def __init__(self, corpus_path, corpus_files):
"""
Construct a Tagger object
:param corpus_path: path to corpus files
:param corpus_files: list of corpus files
"""
# object for working with corpus data
self.tb = Treebank(corpus_path, corpus_files)
# will contain a list of tags in training corpus
self.pos_tags = False
# will be object for running the Hidden Markov Model for tagging
self.hmm = False
# use PennTags
self.tags = PennTags
# will hold conditional frequency distribution for P(Wi|Ck)
self.words_given_pos = False
# will hold conditional frequency distribution for P(Ci+1|Ci)
self.pos2_given_pos1 = False
def __init__(self, corpus_path, corpus_files, test_files):
"""
Construct a Tagger object
:param corpus_path: path to corpus files
:param corpus_files: list of corpus files
"""
# object for working with training data
self.training = Treebank(corpus_path, corpus_files)
# object for working with testing data
self.testing = Treebank(corpus_path, test_files)
# will contain a list of tags in training corpus
self.pos_tags = False
# will be object for running the Hidden Markov Model for tagging
self.hmm = False
# use PennTags
self.tags = PennTags
# will hold conditional frequency distribution for P(Wi|Ck)
self.words_given_pos = False
# will hold conditional frequency distribution for P(Ci+1|Ci)
self.pos2_given_pos1 = False
class Tagger:
"""
A class for POS-tagging text and evaluating the result
"""
######### CLASS VARIABLES #########
# a fake START tag to add to the beginning of sentences to help with tagging
start_tag = '^'
# number of times for a POS tagging mistake to occur in order to show it to user
mistake_threshold = 50
# x-fold cross-validation
test_cycles = 2
def __init__(self, corpus_path, corpus_files, test_files):
"""
Construct a Tagger object
:param corpus_path: path to corpus files
:param corpus_files: list of corpus files
"""
# object for working with training data
self.training = Treebank(corpus_path, corpus_files)
# object for working with testing data
self.testing = Treebank(corpus_path, test_files)
# will contain a list of tags in training corpus
self.pos_tags = False
# will be object for running the Hidden Markov Model for tagging
self.hmm = False
# use PennTags
self.tags = PennTags
# will hold conditional frequency distribution for P(Wi|Ck)
self.words_given_pos = False
# will hold conditional frequency distribution for P(Ci+1|Ci)
self.pos2_given_pos1 = False
######### `PUBLIC' FUNCTIONS #########
def run_test_cycles(self):
"""
Run the test cycles for training and testing the tagger.
Specifically, employ ten-fold cross-validation to train/test on different
segments of the corpus.
"""
total_time_start = time.time() # keep track of time
rights = [] # array to hold number of correctly-tagged words for each test
wrongs = [] # array to hold number of incorrectly-tagged words for each test
totals = [] # array to hold number of total words for each test
all_missed = [] # array to hold incorrect tag information for each test
sep = ''.join(["-" for i in range(50)]) + "\n" # logging s
# returns tagged sentences
training_sents = self.training.tagged_sents
self.train(training_sents)
# returns untagged sentences
testing_tagged_sents = self.testing.tagged_sents
testing_untagged_sents = self.testing.sents
testing_sents = (testing_untagged_sents, testing_tagged_sents)
(right, wrong, missed) = self.test(testing_sents)
# gather accuracy statistics for this test
total = right + wrong
rights.append(right) # store the correct count for this test cycle
wrongs.append(wrong) # store the incorrect count for this test cycle
totals.append(total) # store the total words tested for this test cycle
all_missed += missed # add incorrect tag information from this cycle
msg("Total words: %d\n" % total)
msg("Correct tags: %d (%0.2f%%)\n" % (right, right / total * 100))
msg("Incorrect tags: %d (%0.2f%%)\n" % (wrong, wrong / total * 100))
msg("%s%s" % (sep,sep))
# calculate and output statistics for the entire test
print "Total tests run: %d" % len(totals)
print "Total time taken: %0.2f seconds" % (time.time() - total_time_start)
print "Average correct tags: %0.2f%%" % (sum(rights) / sum(totals) * 100)
print "Average incorrect tags: %0.2f%%" % (sum(wrongs) / sum(totals) * 100)
print
# give the option of inspecting incorrect tags
if raw_input("Examine bad tags? ") in ['y','Y']:
self.inspect(all_missed)
def train(self, sents):
"""
Train the tagger on a set of tagged sentences
:param sents: list of tagged sentences
"""
# collect POS tags from our corpus
self.pos_tags = self.training.pos_tags()
# add start markers to help with bigram tagging
msg("Adjusting POS tags...")
sents = self._adjust_pos(sents)
msg("done\n")
# create 2 conditional frequency distributions (from the NLTK) that store
# observed probabilities that a given word has a certain POS, one for
# lowercase-normalized words and one for words as they appear in the text
msg("Training (Wi|Ck)...")
# create a CFD for words normalized to lowercase
self.words_given_pos = ConditionalFreqDist((wp[1], wp[0].lower()) for \
sent in sents for wp in sent)
# create a CFD for words left in their original capitalization
self.words_given_pos_upper = ConditionalFreqDist((wp[1], wp[0]) for \
sent in sents for wp in sent)
msg("done\n")
# create another CFD that stores probabilities that stores observed
# probabilities that one POS follows another POS
msg("Training (Ci+1|Ci)...")
self.pos2_given_pos1 = ConditionalFreqDist((sent[i-1][1], sent[i][1]) for \
sent in sents for i in range(1,len(sent)))
msg("done\n")
def test(self, sent_set):
"""
Use a Hidden Markov Model to tag a set of sentences, and evaluate accuracy.
:param sent_set: tuple like (untagged sentences, gold standard sentences)
"""
untagged_sents = sent_set[0] # recover untagged sentences
gold_tagged_sents = sent_set[1] # recover gold standard tagged sentences
# initialize an HMM object with necessary parameters
self.hmm = HMM(untagged_sents, self.pos_tags, self.words_given_pos, \
self.words_given_pos_upper, self.pos2_given_pos1, Tagger.start_tag)
# get HMM-tagged sentences
hmm_tagged_sents = self.hmm.tag()
# evaluate against gold standard and return accuracy data
return self.evaluate(hmm_tagged_sents, gold_tagged_sents)
def evaluate(self, hmm_tagged_sents, gold_tagged_sents):
"""
Evaluate one set of tagged sentences against another set
:param hmm_tagged_sents: list of tagged sentences
:param gold_tagged_sents: list of tagged sentences used as gold standard
"""
# ensure our sentence sets have the same length
if len(hmm_tagged_sents) != len(gold_tagged_sents):
raise Exception("HMM-tagged sentence set did not match gold \
standard sentence set!")
right = 0 # initialize counter of correct tags
wrong = 0 # initialize counter of incorrect tags
missed = [] # initialize array of tagged words we didn't get right
# loop through sentence sets
for i in range(len(gold_tagged_sents)):
# ensure our sentences have the same length
if len(hmm_tagged_sents[i]) != len(gold_tagged_sents[i]):
raise Exception("HMM-tagged sentence did not match gold \
standard sentence!")
# loop through words in sentence
for j in range(len(gold_tagged_sents[i])):
gold_tagged_word = gold_tagged_sents[i][j]
hmm_tagged_word = hmm_tagged_sents[i][j]
# ensure the words are the same between the sets
if gold_tagged_word[0] != hmm_tagged_word[0]:
raise Exception("HMM-tagged word did not match gold \
standard word!")
# increment counters based on tag correctness
if gold_tagged_word[1] == hmm_tagged_word[1]:
right += 1
else:
missed.append((hmm_tagged_word, gold_tagged_word, \
hmm_tagged_sents[i], gold_tagged_sents[i]))
wrong += 1
# end words loop
# end sentences loop
# return a tuple of correct vs incorrect tags
return (right, wrong, missed)
def inspect(self, missed):
"""
Inspect a testing session, and print data about tag accuracy
:param missed: list of tuples of missed tags like:
(hmm_tagged_word, gold_tagged_word, hmm_context, gold_context)
"""
# create a CFD so we can examine a matrix of incorrect vs correct tags
# ms[1][1] = tag of a gold_tagged_word
# ms[0][1] = tag of an hmm_tagged_word
cfd = ConditionalFreqDist((ms[1][1], ms[0][1]) for ms in missed)
# initialize a hash to store mistakes by frequency
mistakes = {}
# print a table showing mistake frequency
cfd.tabulate()
msg("\n")
# loop through mistake frequencies by gold standard tag, i.e., if we are
# examining gold-standard 'IN', count what we incorrectly tagged it as
conds = cfd.conditions()
for g_tag in conds:
for hmm_tag in cfd[g_tag].keys():
# how many times did we incorrectly say g_tag was hmm_tag?
count = cfd[g_tag][hmm_tag]
# add these mistakes to the count
if count not in mistakes.keys():
mistakes[count] = []
mistakes[count].append((hmm_tag, g_tag))
# get a list of all mistake types that occurred over a threshold, worst first
mistake_counts = set([count for (count, mistake_set) in \
mistakes.iteritems() if count > Tagger.mistake_threshold])
mistake_counts = reversed(sorted(mistake_counts))
# now create a list of mistake types to show the user, i.e., loop
# through all types and if they are of a high-frequency type, add to list
mistakes_to_halt = []
for count in mistake_counts:
mistake_set = mistakes[count]
for mistake_tuple in mistake_set:
mistakes_to_halt.append(mistake_tuple)
msg("%d\t%s\twas really\t%s\n" % (count, mistake_tuple[0], \
mistake_tuple[1]))
msg("\n")
# create separators used when outputting missed word contexts
sep_big = "---------------------------------------------------\n"
sep_small = "\n-----------------------------------------\n"
# loop through individual mistakes and, if they match the kind of error
# we want to halt for, show the user the mistake as well as the sentence
# context for both the gold-standard sentence and the hmm-tagged sentence
response = None
for missed_set in missed:
if response not in ['q','Q']:
(hmm_tagged_word, gold_tagged_word, hmm_tagged_sent, \
gold_tagged_sent) = missed_set
should_halt = False
# determine whether the current mistake matches a mistake type
# we want to halt for
for pair in mistakes_to_halt:
if hmm_tagged_word[1] == pair[0] and \
gold_tagged_word[1] == pair[1]:
should_halt = True
if should_halt:
msg("%sTagged '%s' with %s when it should have been %s.%s" %\
(sep_big, hmm_tagged_word[0], hmm_tagged_word[1],\
gold_tagged_word[1], sep_small))
msg("Gold: " + (' '.join([(w[0] + "/" + w[1]) for w in \
gold_tagged_sent])))
msg(sep_small)
msg("Mine: " + (' '.join([(w[0] + "/" + w[1]) for w in \
hmm_tagged_sent])))
# get user input to decide whether to keep going
response = raw_input("\n\nEnter to continue, Q to quit: ")
######### `PRIVATE' FUNCTIONS #########
def _adjust_pos(self, sents):
"""
Insert start markers (word and tag tuple) in each sentence of a list.
Add any other tags that need adding
:param sents: list of tagged sentences
"""
new_sents = [] # initialize array of start-marked sentences
# loop through tagged sentences
for sent in sents:
# add a new start-marked sentence to our array
new_sents.append([(Tagger.start_tag, Tagger.start_tag)] + sent)
# make sure our start marker tag gets added to the POS list
self.pos_tags.append(Tagger.start_tag)
# also take the opportunity to add other tags to the list
# which we may not have encountered in testing
for tag in self.tags.rare_tags:
if tag not in self.pos_tags:
self.pos_tags.append(tag)
return new_sents
class Tagger:
"""
A class for POS-tagging text and evaluating the result
"""
######### CLASS VARIABLES #########
# a fake START tag to add to the beginning of sentences to help with tagging
start_tag = '^'
# number of times for a POS tagging mistake to occur in order to show it to user
mistake_threshold = 50
# x-fold cross-validation
test_cycles = 10
def __init__(self, corpus_path, corpus_files):
"""
Construct a Tagger object
:param corpus_path: path to corpus files
:param corpus_files: list of corpus files
"""
# object for working with corpus data
self.tb = Treebank(corpus_path, corpus_files)
# will contain a list of tags in training corpus
self.pos_tags = False
# will be object for running the Hidden Markov Model for tagging
self.hmm = False
# use PennTags
self.tags = PennTags
# will hold conditional frequency distribution for P(Wi|Ck)
self.words_given_pos = False
# will hold conditional frequency distribution for P(Ci+1|Ci)
self.pos2_given_pos1 = False
######### `PUBLIC' FUNCTIONS #########
def run_test_cycles(self):
"""
Run the test cycles for training and testing the tagger.
Specifically, employ ten-fold cross-validation to train/test on different
segments of the corpus.
"""
total_time_start = time.time() # keep track of time
pct_step = int(100 / Tagger.test_cycles) # cycle steps in pct
test_pct = pct_step # percentage of the corpus to test the tagger on
train_pct = 100 - test_pct # percentage of the corpus to train the tagger on
rights = [
] # array to hold number of correctly-tagged words for each test
wrongs = [
] # array to hold number of incorrectly-tagged words for each test
totals = [] # array to hold number of total words for each test
all_missed = [
] # array to hold incorrect tag information for each test
sep = ''.join(["-" for i in range(50)]) + "\n" # logging separator
# loop from 0-90 (step size 10)
for start_train_pct in [
x * pct_step for x in range(Tagger.test_cycles)
]:
msg("%sSTARTING TEST CYCLE %d\n%s" % (sep, (start_train_pct/pct_step)+1,\
sep))
# find the percent point to start collecting test sentences
# may be > 100, so circle round
start_test_pct = (start_train_pct + train_pct) % 100
# train the tagger on sentences from the corpus matching our range
training_sents = self.tb.training_sents(train_pct, start_train_pct)
self.train(training_sents)
# test the tagger on the rest of the sentences
testing_sents = self.tb.testing_sents(test_pct, start_test_pct)
(right, wrong, missed) = self.test(testing_sents)
# gather accuracy statistics for this test
total = right + wrong
rights.append(right) # store the correct count for this test cycle
wrongs.append(
wrong) # store the incorrect count for this test cycle
totals.append(
total) # store the total words tested for this test cycle
all_missed += missed # add incorrect tag information from this cycle
msg("Total words: %d\n" % total)
msg("Correct tags: %d (%0.2f%%)\n" % (right, right / total * 100))
msg("Incorrect tags: %d (%0.2f%%)\n" %
(wrong, wrong / total * 100))
# end: test cycle
msg("%s%s" % (sep, sep))
# calculate and output statistics for the entire test
print "Total tests run: %d" % len(totals)
print "Total time taken: %0.2f seconds" % (time.time() -
total_time_start)
print "Average correct tags: %0.2f%%" % (sum(rights) / sum(totals) *
100)
print "Average incorrect tags: %0.2f%%" % (sum(wrongs) / sum(totals) *
100)
print
# give the option of inspecting incorrect tags
if raw_input("Examine bad tags? ") in ['y', 'Y']:
self.inspect(all_missed)
def train(self, sents):
"""
Train the tagger on a set of tagged sentences
:param sents: list of tagged sentences
"""
# collect POS tags from our corpus
self.pos_tags = self.tb.pos_tags()
# add start markers to help with bigram tagging
msg("Adjusting POS tags...")
sents = self._adjust_pos(sents)
msg("done\n")
# create 2 conditional frequency distributions (from the NLTK) that store
# observed probabilities that a given word has a certain POS, one for
# lowercase-normalized words and one for words as they appear in the text
msg("Training (Wi|Ck)...")
# create a CFD for words normalized to lowercase
self.words_given_pos = ConditionalFreqDist((wp[1], wp[0].lower()) for \
sent in sents for wp in sent)
# create a CFD for words left in their original capitalization
self.words_given_pos_upper = ConditionalFreqDist((wp[1], wp[0]) for \
sent in sents for wp in sent)
msg("done\n")
# create another CFD that stores probabilities that stores observed
# probabilities that one POS follows another POS
msg("Training (Ci+1|Ci)...")
self.pos2_given_pos1 = ConditionalFreqDist((sent[i-1][1], sent[i][1]) for \
sent in sents for i in range(1,len(sent)))
msg("done\n")
def test(self, sent_set):
"""
Use a Hidden Markov Model to tag a set of sentences, and evaluate accuracy.
:param sent_set: tuple like (untagged sentences, gold standard sentences)
"""
untagged_sents = sent_set[0] # recover untagged sentences
gold_tagged_sents = sent_set[
1] # recover gold standard tagged sentences
# initialize an HMM object with necessary parameters
self.hmm = HMM(untagged_sents, self.pos_tags, self.words_given_pos, \
self.words_given_pos_upper, self.pos2_given_pos1, Tagger.start_tag)
# get HMM-tagged sentences
hmm_tagged_sents = self.hmm.tag()
# evaluate against gold standard and return accuracy data
return self.evaluate(hmm_tagged_sents, gold_tagged_sents)
def evaluate(self, hmm_tagged_sents, gold_tagged_sents):
"""
Evaluate one set of tagged sentences against another set
:param hmm_tagged_sents: list of tagged sentences
:param gold_tagged_sents: list of tagged sentences used as gold standard
"""
# ensure our sentence sets have the same length
if len(hmm_tagged_sents) != len(gold_tagged_sents):
raise Exception("HMM-tagged sentence set did not match gold \
standard sentence set!")
right = 0 # initialize counter of correct tags
wrong = 0 # initialize counter of incorrect tags
missed = [] # initialize array of tagged words we didn't get right
# loop through sentence sets
for i in range(len(gold_tagged_sents)):
# ensure our sentences have the same length
if len(hmm_tagged_sents[i]) != len(gold_tagged_sents[i]):
raise Exception("HMM-tagged sentence did not match gold \
standard sentence!")
# loop through words in sentence
for j in range(len(gold_tagged_sents[i])):
gold_tagged_word = gold_tagged_sents[i][j]
hmm_tagged_word = hmm_tagged_sents[i][j]
# ensure the words are the same between the sets
if gold_tagged_word[0] != hmm_tagged_word[0]:
raise Exception("HMM-tagged word did not match gold \
standard word!")
# increment counters based on tag correctness
if gold_tagged_word[1] == hmm_tagged_word[1]:
right += 1
else:
missed.append((hmm_tagged_word, gold_tagged_word, \
hmm_tagged_sents[i], gold_tagged_sents[i]))
wrong += 1
# end words loop
# end sentences loop
# return a tuple of correct vs incorrect tags
return (right, wrong, missed)
def inspect(self, missed):
"""
Inspect a testing session, and print data about tag accuracy
:param missed: list of tuples of missed tags like:
(hmm_tagged_word, gold_tagged_word, hmm_context, gold_context)
"""
# create a CFD so we can examine a matrix of incorrect vs correct tags
# ms[1][1] = tag of a gold_tagged_word
# ms[0][1] = tag of an hmm_tagged_word
cfd = ConditionalFreqDist((ms[1][1], ms[0][1]) for ms in missed)
# initialize a hash to store mistakes by frequency
mistakes = {}
# print a table showing mistake frequency
cfd.tabulate()
msg("\n")
# loop through mistake frequencies by gold standard tag, i.e., if we are
# examining gold-standard 'IN', count what we incorrectly tagged it as
conds = cfd.conditions()
for g_tag in conds:
for hmm_tag in cfd[g_tag].keys():
# how many times did we incorrectly say g_tag was hmm_tag?
count = cfd[g_tag][hmm_tag]
# add these mistakes to the count
if count not in mistakes.keys():
mistakes[count] = []
mistakes[count].append((hmm_tag, g_tag))
# get a list of all mistake types that occurred over a threshold, worst first
mistake_counts = set([count for (count, mistake_set) in \
mistakes.iteritems() if count > Tagger.mistake_threshold])
mistake_counts = reversed(sorted(mistake_counts))
# now create a list of mistake types to show the user, i.e., loop
# through all types and if they are of a high-frequency type, add to list
mistakes_to_halt = []
for count in mistake_counts:
mistake_set = mistakes[count]
for mistake_tuple in mistake_set:
mistakes_to_halt.append(mistake_tuple)
msg("%d\t%s\twas really\t%s\n" % (count, mistake_tuple[0], \
mistake_tuple[1]))
msg("\n")
# create separators used when outputting missed word contexts
sep_big = "---------------------------------------------------\n"
sep_small = "\n-----------------------------------------\n"
# loop through individual mistakes and, if they match the kind of error
# we want to halt for, show the user the mistake as well as the sentence
# context for both the gold-standard sentence and the hmm-tagged sentence
response = None
for missed_set in missed:
if response not in ['q', 'Q']:
(hmm_tagged_word, gold_tagged_word, hmm_tagged_sent, \
gold_tagged_sent) = missed_set
should_halt = False
# determine whether the current mistake matches a mistake type
# we want to halt for
for pair in mistakes_to_halt:
if hmm_tagged_word[1] == pair[0] and \
gold_tagged_word[1] == pair[1]:
should_halt = True
if should_halt:
msg("%sTagged '%s' with %s when it should have been %s.%s" %\
(sep_big, hmm_tagged_word[0], hmm_tagged_word[1],\
gold_tagged_word[1], sep_small))
msg("Gold: " + (' '.join([(w[0] + "/" + w[1]) for w in \
gold_tagged_sent])))
msg(sep_small)
msg("Mine: " + (' '.join([(w[0] + "/" + w[1]) for w in \
hmm_tagged_sent])))
# get user input to decide whether to keep going
response = raw_input("\n\nEnter to continue, Q to quit: ")
######### `PRIVATE' FUNCTIONS #########
def _adjust_pos(self, sents):
"""
Insert start markers (word and tag tuple) in each sentence of a list.
Add any other tags that need adding
:param sents: list of tagged sentences
"""
new_sents = [] # initialize array of start-marked sentences
# loop through tagged sentences
for sent in sents:
# add a new start-marked sentence to our array
new_sents.append([(Tagger.start_tag, Tagger.start_tag)] + sent)
# make sure our start marker tag gets added to the POS list
self.pos_tags.append(Tagger.start_tag)
# also take the opportunity to add other tags to the list
# which we may not have encountered in testing
for tag in self.tags.rare_tags:
if tag not in self.pos_tags:
self.pos_tags.append(tag)
return new_sents