(T, new)

    raise TypeError(f"HAX doesn't support this! Got type {type(target)!r}.")
示例#5
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def copy_func(func: FunctionType, deep: bool = False) -> FunctionType:
    """Copy a function as a different object.

    Args:
        func: Function object to be copied.
        deep: If ``True``, mutable attributes of ``func`` are deep-copied.

    Returns:
        Function as a different object from the original one.

    """
    copied = FunctionType(
        func.__code__,
        func.__globals__,
        func.__name__,
        func.__defaults__,
        func.__closure__,
    )

    # mutable attributes are copied by the given method
    copier = deepcopy if deep else copy
    copied.__annotations__ = copier(func.__annotations__)
    copied.__dict__ = copier(func.__dict__)
    copied.__kwdefaults__ = copier(func.__kwdefaults__)

    # immutable attributes are not copied (just assigned)
    copied.__doc__ = func.__doc__
    copied.__module__ = func.__module__
    copied.__name__ = func.__name__
    copied.__qualname__ = func.__qualname__

    return copied
示例#6
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文件: pickle.py 项目: simon-ca/pymor
def loads_function(s):
    '''Restores a function serialized with :func:`dumps_function`.'''
    if PY2:
        name, code, globals_, defaults, closure, func_dict, doc = loads(s)
    else:
        name, code, globals_, defaults, closure, func_dict, doc, qualname, kwdefaults, annotations = loads(
            s)
    code = marshal.loads(code)
    for k, v in globals_.items():
        if isinstance(v, Module):
            globals_[k] = v.mod
    if closure is not None:
        import ctypes
        ctypes.pythonapi.PyCell_New.restype = ctypes.py_object
        ctypes.pythonapi.PyCell_New.argtypes = [ctypes.py_object]
        closure = tuple(ctypes.pythonapi.PyCell_New(c) for c in closure)
    globals_['__builtins__'] = __builtins__
    r = FunctionType(code, globals_, name, defaults, closure)
    r.__dict__ = func_dict
    r.__doc__ = doc
    if not PY2:
        r.__qualname__ = qualname
        r.__kwdefaults__ = kwdefaults
        r.__annotations__ = annotations
    return r
示例#7
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 def chained_function(meta, func, mod):
     d = _NSChainedDict(mod.__dict__, func.__globals__)
     newfunc = FunctionType(func.__code__, d)
     newfunc.__doc__ = func.__doc__
     newfunc.__defaults__ = func.__defaults__
     newfunc.__kwdefaults__ = func.__kwdefaults__
     return newfunc
示例#8
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def buildFunction(baseFunc, code=None, glbls=None,
                  name=None, defaults=None,
                  kwdefaults=None, closure=None,
                  annotations=None, doc=None, dct=None):

    resf = None

    def _f():
        pass

    if hasattr(_f, 'func_code'):
        # Python 2.x
        resf = FunctionType(code or baseFunc.func_code,
                            glbls or baseFunc.func_globals,
                            name or baseFunc.func_name,
                            defaults or baseFunc.func_defaults,
                            closure or baseFunc.func_closure)
        resf.func_dict = dct or baseFunc.func_dict
        resf.func_doc = doc or baseFunc.func_doc

    else:
        # Python 3.x
        resf = FunctionType(code or baseFunc.__code__,
                            glbls or baseFunc.__globals__,
                            name or baseFunc.__name__,
                            defaults or baseFunc.__defaults__,
                            closure or baseFunc.__closure__)
        resf.__kwdefaults__ = kwdefaults or baseFunc.__kwdefaults__
        resf.__annotations__ = annotations or baseFunc.__annotations__
        resf.__dict__ = dct or baseFunc.__dict__
        resf.__doc__ = doc or baseFunc.__doc__

    return resf
示例#9
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文件: util.py 项目: sadaf86/calour
def _clone_function(f):
    '''Make a copy of a function'''
    # based on http://stackoverflow.com/a/13503277/2289509
    new_f = FunctionType(f.__code__, f.__globals__,
                         name=f.__name__,
                         argdefs=f.__defaults__,
                         closure=f.__closure__)
    new_f = update_wrapper(new_f, f)
    new_f.__kwdefaults__ = f.__kwdefaults__
    return new_f
示例#10
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def copy_func(f: Callable) -> Callable:
    """Duplicate a function object"""
    g = FunctionType(f.__code__,
                     f.__globals__,
                     name=f.__name__,
                     argdefs=f.__defaults__,
                     closure=f.__closure__)
    g = update_wrapper(g, f)
    g.__kwdefaults__ = f.__kwdefaults__
    return g
示例#11
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def _function_constructor(code, fglobals, name, argdefs, closure, kwdefaults, fdict, annotations, qualname,
                          doc,
                          module):
    func = FunctionType(code, fglobals, name, argdefs, closure)
    func.__kwdefaults__ = kwdefaults
    func.__dict__ = fdict
    func.__annotations__ = annotations
    func.__qualname__ = qualname
    func.__doc__ = doc
    func.__module__ = module
    return func
示例#12
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def alias(name: str, doc: str, fun: Callable[..., Any]) -> Callable[..., Any]:
    # Adapted from https://stackoverflow.com/questions/13503079/how-to-create-a-copy-of-a-python-function#
    # See also help(type(lambda: 0))
    alias = FunctionType(fun.__code__,
                         fun.__globals__,
                         name=name,
                         argdefs=fun.__defaults__,
                         closure=fun.__closure__)
    alias = update_wrapper(alias, fun)
    alias.__kwdefaults__ = fun.__kwdefaults__
    alias.__doc__ = doc
    return alias
示例#13
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def conform(self, obj1: types.FunctionType, obj2: types.FunctionType):
    fv1 = obj1.__code__.co_freevars
    fv2 = obj2.__code__.co_freevars
    if fv1 != fv2:
        msg = (
            f"Cannot replace closure `{obj1.__name__}` because the free "
            f"variables changed. Before: {fv1}; after: {fv2}."
        )
        if ("__class__" in (fv1 or ())) ^ ("__class__" in (fv2 or ())):
            msg += " Note: The use of `super` entails the `__class__` free variable."
        raise ConformException(msg)
    obj1.__code__ = obj2.__code__
    obj1.__defaults__ = obj2.__defaults__
    obj1.__kwdefaults__ = obj2.__kwdefaults__
示例#14
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 def change_func_globals(f, globals):
     """Based on https://stackoverflow.com/a/13503277/2988730 (@unutbu)"""
     # __globals__ is a private member of the function class
     # so we have to copy the function, f, all of its member, except f.__globals__
     g = FunctionType(
         f.__code__,
         globals,
         name=f.__name__,
         argdefs=f.__defaults__,
         closure=f.__closure__,
     )
     g = functools.update_wrapper(g, f)
     g.__kwdefaults__ = copy.copy(f.__kwdefaults__)
     return g
示例#15
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def alias(name: str, doc: str, fun: Callable[..., Any]) -> Callable[..., Any]:
    # Adapted from https://stackoverflow.com/questions/13503079/how-to-create-a-copy-of-a-python-function#
    # See also help(type(lambda: 0))
    _fun = cast(FunctionType, fun)
    args = (_fun.__code__, _fun.__globals__)
    kwargs = {
        'name': name,
        'argdefs': _fun.__defaults__,
        'closure': _fun.__closure__
    }
    alias = FunctionType(*args, **kwargs)  # type: ignore
    alias = cast(FunctionType, update_wrapper(alias, _fun))
    alias.__kwdefaults__ = _fun.__kwdefaults__
    alias.__doc__ = doc
    return alias
示例#16
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文件: utils.py 项目: lizh06/RxPY
def alias(name: str, doc: str, fun: Callable[_P, _T]) -> Callable[_P, _T]:
    # Adapted from
    # https://stackoverflow.com/questions/13503079/how-to-create-a-copy-of-a-python-function#
    # See also help(type(lambda: 0))
    _fun = cast(FunctionType, fun)
    args = (_fun.__code__, _fun.__globals__)
    kwargs = {
        "name": name,
        "argdefs": _fun.__defaults__,
        "closure": _fun.__closure__
    }
    alias_ = FunctionType(*args, **kwargs)  # type: ignore
    alias_ = update_wrapper(alias_, _fun)
    alias_.__kwdefaults__ = _fun.__kwdefaults__
    alias_.__doc__ = doc
    alias_.__annotations__ = _fun.__annotations__
    return alias_
示例#17
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def func2not_implemented(func):
    from types import FunctionType
    code = func.__code__
    code = code2not_implemented_code(code)

    ## |  function(code, globals[, name[, argdefs[, closure]]])
    ## |
    ## |  Create a function object from a code object and a dictionary.
    ## |  The optional name string overrides the name from the code object.
    ## |  The optional argdefs tuple specifies the default argument values.
    ## |  The optional closure tuple supplies the bindings for free variables.

    # constructor: no __kwdefaults__??
    new_func = FunctionType(code, func.__globals__, func.__name__,
                            func.__defaults__)
    new_func.__kwdefaults__ = func.__kwdefaults__
    return new_func
示例#18
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def copy_function(fn) -> Callable:
    """
    Create a clone of a given function
    :param fn: Function to copy
    :return: New function with the same attributes but with different id
    """
    """Based on http://stackoverflow.com/a/6528148/190597 (Glenn Maynard)"""
    g = FunctionType(
        fn.__code__,
        fn.__globals__,
        name=fn.__name__,
        argdefs=fn.__defaults__,
        closure=fn.__closure__,
    )
    g.__kwdefaults__ = deepcopy(fn.__kwdefaults__)
    g.__annotations__ = deepcopy(fn.__annotations__)
    return g
示例#19
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    def __init_subclass__(cls):
        super().__init_subclass__()

        # override signature of __new__ to match __init__ so IDEs and Sphinx
        # will display the correct signature
        new = FunctionType(  # almost exact copy of __new__
            cls.__new__.__code__,
            cls.__new__.__globals__,
            name=cls.__new__.__name__,
            argdefs=cls.__new__.__defaults__,
            closure=cls.__new__.__closure__)
        new = functools.update_wrapper(new, cls.__new__)  # update further
        new.__kwdefaults__ = cls.__init__.__kwdefaults__  # fill in kwdefaults
        sig = cls._init_signature  # override signature to look like init
        sig = sig.replace(parameters=[inspect.Parameter("cls", 0)] +
                          list(sig.parameters.values()))
        new.__signature__ = sig
        # set __new__ with copied & modified version
        cls.__new__ = new

        # -------------------
        # Parameters

        # Get parameters that are still Parameters, either in this class or above.
        parameters = [
            n for n in cls.__parameters__
            if isinstance(getattr(cls, n), Parameter)
        ]
        # Add new parameter definitions
        parameters += [
            n for n, v in cls.__dict__.items()
            if (n not in parameters and not n.startswith("_")
                and isinstance(v, Parameter))
        ]
        # reorder to match signature
        ordered = [
            parameters.pop(parameters.index(n))
            for n in cls._init_signature.parameters.keys() if n in parameters
        ]
        parameters = ordered + parameters  # place "unordered" at the end
        cls.__parameters__ = tuple(parameters)

        # -------------------
        # register as a Cosmology subclass
        _COSMOLOGY_CLASSES[cls.__qualname__] = cls
示例#20
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def modfuncglobals(func, *ds, **kw):
    '''Add globals to a function.'''
    dp = dictproxy()
    newfunc = FunctionType(func.__code__, dictproxy(dp, func.__globals__))
    newfunc.__name__ = func.__name__
    newfunc.__doc__ = func.__doc__
    newfunc.__defaults__ = func.__defaults__
    newfunc.__kwdefaults__ = func.__kwdefaults__
    newfunc.__scopes__ = dp.maps

    def add(*ds, **kw):
        for d in ds[::-1]:
            newfunc.__scopes__.insert(0, d)
        if kw:
            newfunc.add(kw)
        return newfunc

    newfunc.add = add
    newfunc.add(*ds, **kw)
    return newfunc
示例#21
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def import_function(functup, globals=None, def_=True):
    name, modname, defaults, kwdefaults, codetup = functup
    if globals is None:
        try:
            mod = __import__(modname, None, None, "*")
        except ImportError:
            mod = __import__("__main__", None, None, "*")
        globals = mod.__dict__
    # function globals must be real dicts, sadly:
    if isinstance(globals, netref.BaseNetref):
        from rpyc.utils.classic import obtain
        globals = obtain(globals)
    globals.setdefault('__builtins__', __builtins__)
    codeobj = _import_codetup(codetup)
    funcobj = FunctionType(codeobj, globals, name, defaults)
    if kwdefaults is not None:
        funcobj.__kwdefaults__ = {t[0]: t[1] for t in kwdefaults}
    if def_:
        globals[name] = funcobj
    return funcobj
示例#22
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def loads_function(s):
    '''Restores a function serialized with :func:`dumps_function`.'''
    name, code, globals_, defaults, closure, func_dict, doc, qualname, kwdefaults, annotations = loads(s)
    code = marshal.loads(code)
    for k, v in globals_.items():
        if isinstance(v, Module):
            globals_[k] = v.mod
    if closure is not None:
        import ctypes
        ctypes.pythonapi.PyCell_New.restype = ctypes.py_object
        ctypes.pythonapi.PyCell_New.argtypes = [ctypes.py_object]
        closure = tuple(ctypes.pythonapi.PyCell_New(c) for c in closure)
    globals_['__builtins__'] = __builtins__
    r = FunctionType(code, globals_, name, defaults, closure)
    r.__dict__ = func_dict
    r.__doc__ = doc
    r.__qualname__ = qualname
    r.__kwdefaults__ = kwdefaults
    r.__annotations__ = annotations
    return r
示例#23
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def copy_function(func, global_ctx=None):
    """
    Copy the function, with given base global_ctx, and register the result function into the
    given base ctx.

    References
    ----------
    1. https://stackoverflow.com/a/13503277/5080177
    """
    if global_ctx is None:
        global_ctx = func.__globals__
    fn = FunctionType(
        func.__code__,
        global_ctx,
        name=func.__name__,
        argdefs=func.__defaults__,
        closure=func.__closure__,
    )
    # functools.update_wrapper would update all the metadata other then __kwdefaults__
    fn.__kwdefaults__ = copy.copy(func.__kwdefaults__)
    return functools.update_wrapper(fn, func)
示例#24
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def buildFunction(baseFunc,
                  code=None,
                  glbls=None,
                  name=None,
                  defaults=None,
                  kwdefaults=None,
                  closure=None,
                  annotations=None,
                  doc=None,
                  dct=None):

    resf = None

    def _f():
        pass

    if hasattr(_f, 'func_code'):
        # Python 2.x
        resf = FunctionType(code or baseFunc.func_code, glbls
                            or baseFunc.func_globals, name
                            or baseFunc.func_name, defaults
                            or baseFunc.func_defaults, closure
                            or baseFunc.func_closure)
        resf.func_dict = dct or baseFunc.func_dict
        resf.func_doc = doc or baseFunc.func_doc

    else:
        # Python 3.x
        resf = FunctionType(code or baseFunc.__code__, glbls
                            or baseFunc.__globals__, name or baseFunc.__name__,
                            defaults or baseFunc.__defaults__, closure
                            or baseFunc.__closure__)
        resf.__kwdefaults__ = kwdefaults or baseFunc.__kwdefaults__
        resf.__annotations__ = annotations or baseFunc.__annotations__
        resf.__dict__ = dct or baseFunc.__dict__
        resf.__doc__ = doc or baseFunc.__doc__

    return resf
示例#25
0
def func2not_implemented(func):
    sig_str = func2clean_signature_str(func)
    if sig_str not in cache__sig_str2code:
        code = signature_str2not_implemented_func(sig_str).__code__
        cache__sig_str2code[sig_str] = code  # code really depends on sig_str
        #cache__not_implemented_codes.add(code)
        #print('cache__not_implemented_codes', len(cache__not_implemented_codes))
    else:
        code = cache__sig_str2code[sig_str]
    code_without_freevars = _replace_codestring(func.__code__, code)
    new = FunctionType(code_without_freevars, globals())
    new.__dict__.update(vars(func))

    new.__defaults__ = func.__defaults__
    new.__kwdefaults__ = func.__kwdefaults__
    new.__doc__ = func.__doc__
    new.__name__ = func.__name__
    new.__qualname__ = func.__qualname__
    new.__module__ = func.__module__
    new.__annotations__ = func.__annotations__
    new.__dict__ = dict(func.__dict__)
    return new
    set_func_not_implemented(func)
    return func
示例#26
0
    def trace_function(self, func):
        # type: (FunctionType) -> FunctionType
        """
        Returns a version of the passed function with the AST modified to
        trigger the tracing hooks.
        """
        if not isinstance(func, FunctionType):
            raise ValueError('You can only trace user-defined functions. '
                             'The birdseye decorator must be applied first, '
                             'at the bottom of the list.')

        try:
            if inspect.iscoroutinefunction(func) or inspect.isasyncgenfunction(
                    func):
                raise ValueError('You cannot trace async functions')
        except AttributeError:
            pass

        if is_lambda(func):
            raise ValueError('You cannot trace lambdas')

        filename = inspect.getsourcefile(func)  # type: str

        if is_ipython_cell(filename):
            # noinspection PyPackageRequirements
            from IPython import get_ipython
            import linecache

            flags = get_ipython().compile.flags
            source = ''.join(linecache.cache[filename][2])
        else:
            source = read_source_file(filename)
            flags = 0

        # We compile the entire file instead of just the function source
        # because it can contain context which affects the function code,
        # e.g. enclosing functions and classes or __future__ imports
        traced_file = self.compile(source, filename, flags)

        if func.__dict__:
            raise ValueError('The birdseye decorator must be applied first, '
                             'at the bottom of the list.')

        # Then we have to recursively search through the newly compiled
        # code to find the code we actually want corresponding to this function
        code_options = []  # type: List[CodeType]

        def find_code(root_code):
            # type: (CodeType) -> None
            for const in root_code.co_consts:  # type: CodeType
                if not inspect.iscode(const):
                    continue
                matches = (const.co_firstlineno == func.__code__.co_firstlineno
                           and const.co_name == func.__code__.co_name)
                if matches:
                    code_options.append(const)
                find_code(const)

        find_code(traced_file.code)

        if len(code_options) > 1:
            # Currently lambdas aren't allowed anyway, but should be in the future
            assert is_lambda(func)
            raise ValueError(
                "Failed to trace lambda. Convert the function to a def.")
        new_func_code = code_options[0]  # type: CodeType

        # Give the new function access to the hooks
        # We have to use the original __globals__ and not a copy
        # because it's the actual module namespace that may get updated by other code
        func.__globals__.update(self._trace_methods_dict(traced_file))

        # http://stackoverflow.com/a/13503277/2482744
        # noinspection PyArgumentList
        new_func = FunctionType(new_func_code, func.__globals__, func.__name__,
                                func.__defaults__, func.__closure__)
        update_wrapper(new_func, func)  # type: FunctionType
        if PY3:
            new_func.__kwdefaults__ = getattr(func, '__kwdefaults__', None)
        new_func.traced_file = traced_file
        return new_func
示例#27
0
def patched_function(function):
    new_function = FunctionType(six.get_function_code(function), globals())
    if six.PY3:
        new_function.__kwdefaults__ = function.__kwdefaults__
    new_function.__defaults__ = function.__defaults__
    return new_function
示例#28
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def make_function(
    code: CodeType,
    globals_: T.Any,
    name: str,
    signature: _FullerSig,
    docstring: str = None,
    closure: T.Any = None,
    qualname: str = None,
    # options
    _add_signature: bool = False,
):
    r"""Make a function with a specified signature and docstring.

    This is pure python and may not make the fastest functions

    Parameters
    ----------
    code : code
        the .__code__ method of a function
    globals_ : Any
    name : str
    signature : Signature
        inspect.Signature converted to utilipy.Signature
    docstring : str
    closure : Any
    qualname : str

    Returns
    -------
    function: Callable
        the created function

    Other Parameters
    ----------------
    \_add_signature : bool
        Whether to add `signature` as ``__signature__``.

    .. todo::

        check how signature and closure relate
        __qualname__

    """
    if not isinstance(signature, _FullerSig):  # not my custom signature
        signature = _FullerSig(
            parameters=signature.parameters.values(),
            return_annotation=signature.return_annotation,
            # docstring=docstring  # not yet implemented
        )
    # else:
    #     pass

    # make function
    function = FunctionType(
        code, globals_, name=name, argdefs=signature.defaults, closure=closure
    )

    # assign properties not (properly) handled by FunctionType
    function.__kwdefaults__ = signature.__kwdefaults__
    function.__annotations__ = signature.__annotations__
    function.__doc__ = docstring

    if qualname is not None:
        function.__qualname__ = qualname

    if _add_signature:
        function.__signature__ = signature.__signature__  # classical signature

    return function
示例#29
0
def patched_function(function):
    new_function = FunctionType(six.get_function_code(function), globals())
    if six.PY3:
        new_function.__kwdefaults__ = function.__kwdefaults__
    new_function.__defaults__ = function.__defaults__
    return new_function
示例#30
0
def f_replace(f, *, code=None, closure=None):
    new_f = FunctionType(code or f.__code__, f.__globals__, f.__name__,
                         f.__defaults__, closure or f.__closure__)
    new_f.__kwdefaults__ = f.__kwdefaults__
    return new_f
示例#31
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def rebuild_func(
    func,
    cls=None,
    *wrappers,
    defaults_copy=None,
    kwdefaults_copy=None,
    dict_copy=None,
    closure_copy=None,
    global_ns=None,
    name=None,
    qualname=None,
    module=False,
    doc=False,
    annotations=False,
):
    """Create a copy of `func` that can be used as a method by any `cls`

    The main perk is giving a `cls` the ability to use *any* Python
    `function` as a bound method, regardless of where it was defined.
    In other words, it doesn't matter if a function was defined in the
    global scope, another module, or in the body of another class.
    Most importantly, functions that use zero-argument super will behave
    exactly the same as if they had been defined in `cls`.

    Unfortunately, there is one limitation.
    Wrapped functions not defined in the scope of a class body will not
    be able to use zero argument super. If they are wrapped *after*
    being bound with this function, they should have no problem working

    For convenience, any *wrappers provided will be applied after binding
    in the same order as decorator syntax, top to bottom or right to left
    ie. wrappers *(a, b ,c) will be equivalent to a(b(c(func)))

    There are nearly limitless uses for this black magic, but some
    good examples are the ability to make true deepcopies of functions,
    changing default/kwonly defaults, and tricking functions into using
    global references to objects not in the module it was defined in.

    To simplify the application of making true deepcopies of functions,
    which requires deepcopying of the original function's mutable
    attributes: __defaults__, __kwdefaults__, __dict__, and __closure__,
    the arguments `defaults_copy`, `kwdefaults_copy, `dict_copy`, and
    `closure_copy`, respectively, accept a callable that takes a single
    argument (the object to be copied) and returns an object of the
    same type (and length if applicable) to the original.
    If `defaults_copy` and `kwdefaults_copy` return None, the new
    function will no longer have default values.

    Otherwise, shallow copies of __defaults__, __kwdefaults__, and
    __dict__ are used, along with a deepcopy of __closure__.
    
    Parameters:

    :: `defaults_copy`
        called as defaults_copy(func.__defaults__) to replace
        `func.__defaults__`, the attribute that stores a tuple
        containing the default values of positional arguments.
        
        Removes default positional arguments entirely if it returns None

    :: `kwdefaults_copy`
        called as kwdefaults_copy(func.__kwdefaults__) to replace
        `func.__kwdefaults__`, the attribute that stores a mapping
        containing the default values of keyword only arguments.

        Removes default kwonly arguments entirely if it returns None
        
    :: `dict_copy`
        called as dict_copy(func.__dict__) to replace `func.__dict__`

    :: `closure_copy`
        called as closure_copy(func.__closure__) to replace
        `func.__closure__`, the attribute that stores references
        to any nonlocal names used by `func`

    :: `global_ns`
        used to replace func.__globals__
        
        Will raise NameError if it doesn't contain all global references
        used by `func`.
        
    :: `name`
        a string that replaces func.__name__

    :: `qualname`
        if None, will generate a new __qualname__ automatically,
        which depends on the values in `name`, `func`, and `cls`

        Otherwise, a string

    :: `module`
        can be any type and is used to replace `func.__module__`

    :: `doc`
        can be any type and is used to replace `func.__doc__`
        
    :: `annotations`
        None to clear or mapping to replace `func.__annotations__`

        By default is a shallow copy of `func.__annotations__`
    """

    # validate func
    if not is_func(func):
        raise TypeError('func must be function object')
    else:
        f = func

    # validate cls
    if cls is None:
        class_was_not_none = False
    elif not is_heap_type(cls):
        raise TypeError('cls must be None or a Python class')
    else:
        class_was_not_none = True

    # validate defaults_copy
    defaults = f.__defaults__
    if defaults_copy is None:
        defaults = None if defaults is None else tuple_copy(defaults)
    elif not callable(defaults_copy):
        raise TypeError('defaults_copy must be a callable')
    else:
        defaults = defaults_copy(defaults)

    # validate kwdefaults_copy
    kwdefaults = f.__kwdefaults__
    if kwdefaults_copy is None:
        kwdefaults = None if kwdefaults is None else {**kwdefaults}
    elif not callable(kwdefaults_copy):
        raise TypeError('kwdefaults_copy must be a callable')
    else:
        kwdefaults = kwdefaults_copy(kwdefaults)

    # validate dict_copy
    new_dict = descriptor_getattr(f, '__dict__')
    if dict_copy is None:
        new_dict = {**new_dict}
    elif not callable(dict_copy):
        raise TypeError('dict_copy must be a callable')
    else:
        new_dict = dict_copy(new_dict)

    # validate closure_copy
    closure = f.__closure__
    if closure_copy is None:
        if is_tuple(closure):
            closure = deepcopy_closure(closure)
    elif not callable(closure_copy):
        raise TypeError('closure_copy must be a callable')
    else:
        closure = closure_copy(closure)

    # validate name
    if name is None:
        name = f.__name__
    elif not is_str(name):
        raise TypeError('function __name__ must be a string')

    # validate qualname
    if qualname is None:
        qualname = f'{cls.__name__}.{name}' if class_was_not_none else name
    elif not is_str(qualname):
        raise TypeError('function __qualname__ must be a string')

    # validate annotations
    f_annotations = f.__annotations__
    if annotations is False:
        annotations = None if f_annotations is None else {**f_annotations}
    elif not is_mapping(annotations):
        raise TypeError('annotations must be None or a mapping')

    # validate global_ns
    sentinel = object()
    if global_ns is None:
        global_ns = f.__globals__
    elif not is_dict(global_ns):
        raise TypeError('function __globals__ must be a dict')
    builtins = global_ns.get('__builtins__', sentinel)
    if builtins is sentinel:
        builtin_ns = {}
    elif is_dict(builtins):
        builtin_ns = builtins
    # the only time __builtins__ can be a module is if it IS builtins
    elif builtins is _builtins:
        builtin_ns = builtins.__dict__
    else:
        raise TypeError('f.__globals__["__builtins__"] must be a dict'
                        f'or the "builtins" module, not {builtins!r}')
    missing = set()
    code = f.__code__
    co_freevars = code.co_freevars
    co_flags = code.co_flags
    co_names = code.co_names
    co_code = code.co_code

    for co_name in co_names:
        if iskeyword(co_name):
            continue
        ob = global_ns.get(co_name, sentinel)
        if ob is sentinel:
            ob = builtin_ns.get(co_name, sentinel)
            if ob is sentinel:
                if class_was_not_none and co_name == '__class__':
                    continue
                missing.add(co_name)
    module = f.__module__ if module is False else module
    doc = f.__doc__ if doc is False else module
    if class_was_not_none:
        has_classcell = 'super' in co_names
        # replace LOAD_GLOBAL('__class__') opcodes with LOAD_DEREF('__class__')
        if '__class__' in co_names:
            j = co_names.index('__class__')
            #co_names = co_names[:j] + co_names[j+1:]
            bytecode = bytearray(co_code)
            for instr in dis.Bytecode(code):
                if instr.opname == 'LOAD_GLOBAL' and instr.argval == '__class__':
                    has_classcell = True
                    closure = closure or ()
                    i = len(closure)
                    # if len(closure) >= 256,
                    # the LOAD_DEREF opcode will use EXTENDED_ARG
                    if i > 255:
                        repl = b'\x90\x01\x88' + i.to_bytes(3, 'little')
                    else:
                        repl = b'\x88' + i.to_bytes(1, 'little')
                    x = instr.offset
                    bytecode[x:x + 2] = repl
            co_code = bytes(bytecode)
        # only add a class cell if necessary
        if has_classcell:
            cell = build_class_cell(cls)
            closure = closure or ()
            # insert/replace the __class__ cell if it is already in freevars
            if '__class__' in co_freevars:
                i = co_freevars.index('__class__')
                j = len(closure) == len(co_freevars)
                closure = (*closure[:i], cell, *closure[i + j:])
            # add if it doesn't
            else:
                co_freevars += ('__class__', )
                closure += (cell, )
    # ensure NOFREE flag is set if there are no frevars
    if not co_freevars:
        co_flags = (co_flags | NOFREE)
        if f.__closure__ is not None:
            raise TypeError('function closure was a tuple when its'
                            'code.co_freevars was empty')
    # since python 3.6, the NOFREE flag actually does what it's
    # supposed to do, so it must be unset to enable access of __closure__
    else:
        co_flags = (co_flags | NOFREE) ^ NOFREE
    code = update_code(code,
                       freevars=co_freevars,
                       flags=co_flags,
                       names=co_names,
                       code=co_code)
    method = FunctionType(code, global_ns, closure=closure)
    method.__defaults__ = defaults
    method.__kwdefaults__ = kwdefaults
    method.__name__ = name
    method.__qualname__ = qualname
    method.__annotations__ = annotations
    method.__module__ = module
    method.__doc__ = doc
    FunctionType.__dict__['__dict__'].__set__(method, new_dict)
    for wrapper in reversed(wrappers):
        method = wrapper(method)
    return method