示例#1
0
 def __init__(self, iface, bpf_filter):
     self.__iface = iface
     self.__bpf_filter = bpf_filter
     self.__workers_list = None
     self.__mgr = Manager(self.__iface, self.data_handler,
                          self.event_handler)
     self.__look_for_workers()
     self.__assign_channels()
     self.__start_workers_interfaces()
示例#2
0
 def __init__(self, iface_name):
     self.__iface_name = iface_name
     self.__bpf_filter = "type mgt subtype probe-req"
     print "Starting wiwo manager..."
     self.__mgr = Manager(self.__iface_name, self.frame_handler,
                          self.event_handler)
     self.__look_for_workers()
     if len(self.__workers_list) == 0:
         raise NoWorkersException
     self.__assign_channels()
     self.__start_workers_interfaces()
示例#3
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 def __init__(self, iface, bpf_filter):
     self.__iface = iface
     self.__bpf_filter = bpf_filter
     self.__workers_list = None
     self.__mgr = Manager(self.__iface, self.data_handler, self.event_handler)
     self.__look_for_workers()
     self.__assign_channels()
     self.__start_workers_interfaces()
示例#4
0
文件: inject.py 项目: azizjonm/wiwo
 def __init__(self, iface_name):
     self.__iface_name = iface_name
     self.__bpf_filter = "type mgt subtype probe-req"
     print "Starting wiwo manager..."
     self.__mgr = Manager(self.__iface_name, self.frame_handler, self.event_handler)
     self.__look_for_workers()
     if len(self.__workers_list) == 0:
        raise NoWorkersException
     self.__assign_channels()
     self.__start_workers_interfaces()
示例#5
0
文件: inject.py 项目: azizjonm/wiwo
class Injector(object):
    """
    Represents a class that process dns queries and send fake dns responses.
    """

    MTU = 7981
    TIMEOUT = 100  # in milliseconds

    def __init__(self, iface_name):
        self.__iface_name = iface_name
        self.__bpf_filter = "type mgt subtype probe-req"
        print "Starting wiwo manager..."
        self.__mgr = Manager(self.__iface_name, self.frame_handler, self.event_handler)
        self.__look_for_workers()
        if len(self.__workers_list) == 0:
           raise NoWorkersException
        self.__assign_channels()
        self.__start_workers_interfaces()

    def __look_for_workers(self):
        """
        It looks for available workers.
        """
        print "Looking for workers..."
        self.__mgr.announce_to_worker()
        time.sleep(10)  # Require to receive the list of workers. This should be fix on the manager code.
        self.__workers_list = self.__mgr.get_workers()
        print "Found %d workers." % len(self.__workers_list)

    def __assign_channels(self):
        """
        Method that prints information from the available workers.
        """
        available_channels = self._get_supported_channels_set()
        for worker in self.__workers_list:
            for interface in worker.interfaces_list():
                for channel in interface.supported_channels():
                    if channel in available_channels:
                        print "Setting %s interface of worker %s to channel %d" % (interface.name(),
                                                                                   worker.mac_address(),
                                                                                   channel)
                        available_channels.discard(channel)
                        self.__mgr.set_channel_to_worker_interface(worker.raw_mac_address(),
                                                                   interface.name(),
                                                                   channel)
                        break

    def _get_supported_channels_set(self):
        """
        Method that returns a set with all supported channels for all available workers.
        """
        supported_channels = set()
        for worker in self.__workers_list:
            for interface in worker.interfaces_list():
               supported_channels.update(interface.supported_channels())
        return set(sorted(supported_channels))

    def __start_workers_interfaces(self):
        """
        Method that stops monitoring on every available worker.
        """
        for worker in self.__workers_list:
            for interface in worker.interfaces_list():
                self.__mgr.start_worker_interface(worker.raw_mac_address(), interface.name(), self.__bpf_filter)

    def __stop_workers(self):
        """
        It stops monitoring wireless traffic on every interface of all the workers.
        """
        for worker in self.__workers_list:
            self.__mgr.stop_worker_interfaces(worker.raw_mac_address())

    def stop(self):
        """
        Stop workers and manager.
        """
        self.__stop_workers()
        time.sleep(30)  # Wait for 30 seconds until all workers have stopped.
        self.__mgr.stop_receiver_processes()

    def frame_handler(self, manager, worker_addr, frame_data):
        """
        Inject probe response frames for every probe request frame.
        """
        decoder = RadioTapDecoder()
        decoder.decode(frame_data)

        management_frame = decoder.get_protocol(dot11.Dot11ManagementFrame)
        probe_req_frame = decoder.get_protocol(dot11.Dot11ManagementProbeRequest)

        if not probe_req_frame:
            return

        ssid = probe_req_frame.get_ssid()
        if not ssid:  # Ignore broadcast SSID
            return

        station_address = management_frame.get_source_address()
        print "Station: %s" % ":".join(map(lambda i: "%02X" % i, station_address))
        print "SSID: %s" % ssid

        frame = str()
        # Radiotap
        frame += "\x00\x00"  # Version
        frame += "\x0b\x00"  # Header Length
        frame += "\x04\x0c\x00\x00"  # Presence Flags
        frame += "\x6c"  # Rate
        frame += "\x0c"  # TX Power
        frame += "\x01"  # Antenna
        # Management Frame
        frame += "\x50\x00"  # Frame Control
        frame += "\x31\x01"  # Duration
        frame += "".join(chr(i) for i in station_address)  # Destination Address
        frame += "\x00\xde\xad\xbe\xef\x00"  # Source Address
        frame += "\x00\xde\xad\xbe\xef\x00"  # BSSID Address
        frame += "\x00\x00"  # Sequence Control
        frame += "\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00"  # Timestamp
        frame += "\x64\x00"  # Beacon Interval
        frame += "\x01\x04"  # Capabilities
        frame += "\x00%s%s" % (struct.pack("B", len(ssid)), ssid)  # SSID
        frame += "\x01\x08\x82\x84\x8b\x96\x24\x30\x48\x6c"  # Supported Rates
        frame += "\x03\x01\x0e"  # DS parameter set
        frame += "\xdd\x06\xfa\xfa\xfa\x00\xde\xad"  # Vendor Specific

        workers = manager.get_workers()
        for worker in workers:
            if worker.raw_mac_address() == worker_addr:
                break

        for iface in worker.interfaces_list():
            manager.inject_data_from_worker_interface(worker.raw_mac_address(), iface.name(), frame)


    def event_handler(self, event):
        """
        Ignore Wiwo events.
        """
        pass
示例#6
0
    pass


if __name__ == "__main__":
    # Check root (linux) and command line arguments.
    if not initial_checks():
        sys.exit(-1)

    iface_name = sys.argv[1]

    # Check if iface_name is a valid interface name.
    if iface_name not in pcapy.findalldevs():
        show_usage()
        sys.exit(-1)

    mgr = None

    try:
        mgr = Manager(iface_name, data_handler, event_handler)

        # Stop all the workers.
        print "Stopping all the workers using broadcast..."
        mgr.stop_worker_interfaces("\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff")
        time.sleep(5)
    except KeyboardInterrupt:
        print " Caught CTRL+C."
    finally:
        print "Stopping..."
        if mgr:
            stop(mgr)
示例#7
0
 def __init__(self, iface):
     self.__iface = iface
     self.__workers_list = None
     # Create a Manager instance.
     self.__mgr = Manager(self.__iface, self._data_handler, self._event_handler)
示例#8
0
class BasicExample(object):
    """
    Basic example of how to use Wiwo manager.
    """
    
    def __init__(self, iface):
        self.__iface = iface
        self.__workers_list = None
        # Create a Manager instance.
        self.__mgr = Manager(self.__iface, self._data_handler, self._event_handler)

    def stop(self):
        """
        Method that stops the Manager instance the way it should be done. This object has several python vm instances
        running simultaneous. It also stops all the workers.
        """
        self.__mgr.stop_worker_interfaces("\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff")
        time.sleep(40)
        self.__mgr.stop_receiver_processes()

    def get_workers(self):
        """
        Method that gets available workers.
        """
        self.__mgr.announce_to_worker()
        time.sleep(2)
        self.__workers_list = self.__mgr.get_workers()
        print "Found %d workers." % len(self.__workers_list)

    def show_workers_information(self):
        """
        Method that prints information from the available workers.
        """
        for worker in self.__workers_list:
            print " * %s" % worker.mac_address()
            for interface in worker.interfaces_list():
                print "\t+ %s (%s) - Channel: %d - Supported Channels: %r" % (interface.name(),
                                                                              interface.protocol(),
                                                                              interface.channel(),
                                                                              interface.supported_channels())

    def set_channels(self):
        """
        Method that prints information from the available workers.
        """
        available_channels = self._get_supported_channels_set()
        for worker in self.__workers_list:
            for interface in worker.interfaces_list():
                for channel in interface.supported_channels():
                    if channel in available_channels:
                        print "Setting %s interface of worker %s to channel %d" % (interface.name(),
                                                                                   worker.mac_address(),
                                                                                   channel)
                        available_channels.discard(channel)
                        self.__mgr.set_channel_to_worker_interface(worker.raw_mac_address(),
                                                                   interface.name(),
                                                                   channel)
                        break

    def _get_supported_channels_set(self):
        """
        Method that returns a set with all supported channels for all available workers.
        """
        supported_channels = set()
        for worker in self.__workers_list:
            for interface in worker.interfaces_list():
               supported_channels.update(interface.supported_channels())
        return set(sorted(supported_channels))

    def start_workers(self, bpf_filter):
        """
        Method that starts monitoring with every available worker using a specific bpf filter.
        """
        for worker in self.__workers_list:
            for interface in worker.interfaces_list():
                self.__mgr.start_worker_interface(worker.raw_mac_address(), interface.name(), bpf_filter)

    def _event_handler(self, event):
        """
        Method that handle events from the Manager. This is a callback method.
        """
        pass
        # print "Received Event: %r" % event

    def _data_handler(self, manager, worker, frame_data):
        """
        Method that handle the data frames from the Manager. This is a callback method.
        """
        # print "Received Frame from worker %s" % worker
        # print repr(frame_data)
        print ".",
示例#9
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class WiwoManager:
    """
    Class that handles Wiwo workers.
    """
    def __init__(self, iface, bpf_filter):
        self.__iface = iface
        self.__bpf_filter = bpf_filter
        self.__workers_list = None
        self.__mgr = Manager(self.__iface, self.data_handler,
                             self.event_handler)
        self.__look_for_workers()
        self.__assign_channels()
        self.__start_workers_interfaces()

    def data_handler(self, manager, mac, frame):
        """
        It handles all the Wiwo's data frame.
        """
        apis_list = api_dict.values()
        for api in apis_list:
            api.process(mac, frame)

    def event_handler(self, event):
        """
        It handles the Wiwo manager's event.
        """
        pass

    def __look_for_workers(self):
        """
        It Looks for available workers.
        """
        print "Looking for workers..."
        self.__mgr.announce_to_worker("\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF")
        time.sleep(
            10
        )  # Require to receive the list of workers. This should be fix on the manager code.
        self.__workers_list = self.__mgr.get_workers()
        print "Found %d workers." % len(self.__workers_list)

    def __assign_channels(self):
        """
        Method that prints information from the available workers.
        """
        available_channels = self._get_supported_channels_set()
        for worker in self.__workers_list:
            for interface in worker.interfaces_list():
                for channel in interface.supported_channels():
                    if channel in available_channels:
                        print "Setting %s interface of worker %s to channel %d" % (
                            interface.name(), worker.mac_address(), channel)
                        available_channels.discard(channel)
                        self.__mgr.set_channel_to_worker_interface(
                            worker.raw_mac_address(), interface.name(),
                            channel)
                        break

    def _get_supported_channels_set(self):
        """
        Method that returns a set with all supported channels for all available workers.
        """
        supported_channels = set()
        for worker in self.__workers_list:
            for interface in worker.interfaces_list():
                supported_channels.update(interface.supported_channels())
        return set(sorted(supported_channels))

    def __start_workers_interfaces(self):
        """
        Method that stops monitoring on every available worker.
        """
        for worker in self.__workers_list:
            for interface in worker.interfaces_list():
                self.__mgr.start_worker_interface(worker.raw_mac_address(),
                                                  interface.name(),
                                                  self.__bpf_filter)

    def stop(self):
        """
        It stops workes and processes.
        """
        self.__mgr.stop_worker_interfaces("\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff")
        time.sleep(40)
        self.__mgr.stop_receiver_processes()
示例#10
0
if __name__ == '__main__':
    # Check root (linux) and command line arguments.
    if not initial_checks():
        sys.exit(-1)

    iface_name = sys.argv[1]

    # Check if iface_name is a valid interface name.
    if iface_name not in pcapy.findalldevs():
        show_usage()
        sys.exit(-1)

    mgr = None

    try:
        mgr = Manager(iface_name, data_handler, event_handler)
        send_broadcast_announce(mgr)

        while True:
            os.system('cls' if os.name == 'nt' else 'clear')

            print 'Wiwo Manager'
            print '------------\n'

            print 'Interface: %s' % iface_name
            print 'MAC Address: %s' % interface.get_string_mac_address(
                iface_name)

            strs = (" 1. List workers\n"
                    " 2. Send broadcast announce\n"
                    " 3. Set channel to worker's interface\n"
示例#11
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    pass


if __name__ == "__main__":
    # Check root (linux) and command line arguments.
    if not initial_checks():
        sys.exit(-1)
        
    iface_name = sys.argv[1]

    # Check if iface_name is a valid interface name.
    if iface_name not in pcapy.findalldevs():
        show_usage()
        sys.exit(-1)

    mgr = None
    
    try:
        mgr = Manager(iface_name, data_handler, event_handler)
        
        # Stop all the workers.
        print "Stopping all the workers using broadcast..."
        mgr.stop_worker_interfaces("\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff")
        time.sleep(5)
    except KeyboardInterrupt:
        print " Caught CTRL+C."
    finally:
        print "Stopping..."
        if mgr:
            stop(mgr)
示例#12
0
class WiwoManager:
    """
    Class that handles Wiwo workers.
    """
    
    def __init__(self, iface, bpf_filter):
        self.__iface = iface
        self.__bpf_filter = bpf_filter
        self.__workers_list = None
        self.__mgr = Manager(self.__iface, self.data_handler, self.event_handler)
        self.__look_for_workers()
        self.__assign_channels()
        self.__start_workers_interfaces()
        
    def data_handler(self, manager, mac, frame):
        """
        It handles all the Wiwo's data frame.
        """
        apis_list = api_dict.values()
        for api in apis_list:
            api.process(mac,  frame)

    def event_handler(self,  event):
        """
        It handles the Wiwo manager's event.
        """
        pass

    def __look_for_workers(self):
        """
        It Looks for available workers.
        """
        print "Looking for workers..."
        self.__mgr.announce_to_worker("\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF")
        time.sleep(10)  # Require to receive the list of workers. This should be fix on the manager code.
        self.__workers_list = self.__mgr.get_workers()
        print "Found %d workers." % len(self.__workers_list)

    def __assign_channels(self):
        """
        Method that prints information from the available workers.
        """
        available_channels = self._get_supported_channels_set()
        for worker in self.__workers_list:
            for interface in worker.interfaces_list():
                for channel in interface.supported_channels():
                    if channel in available_channels:
                        print "Setting %s interface of worker %s to channel %d" % (interface.name(),
                                                                                   worker.mac_address(),
                                                                                   channel)
                        available_channels.discard(channel)
                        self.__mgr.set_channel_to_worker_interface(worker.raw_mac_address(),
                                                                   interface.name(),
                                                                   channel)
                        break

    def _get_supported_channels_set(self):
        """
        Method that returns a set with all supported channels for all available workers.
        """
        supported_channels = set()
        for worker in self.__workers_list:
            for interface in worker.interfaces_list():
               supported_channels.update(interface.supported_channels())
        return set(sorted(supported_channels))
        
    def __start_workers_interfaces(self):
        """
        Method that stops monitoring on every available worker.
        """
        for worker in self.__workers_list:
            for interface in worker.interfaces_list():
                self.__mgr.start_worker_interface(worker.raw_mac_address(), interface.name(), self.__bpf_filter)

    def stop(self):
        """
        It stops workes and processes.
        """
        self.__mgr.stop_worker_interfaces("\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff")
        time.sleep(40)
        self.__mgr.stop_receiver_processes()
示例#13
0
class Injector(object):
    """
    Represents a class that process dns queries and send fake dns responses.
    """

    MTU = 7981
    TIMEOUT = 100  # in milliseconds

    def __init__(self, iface_name):
        self.__iface_name = iface_name
        self.__bpf_filter = "type mgt subtype probe-req"
        print "Starting wiwo manager..."
        self.__mgr = Manager(self.__iface_name, self.frame_handler,
                             self.event_handler)
        self.__look_for_workers()
        if len(self.__workers_list) == 0:
            raise NoWorkersException
        self.__assign_channels()
        self.__start_workers_interfaces()

    def __look_for_workers(self):
        """
        It looks for available workers.
        """
        print "Looking for workers..."
        self.__mgr.announce_to_worker()
        time.sleep(
            10
        )  # Require to receive the list of workers. This should be fix on the manager code.
        self.__workers_list = self.__mgr.get_workers()
        print "Found %d workers." % len(self.__workers_list)

    def __assign_channels(self):
        """
        Method that prints information from the available workers.
        """
        available_channels = self._get_supported_channels_set()
        for worker in self.__workers_list:
            for interface in worker.interfaces_list():
                for channel in interface.supported_channels():
                    if channel in available_channels:
                        print "Setting %s interface of worker %s to channel %d" % (
                            interface.name(), worker.mac_address(), channel)
                        available_channels.discard(channel)
                        self.__mgr.set_channel_to_worker_interface(
                            worker.raw_mac_address(), interface.name(),
                            channel)
                        break

    def _get_supported_channels_set(self):
        """
        Method that returns a set with all supported channels for all available workers.
        """
        supported_channels = set()
        for worker in self.__workers_list:
            for interface in worker.interfaces_list():
                supported_channels.update(interface.supported_channels())
        return set(sorted(supported_channels))

    def __start_workers_interfaces(self):
        """
        Method that stops monitoring on every available worker.
        """
        for worker in self.__workers_list:
            for interface in worker.interfaces_list():
                self.__mgr.start_worker_interface(worker.raw_mac_address(),
                                                  interface.name(),
                                                  self.__bpf_filter)

    def __stop_workers(self):
        """
        It stops monitoring wireless traffic on every interface of all the workers.
        """
        for worker in self.__workers_list:
            self.__mgr.stop_worker_interfaces(worker.raw_mac_address())

    def stop(self):
        """
        Stop workers and manager.
        """
        self.__stop_workers()
        time.sleep(30)  # Wait for 30 seconds until all workers have stopped.
        self.__mgr.stop_receiver_processes()

    def frame_handler(self, manager, worker_addr, frame_data):
        """
        Inject probe response frames for every probe request frame.
        """
        decoder = RadioTapDecoder()
        decoder.decode(frame_data)

        management_frame = decoder.get_protocol(dot11.Dot11ManagementFrame)
        probe_req_frame = decoder.get_protocol(
            dot11.Dot11ManagementProbeRequest)

        if not probe_req_frame:
            return

        ssid = probe_req_frame.get_ssid()
        if not ssid:  # Ignore broadcast SSID
            return

        station_address = management_frame.get_source_address()
        print "Station: %s" % ":".join(
            map(lambda i: "%02X" % i, station_address))
        print "SSID: %s" % ssid

        frame = str()
        # Radiotap
        frame += "\x00\x00"  # Version
        frame += "\x0b\x00"  # Header Length
        frame += "\x04\x0c\x00\x00"  # Presence Flags
        frame += "\x6c"  # Rate
        frame += "\x0c"  # TX Power
        frame += "\x01"  # Antenna
        # Management Frame
        frame += "\x50\x00"  # Frame Control
        frame += "\x31\x01"  # Duration
        frame += "".join(chr(i)
                         for i in station_address)  # Destination Address
        frame += "\x00\xde\xad\xbe\xef\x00"  # Source Address
        frame += "\x00\xde\xad\xbe\xef\x00"  # BSSID Address
        frame += "\x00\x00"  # Sequence Control
        frame += "\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00"  # Timestamp
        frame += "\x64\x00"  # Beacon Interval
        frame += "\x01\x04"  # Capabilities
        frame += "\x00%s%s" % (struct.pack("B", len(ssid)), ssid)  # SSID
        frame += "\x01\x08\x82\x84\x8b\x96\x24\x30\x48\x6c"  # Supported Rates
        frame += "\x03\x01\x0e"  # DS parameter set
        frame += "\xdd\x06\xfa\xfa\xfa\x00\xde\xad"  # Vendor Specific

        workers = manager.get_workers()
        for worker in workers:
            if worker.raw_mac_address() == worker_addr:
                break

        for iface in worker.interfaces_list():
            manager.inject_data_from_worker_interface(worker.raw_mac_address(),
                                                      iface.name(), frame)

    def event_handler(self, event):
        """
        Ignore Wiwo events.
        """
        pass
示例#14
0
class WiresharkForwarder(object):
    """
    Class that handles Wiwo workers to forward traffic to Wireshark.
    """

    def __init__(self, iface, bpf_filter):
        self.__iface = iface
        self.__bpf_filter = bpf_filter
        self.__workers_list = None

        self.__pipe = None
        self.__pipe_path = None

        self.__initialize_pipe()
        self.__mgr = Manager(self.__iface, self.data_handler, self.event_handler)
        self.__looks_for_workers()
        self.__assign_channels()
        self.__start_workers_interfaces()

    def __del__(self):
        # TODO: Verify pipe close.
        self.__pipe.close()

    def stop(self):
        """
        Method that stops the Manager instance the way it should be done. This object has several python vm instances
        running simultaneous. It also stops all the workers.
        """
        self.__mgr.stop_worker_interfaces("\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff")
        time.sleep(40)
        self.__mgr.stop_receiver_processes()

    def __initialize_pipe(self):
        """
        Its creates a fifo pipe to communicate with Wireshark.
        """
        if platform.uname()[0].lower() == "windows":
            self.__initialize_windows_pipe()
        else:
            self.__initialize_unix_pipe()

    def __initialize_windows_pipe(self):
        """
        Windows pipe initialization method.
        """
        self.__pipe_path = r'\\.\pipe\wireshark'
        print "Execute the following command: %r" % "wireshark -k -i %s" % self.__pipe_path
        self.__pipe = windows.CreateNamedPipe(self.__pipe_path,
                                              windows.PIPE_ACCESS_OUTBOUND,
                                              windows.PIPE_TYPE_MESSAGE | windows.PIPE_WAIT,
                                              1,
                                              65536,
                                              65536,
                                              300,
                                              None)
        if not self.__pipe:
            raise Exception("Unable to create pipe using CreateNamedPipe function.")
        connected = windows.ConnectNamedPipe(self.__pipe, None)
        if connected == 0:
            raise Exception("Unable to create pipe using CreateNamedPipe function.")
        windows.WriteFile(self.__pipe, "\xd4\xc3\xb2\xa1", 4)  # Magic Signature
        windows.WriteFile(self.__pipe, "\x02\x00\x04\x00", 4)  # Version
        windows.WriteFile(self.__pipe, "\x00\x00\x00\x00", 4)  # GMT
        windows.WriteFile(self.__pipe, "\x00\x00\x00\x00", 4)  # GMT
        windows.WriteFile(self.__pipe, "\xff\xff\x00\x00", 4)  # Snaplen
        windows.WriteFile(self.__pipe, "\x7f\x00\x00\x00", 4)  # Data link

    def __initialize_unix_pipe(self):
        """
        Unix pipe initialization method.
        """
        tmpdir = tempfile.mkdtemp()
        self.__pipe_path = os.path.join(tmpdir, "pipe")
        try:
            os.mkfifo(self.__pipe_path)
        except OSError, e:
            raise e
        args = ['/usr/bin/wireshark', '-k', '-i', self.__pipe_path]
        # print "Executing the following command: %s" % " ".join(args)
        proc = subprocess.Popen(args)
        self.__pipe = open(self.__pipe_path, "w+")
        self.__pipe.write("\xd4\xc3\xb2\xa1")  # Magic Signature
        self.__pipe.write("\x02\x00\x04\x00")  # Version
        self.__pipe.write("\x00\x00\x00\x00")  # GMT
        self.__pipe.write("\x00\x00\x00\x00")  # GMT
        self.__pipe.write("\xff\xff\x00\x00")  # Snaplen
        self.__pipe.write("\x7f\x00\x00\x00")  # Data link