def test_available_keys(self):
cb = ConfigBlock()
cb.set_value("foo", 1)
cb.set_value('bar', 'baz')
r = cb.available_keys()
nose.tools.assert_set_equal(set(r), {'foo', 'bar'},
"Returned key list was incorrect.")
def test_write_fail(self):
cb = ConfigBlock()
cb.set_value('foo', 'bar')
nose.tools.assert_raises(VitalConfigBlockIoException,
cb.write,
'/not/valid')
def test_read_only_unset(self):
cb = ConfigBlock()
cb.set_value('a', '1')
cb.mark_read_only('a')
cb.unset_value('a')
nose.tools.assert_true(cb.has_value('a'))
nose.tools.assert_equal(cb.get_value('a'), '1')
def test_read_only_unset(self):
cb = ConfigBlock()
cb.set_value('a', '1')
cb.mark_read_only('a')
cb.unset_value('a')
nose.tools.assert_true(cb.has_value('a'))
nose.tools.assert_equal(cb.get_value('a'), '1')
def test_write_fail(self):
cb = ConfigBlock()
cb.set_value('foo', 'bar')
nose.tools.assert_raises(VitalConfigBlockIoException,
cb.write,
'/not/valid')
def get_configuration(self):
"""
:return: the current tool configuration
:rtype: ConfigBlock
"""
c = ConfigBlock("track_features")
c.set_value(
"image_list_file",
self.image_list_filepath or "",
"Path to an input file containing new-line separated paths " "to sequential image files",
)
c.set_value(
"mask_list_file",
self.mask_list_filepath or "",
"Optional path to an input file containing new-line "
"separated paths to mask images. This list should be "
"parallel in association to files specified in "
"``image_list_file``. Mask image must be the same size as "
"the image they are associated with.\n"
"\n"
"Leave this blank if no image masking is desired.",
)
c.set_value(
"invert_masks",
str(self.invert_masks).lower(),
"If true, all mask images will be inverted after loading. "
"This is useful if mask images read in use positive "
"values to indicated masked areas instead of non-masked "
"areas.",
)
c.set_value(
"expect_multichannel_masks",
str(self.expect_multichannel_masks).lower(),
"A majority of the time, mask images are a single channel, "
"however it is feasibly possible that certain "
"implementations may use multi-channel masks. If this is "
"true we will expect multiple-channel mask images, "
"warning when a single-channel mask is provided. If this "
"is false we error upon seeing a multi-channel mask "
"image.",
)
c.set_value(
"output_tracks_file",
self.output_tracks_filepath or "",
"Path to a file to write output tracks to. If this " "file exists, it will be overwritten.",
)
# Required algorithm does not have an implemented interface yet
# c.set_value("output_homography_file",
# self.output_homography_filepath or "",
# "Optional path to a file to write source-to-reference "
# "homographies for each frame. Leave blank to disable this "
# "output. The output_homography_generator algorithm type "
# "only needs to be set if this is set.")
self.algo_convert_img.get_config(c)
self.algo_image_io.get_config(c)
self.algo_track_features.get_config(c)
return c
def test_read_only_unset(self):
cb = ConfigBlock()
cb.set_value('a', '1')
cb.mark_read_only('a')
nose.tools.assert_raises(VitalConfigBlockReadOnlyException,
cb.unset_value, 'a')
nose.tools.assert_true(cb.has_value('a'))
nose.tools.assert_equal(cb.get_value('a'), '1')
def test_subblock_view_match(self):
cb = ConfigBlock()
bname = 'block'
va = 'va'
cb.set_value(bname, va)
sb = cb.subblock_view(bname)
keys = sb.available_keys()
nose.tools.assert_equal(len(keys), 0)
def test_read_only(self):
cb = ConfigBlock()
cb.set_value('a', '1')
cb.mark_read_only('a')
nose.tools.assert_equal(cb.get_value('a'), '1')
cb.set_value('a', '2')
nose.tools.assert_equal(cb.get_value('a'), '1')
def test_read_only(self):
cb = ConfigBlock()
cb.set_value('a', '1')
cb.mark_read_only('a')
nose.tools.assert_equal(cb.get_value('a'), '1')
cb.set_value('a', '2')
nose.tools.assert_equal(cb.get_value('a'), '1')
def test_available_keys(self):
cb = ConfigBlock()
cb.set_value("foo", 1)
cb.set_value('bar', 'baz')
r = cb.available_keys()
nose.tools.assert_set_equal(set(r),
{'foo', 'bar'},
"Returned key list was incorrect.")
def test_subblock_view_match(self):
cb = ConfigBlock()
bname = 'block'
va = 'va'
cb.set_value(bname, va)
sb = cb.subblock_view(bname)
keys = sb.available_keys()
nose.tools.assert_equal(len(keys), 0)
def test_get_value(self):
cb = ConfigBlock()
cb.set_value('a', 'b')
cb.set_value('longer_value:foo', "BarBazThing")
nose.tools.assert_equal(cb.get_value('a'), 'b')
nose.tools.assert_equal(cb.get_value('longer_value:foo'),
'BarBazThing')
def test_get_value(self):
cb = ConfigBlock()
cb.set_value('a', 'b')
cb.set_value('longer_value:foo', "BarBazThing")
nose.tools.assert_equal(cb.get_value('a'), 'b')
nose.tools.assert_equal(cb.get_value('longer_value:foo'),
'BarBazThing')
def test_subblock_view_prefix_match(self):
cb = ConfigBlock()
bname = 'block'
ka = 'ka'
va = 'va'
# intentionally not adding block separator
cb.set_value(bname + ka, va)
sb = cb.subblock_view(bname)
keys = sb.available_keys()
nose.tools.assert_equal(len(keys), 0)
def test_set_conf(self):
ci = ConvertImage('ci')
nt.assert_false(ci)
nt.assert_is_none(ci.impl_name())
c = ConfigBlock()
c.set_value('ci:type', 'bypass')
ci.set_config(c)
nt.assert_true(ci)
nt.assert_equal(ci.impl_name(), 'bypass')
def test_read_only_unset(self):
cb = ConfigBlock()
cb.set_value('a', '1')
cb.mark_read_only('a')
nose.tools.assert_raises(
VitalConfigBlockReadOnlyException,
cb.unset_value, 'a'
)
nose.tools.assert_true(cb.has_value('a'))
nose.tools.assert_equal(cb.get_value('a'), '1')
def test_check_conf(self):
ci = ConvertImage('ci')
c = ConfigBlock()
nt.assert_false(ci.check_config(c))
c.set_value('ci:type', '')
nt.assert_false(ci.check_config(c))
c.set_value('ci:type', 'not_an_impl')
nt.assert_false(ci.check_config(c))
def test_set_conf(self):
ci = ConvertImage('ci')
nt.assert_false(ci)
nt.assert_is_none(ci.impl_name())
c = ConfigBlock()
c.set_value('ci:type', 'bypass')
ci.set_config(c)
nt.assert_true(ci)
nt.assert_equal(ci.impl_name(), 'bypass')
def test_subblock_view_prefix_match(self):
cb = ConfigBlock()
bname = 'block'
ka = 'ka'
va = 'va'
# intentionally not adding block separator
cb.set_value(bname + ka, va)
sb = cb.subblock_view(bname)
keys = sb.available_keys()
nose.tools.assert_equal(len(keys), 0)
def test_check_conf(self):
ci = ConvertImage('ci')
c = ConfigBlock()
nt.assert_false(ci.check_config(c))
c.set_value('ci:type', '')
nt.assert_false(ci.check_config(c))
c.set_value('ci:type', 'not_an_impl')
nt.assert_false(ci.check_config(c))
def get_configuration(self):
"""
:return: the current tool configuration
:rtype: ConfigBlock
"""
c = ConfigBlock("track_features")
c.set_value(
"image_list_file", self.image_list_filepath or "",
"Path to an input file containing new-line separated paths "
"to sequential image files")
c.set_value(
"mask_list_file", self.mask_list_filepath or "",
"Optional path to an input file containing new-line "
"separated paths to mask images. This list should be "
"parallel in association to files specified in "
"``image_list_file``. Mask image must be the same size as "
"the image they are associated with.\n"
"\n"
"Leave this blank if no image masking is desired.")
c.set_value(
"invert_masks",
str(self.invert_masks).lower(),
"If true, all mask images will be inverted after loading. "
"This is useful if mask images read in use positive "
"values to indicated masked areas instead of non-masked "
"areas.")
c.set_value(
"expect_multichannel_masks",
str(self.expect_multichannel_masks).lower(),
"A majority of the time, mask images are a single channel, "
"however it is feasibly possible that certain "
"implementations may use multi-channel masks. If this is "
"true we will expect multiple-channel mask images, "
"warning when a single-channel mask is provided. If this "
"is false we error upon seeing a multi-channel mask "
"image.")
c.set_value(
"output_tracks_file", self.output_tracks_filepath or "",
"Path to a file to write output tracks to. If this "
"file exists, it will be overwritten.")
# Required algorithm does not have an implemented interface yet
# c.set_value("output_homography_file",
# self.output_homography_filepath or "",
# "Optional path to a file to write source-to-reference "
# "homographies for each frame. Leave blank to disable this "
# "output. The output_homography_generator algorithm type "
# "only needs to be set if this is set.")
self.algo_convert_img.get_config(c)
self.algo_image_io.get_config(c)
self.algo_track_features.get_config(c)
return c
def test_unset_value(self):
cb = ConfigBlock()
cb.set_value('a', '1')
cb.set_value('b', '2')
cb.unset_value('a')
nose.tools.assert_false(cb.has_value('a'))
nose.tools.assert_is_none(cb.get_value('a'))
nose.tools.assert_equal(cb.get_value('b'), '2')
nose.tools.assert_true(cb.has_value('b'))
def test_get_value_nested(self):
cb = ConfigBlock()
k1 = 'a'
k2 = 'b'
v = 'c'
cb.set_value(k1 + ConfigBlock.BLOCK_SEP + k2, v)
nose.tools.assert_equal(cb.get_value(k1 + ConfigBlock.BLOCK_SEP + k2),
v)
sb = cb.subblock(k1)
nose.tools.assert_equal(sb.get_value(k2), v)
def test_get_value_nested(self):
cb = ConfigBlock()
k1 = 'a'
k2 = 'b'
v = 'c'
cb.set_value(k1 + ConfigBlock.BLOCK_SEP + k2, v)
nose.tools.assert_equal(cb.get_value(k1 + ConfigBlock.BLOCK_SEP + k2),
v)
sb = cb.subblock(k1)
nose.tools.assert_equal(sb.get_value(k2), v)
def test_subblock_view_nested(self):
cb = ConfigBlock()
b_name = 'block'
o_name = 'other_block'
n_name = b_name + ConfigBlock.BLOCK_SEP + o_name
ka = 'ka'
kb = 'kb'
kc = 'kc'
va = 'va'
vb = 'vb'
vc = 'vc'
cb.set_value(n_name + ConfigBlock.BLOCK_SEP + ka, va)
cb.set_value(n_name + ConfigBlock.BLOCK_SEP + kb, vb)
cb.set_value(o_name + ConfigBlock.BLOCK_SEP + kc, vc)
sb = cb.subblock_view(n_name)
nose.tools.assert_true(sb.has_value(ka))
nose.tools.assert_false(sb.has_value(kc))
cb.set_value(n_name + ConfigBlock.BLOCK_SEP + ka, vb)
nose.tools.assert_equal(sb.get_value(ka), vb)
sb.set_value(ka, va)
nose.tools.assert_equal(cb.get_value(n_name + ConfigBlock.BLOCK_SEP + ka), va)
sb.unset_value(kb)
nose.tools.assert_false(cb.has_value(n_name + ConfigBlock.BLOCK_SEP + kb))
cb.set_value(n_name + ConfigBlock.BLOCK_SEP + kc, vc)
sb_keys = sb.available_keys()
nose.tools.assert_set_equal(set(sb_keys), {ka, kc})
def test_unset_value(self):
cb = ConfigBlock()
cb.set_value('a', '1')
cb.set_value('b', '2')
cb.unset_value('a')
nose.tools.assert_false(cb.has_value('a'))
nose.tools.assert_raises(VitalConfigBlockNoSuchValueException,
cb.get_value, 'a')
nose.tools.assert_equal(cb.get_value('b'), '2')
nose.tools.assert_true(cb.has_value('b'))
def test_subblock_view_nested(self):
cb = ConfigBlock()
b_name = 'block'
o_name = 'other_block'
n_name = b_name + ConfigBlock.BLOCK_SEP + o_name
ka = 'ka'
kb = 'kb'
kc = 'kc'
va = 'va'
vb = 'vb'
vc = 'vc'
cb.set_value(n_name + ConfigBlock.BLOCK_SEP + ka, va)
cb.set_value(n_name + ConfigBlock.BLOCK_SEP + kb, vb)
cb.set_value(o_name + ConfigBlock.BLOCK_SEP + kc, vc)
sb = cb.subblock_view(n_name)
nose.tools.assert_true(sb.has_value(ka))
nose.tools.assert_false(sb.has_value(kc))
cb.set_value(n_name + ConfigBlock.BLOCK_SEP + ka, vb)
nose.tools.assert_equal(sb.get_value(ka), vb)
sb.set_value(ka, va)
nose.tools.assert_equal(cb.get_value(n_name + ConfigBlock.BLOCK_SEP + ka), va)
sb.unset_value(kb)
nose.tools.assert_false(cb.has_value(n_name + ConfigBlock.BLOCK_SEP + kb))
cb.set_value(n_name + ConfigBlock.BLOCK_SEP + kc, vc)
sb_keys = sb.available_keys()
nose.tools.assert_set_equal(set(sb_keys), {ka, kc})
def test_unset_value(self):
cb = ConfigBlock()
cb.set_value('a', '1')
cb.set_value('b', '2')
cb.unset_value('a')
nose.tools.assert_false(cb.has_value('a'))
nose.tools.assert_raises(
VitalConfigBlockNoSuchValueException,
cb.get_value, 'a'
)
nose.tools.assert_equal(cb.get_value('b'), '2')
nose.tools.assert_true(cb.has_value('b'))
def test_merge_config(self):
cb1 = ConfigBlock()
cb2 = ConfigBlock()
ka = 'ka'
kb = 'kb'
kc = 'kc'
va = 'va'
vb = 'vb'
vc = 'vc'
cb1.set_value(ka, va)
cb1.set_value(kb, va)
cb2.set_value(kb, vb)
cb2.set_value(kc, vc)
cb1.merge_config(cb2)
nose.tools.assert_equal(cb1.get_value(ka), va)
nose.tools.assert_equal(cb1.get_value(kb), vb)
nose.tools.assert_equal(cb1.get_value(kc), vc)
def test_merge_config(self):
cb1 = ConfigBlock()
cb2 = ConfigBlock()
ka = 'ka'
kb = 'kb'
kc = 'kc'
va = 'va'
vb = 'vb'
vc = 'vc'
cb1.set_value(ka, va)
cb1.set_value(kb, va)
cb2.set_value(kb, vb)
cb2.set_value(kc, vc)
cb1.merge_config(cb2)
nose.tools.assert_equal(cb1.get_value(ka), va)
nose.tools.assert_equal(cb1.get_value(kb), vb)
nose.tools.assert_equal(cb1.get_value(kc), vc)
def test_image_load_save_diff(self):
fd, tmp_filename = tempfile.mkstemp()
c = ConfigBlock()
c.set_value('iio:type', 'vxl')
iio = ImageIo('iio')
iio.set_config(c)
nt.assert_true(osp.isfile(self.test_image_filepath),
"Couldn't find image file")
ic_orig = iio.load(self.test_image_filepath)
iio.save(ic_orig, tmp_filename)
ic_test = iio.load(tmp_filename)
nt.assert_equal(ic_orig.size(), ic_test.size())
nt.assert_equal(ic_orig.width(), ic_test.width())
nt.assert_equal(ic_orig.height(), ic_test.height())
nt.assert_equal(ic_orig.depth(), ic_test.depth())
os.remove(tmp_filename)
os.close(fd)
def test_subblock_nested(self):
cb = ConfigBlock()
block_name = 'block'
other_name = 'other'
nestd_name = block_name + ConfigBlock.BLOCK_SEP + other_name
ka = 'ka'
kb = 'kb'
va = 'va'
vb = 'vb'
cb.set_value(nestd_name + ConfigBlock.BLOCK_SEP + ka, va)
cb.set_value(nestd_name + ConfigBlock.BLOCK_SEP + kb, vb)
sb = cb.subblock(nestd_name)
nose.tools.assert_true(sb.has_value(ka))
nose.tools.assert_equal(sb.get_value(ka), va)
nose.tools.assert_true(sb.has_value(kb))
nose.tools.assert_equal(sb.get_value(kb), vb)
def test_subblock_nested(self):
cb = ConfigBlock()
block_name = 'block'
other_name = 'other'
nestd_name = block_name + ConfigBlock.BLOCK_SEP + other_name
ka = 'ka'
kb = 'kb'
va = 'va'
vb = 'vb'
cb.set_value(nestd_name + ConfigBlock.BLOCK_SEP + ka, va)
cb.set_value(nestd_name + ConfigBlock.BLOCK_SEP + kb, vb)
sb = cb.subblock(nestd_name)
nose.tools.assert_true(sb.has_value(ka))
nose.tools.assert_equal(sb.get_value(ka), va)
nose.tools.assert_true(sb.has_value(kb))
nose.tools.assert_equal(sb.get_value(kb), vb)
def test_image_load_save_diff(self):
fd, tmp_filename = tempfile.mkstemp()
c = ConfigBlock()
c.set_value('iio:type', 'vxl')
iio = ImageIo('iio')
iio.set_config(c)
nt.assert_true(osp.isfile(self.test_image_filepath),
"Couldn't find image file")
ic_orig = iio.load(self.test_image_filepath)
iio.save(ic_orig, tmp_filename)
ic_test = iio.load(tmp_filename)
nt.assert_equal(ic_orig.size(), ic_test.size())
nt.assert_equal(ic_orig.width(), ic_test.width())
nt.assert_equal(ic_orig.height(), ic_test.height())
nt.assert_equal(ic_orig.depth(), ic_test.depth())
os.remove(tmp_filename)
os.close(fd)
def default_config_block():
c = ConfigBlock()
c.set_value(
'image_list_file', '',
'Path to an input file containing new-line separated paths to '
'sequential image files')
c.set_value(
'mask_list_file', '',
'Optional path to an input file containing new-line '
'separated paths to mask images. This list should be '
'parallel in association to files specified in '
'``image_list_file``. Mask image must be the same size as '
'the image they are associated with.\n'
'\n'
'Leave this blank if no image masking is desired.')
c.set_value(
'output_tracks_file', '',
'Path to a file to write output tracks to. If this file '
'exists, it will be overwritten.')
image_reader, image_converter, feature_tracker = base_algorithms()
image_reader.get_config(c)
image_converter.get_config(c)
feature_tracker.get_config(c)
return c
def default_config_block():
c = ConfigBlock()
c.set_value('image_list_file',
'',
'Path to an input file containing new-line separated paths to '
'sequential image files')
c.set_value('mask_list_file',
'',
'Optional path to an input file containing new-line '
'separated paths to mask images. This list should be '
'parallel in association to files specified in '
'``image_list_file``. Mask image must be the same size as '
'the image they are associated with.\n'
'\n'
'Leave this blank if no image masking is desired.')
c.set_value('output_tracks_file',
'',
'Path to a file to write output tracks to. If this file '
'exists, it will be overwritten.')
image_reader, image_converter, feature_tracker = base_algorithms()
image_reader.get_config(c)
image_converter.get_config(c)
feature_tracker.get_config(c)
return c
def test_get_value_bool(self):
cb = ConfigBlock()
cb.set_value('a', 'true')
nose.tools.assert_true(cb.get_value_bool('a'))
cb.set_value('b', 'false')
nose.tools.assert_false(cb.get_value_bool('b'))
cb.set_value('a', 'yes')
nose.tools.assert_true(cb.get_value_bool('a'))
cb.set_value('b', 'no')
nose.tools.assert_false(cb.get_value_bool('b'))
def test_get_value_bool(self):
cb = ConfigBlock()
cb.set_value('a', 'true')
nose.tools.assert_true(cb.get_value_bool('a'))
cb.set_value('b', 'false')
nose.tools.assert_false(cb.get_value_bool('b'))
cb.set_value('a', 'yes')
nose.tools.assert_true(cb.get_value_bool('a'))
cb.set_value('b', 'no')
nose.tools.assert_false(cb.get_value_bool('b'))
def test_set_value(self):
cb = ConfigBlock()
# Basic value string
cb.set_value('foo', 'bar')
# Should attempt casting non-string to string
cb.set_value('bar', 124789)
# Setting with a description
cb.set_value('baz', 'a', "This is a description")
def test_set_value(self):
cb = ConfigBlock()
# Basic value string
cb.set_value('foo', 'bar')
# Should attempt casting non-string to string
cb.set_value('bar', 124789)
# Setting with a description
cb.set_value('baz', 'a', "This is a description")
def test_subblock(self):
cb = ConfigBlock()
block_name = 'block'
other_name = 'other_block'
ka = 'keya'
kb = 'keyb'
kc = 'keyc'
va = 'va'
vb = 'vb'
vc = 'vc'
cb.set_value(block_name + ConfigBlock.BLOCK_SEP + ka, va)
cb.set_value(block_name + ConfigBlock.BLOCK_SEP + kb, vb)
cb.set_value(other_name + ConfigBlock.BLOCK_SEP + kc, vc)
sb = cb.subblock(block_name)
nose.tools.assert_true(sb.has_value(ka))
nose.tools.assert_equal(sb.get_value(ka), va)
nose.tools.assert_true(sb.has_value(kb))
nose.tools.assert_equal(sb.get_value(kb), vb)
nose.tools.assert_false(sb.has_value(kc))
def test_subblock(self):
cb = ConfigBlock()
block_name = 'block'
other_name = 'other_block'
ka = 'keya'
kb = 'keyb'
kc = 'keyc'
va = 'va'
vb = 'vb'
vc = 'vc'
cb.set_value(block_name + ConfigBlock.BLOCK_SEP + ka, va)
cb.set_value(block_name + ConfigBlock.BLOCK_SEP + kb, vb)
cb.set_value(other_name + ConfigBlock.BLOCK_SEP + kc, vc)
sb = cb.subblock(block_name)
nose.tools.assert_true(sb.has_value(ka))
nose.tools.assert_equal(sb.get_value(ka), va)
nose.tools.assert_true(sb.has_value(kb))
nose.tools.assert_equal(sb.get_value(kb), vb)
nose.tools.assert_false(sb.has_value(kc))
def test_has_value(self):
cb = ConfigBlock()
cb.set_value('foo', 'bar')
cb.set_value('bar', 124789)
cb.set_value('baz', 'a', "This is a description")
nose.tools.assert_true(cb.has_value("foo"))
nose.tools.assert_true(cb.has_value('bar'))
nose.tools.assert_true(cb.has_value('baz'))
nose.tools.assert_false(cb.has_value('a'))
nose.tools.assert_false(cb.has_value('not a value'))
def test_has_value(self):
cb = ConfigBlock()
cb.set_value('foo', 'bar')
cb.set_value('bar', 124789)
cb.set_value('baz', 'a', "This is a description")
nose.tools.assert_true(cb.has_value("foo"))
nose.tools.assert_true(cb.has_value('bar'))
nose.tools.assert_true(cb.has_value('baz'))
nose.tools.assert_false(cb.has_value('a'))
nose.tools.assert_false(cb.has_value('not a value'))
def test_set_value_description(self):
cb = ConfigBlock()
bname = 'sub'
ka = 'ka'
kb = 'kb'
kc = 'kc'
va = 'va'
vb = 'vb'
vc = 'vc'
da = 'da'
db = 'db'
cb.set_value(ka, va, da)
cb.set_value(bname + ConfigBlock.BLOCK_SEP + kb, vb, db)
cb.set_value(kc, vc)
sb = cb.subblock('sub')
nose.tools.assert_equal(cb.get_description(ka), da)
nose.tools.assert_equal(sb.get_description(kb), db)
nose.tools.assert_equal(cb.get_description(kc), "")
def test_set_value_description(self):
cb = ConfigBlock()
bname = 'sub'
ka = 'ka'
kb = 'kb'
kc = 'kc'
va = 'va'
vb = 'vb'
vc = 'vc'
da = 'da'
db = 'db'
cb.set_value(ka, va, da)
cb.set_value(bname + ConfigBlock.BLOCK_SEP + kb, vb, db)
cb.set_value(kc, vc)
sb = cb.subblock('sub')
nose.tools.assert_equal(cb.get_description(ka), da)
nose.tools.assert_equal(sb.get_description(kb), db)
nose.tools.assert_equal(cb.get_description(kc), "")
def test_get_value(self):
cb = ConfigBlock()
cb.set_value('a', 'b')
nose.tools.assert_equal(cb.get_value('a'), 'b')
