def _sha3_secp256k1_deploy_data(current_height,
bytecode,
value,
quota,
privatekey,
version,
receiver=None):
sender = get_sender(privatekey, False)
if privatekey is None:
temp = private_key()
privkey = PrivateKey(hex2bytes(temp))
else:
privkey = PrivateKey(hex2bytes(privatekey))
logger.debug(sender)
nonce = get_nonce()
logger.debug("nonce is {}".format(nonce))
tx = Transaction()
tx.valid_until_block = current_height + 88
tx.nonce = nonce
tx.version = version
if version == 0:
chainid = get_chainid()
logger.info("version-{}, chainid-{}".format(version, chainid))
tx.chain_id = chainid
elif version < 3:
chainid = get_chainid_v1()
logger.info("version-{}, chainid_v1-{}".format(version, chainid))
tx.chain_id_v1 = chainid.to_bytes(32, byteorder='big')
else:
logger.error("unexpected version {}".format(version))
if receiver is not None:
if version == 0:
tx.to = receiver
elif version < 3:
tx.to_v1 = hex2bytes(receiver)
else:
logger.error("unexpected version {}".format(version))
tx.data = hex2bytes(bytecode)
tx.value = value.to_bytes(32, byteorder='big')
tx.quota = quota
message = sha3(tx.SerializeToString())
logger.debug("hash message: {}")
sign_recover = privkey.ecdsa_sign_recoverable(message, raw=True)
sig = privkey.ecdsa_recoverable_serialize(sign_recover)
signature = binascii.hexlify(sig[0]) + binascii.hexlify(
bytes(bytearray([sig[1]])))
unverify_tx = UnverifiedTransaction()
unverify_tx.transaction.CopyFrom(tx)
unverify_tx.signature = hex2bytes(signature)
unverify_tx.crypto = Crypto.Value('DEFAULT')
logger.info("unverify_tx is {}".format(
binascii.hexlify(unverify_tx.SerializeToString())))
return binascii.hexlify(unverify_tx.SerializeToString())
def generate_deploy_data(bytecode, privatekey, receiver=None):
privkey = PrivateKey(hex2bytes(privatekey))
sender = get_sender()
print(sender)
nonce = get_nonce(sender)
print("nonce is {}".format(nonce))
tx = Transaction()
tx.valid_until_block = 4294967296
tx.nonce = nonce
if receiver is not None:
tx.to = receiver
tx.data = hex2bytes(bytecode)
message = sha3(tx.SerializeToString())
sign_recover = privkey.ecdsa_sign_recoverable(message, raw=True)
sig = privkey.ecdsa_recoverable_serialize(sign_recover)
signature = binascii.hexlify(
sig[0]) + binascii.hexlify(bytes(bytearray([sig[1]])))
unverify_tx = UnverifiedTransaction()
unverify_tx.transaction.CopyFrom(tx)
unverify_tx.signature = hex2bytes(signature)
unverify_tx.crypto = Crypto.Value('SECP')
signed_transaction = SignedTransaction()
signed_transaction.transaction_with_sig.CopyFrom(unverify_tx)
signed_transaction.tx_hash = sha3(unverify_tx.SerializeToString())
pub = recover_pub(hex2bytes(privatekey))
signed_transaction.signer = pub
#print(binascii.hexlify(pub))
return binascii.hexlify(signed_transaction.SerializeToString())
def ecdsa_sign(msghash, privkey):
assert len(msghash) == 32
pk = PrivateKey(privkey, raw=True, ctx=ctx)
signature = pk.ecdsa_recoverable_serialize(
pk.ecdsa_sign_recoverable(msghash, raw=True))
new = signature[0] + chr(signature[1])
return new
def sign(data: bytes, private_key_seed_ascii: str):
priv = private_key_seed_ascii
pk = PrivateKey(priv, raw=True)
signature = pk.ecdsa_recoverable_serialize(
pk.ecdsa_sign_recoverable(data, raw=True))
signature = signature[0] + utils.bytearray_to_bytestr([signature[1]])
return signature, eth_privtoaddr(priv)
def test_ecrecover():
s = tester.state()
c = s.abi_contract(ecrecover_code)
priv = utils.sha3('some big long brainwallet password')
pub = bitcoin.privtopub(priv)
msghash = utils.sha3('the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog')
pk = PrivateKey(priv, raw=True)
signature = pk.ecdsa_recoverable_serialize(
pk.ecdsa_sign_recoverable(msghash, raw=True))
signature = signature[0] + utils.bytearray_to_bytestr([signature[1]])
V = utils.safe_ord(signature[64]) + 27
R = big_endian_to_int(signature[0:32])
S = big_endian_to_int(signature[32:64])
assert bitcoin.ecdsa_raw_verify(msghash, (V, R, S), pub)
addr = utils.big_endian_to_int(
utils.sha3(bitcoin.encode_pubkey(pub, 'bin')[1:])[12:])
assert utils.big_endian_to_int(utils.privtoaddr(priv)) == addr
result = c.test_ecrecover(utils.big_endian_to_int(msghash), V, R, S)
assert result == addr
def sign(self, privkey):
"""Sign this with a private key"""
if self.v:
raise InvalidSignature("already signed")
if privkey in (0, '', '\x00' * 32):
raise InvalidSignature("Zero privkey cannot sign")
rawhash = sha3(
rlp.encode(self, self.__class__.exclude(['v', 'r', 's'])))
if len(privkey) == 64:
privkey = encode_privkey(privkey, 'bin')
pk = PrivateKey(privkey, raw=True)
signature = pk.ecdsa_recoverable_serialize(
pk.ecdsa_sign_recoverable(rawhash, raw=True))
signature = signature[0] + chr(signature[1])
self.v = ord(signature[64]) + 27
self.r = big_endian_to_int(signature[0:32])
self.s = big_endian_to_int(signature[32:64])
self._sender = None
return self
def test_ecrecover():
s = tester.state()
c = s.abi_contract(ecrecover_code)
priv = utils.sha3('some big long brainwallet password')
pub = bitcoin.privtopub(priv)
msghash = utils.sha3('the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog')
pk = PrivateKey(priv, raw=True)
signature = pk.ecdsa_recoverable_serialize(
pk.ecdsa_sign_recoverable(msghash, raw=True)
)
signature = signature[0] + utils.bytearray_to_bytestr([signature[1]])
V = utils.safe_ord(signature[64]) + 27
R = big_endian_to_int(signature[0:32])
S = big_endian_to_int(signature[32:64])
assert bitcoin.ecdsa_raw_verify(msghash, (V, R, S), pub)
addr = utils.big_endian_to_int(utils.sha3(bitcoin.encode_pubkey(pub, 'bin')[1:])[12:])
assert utils.big_endian_to_int(utils.privtoaddr(priv)) == addr
result = c.test_ecrecover(utils.big_endian_to_int(msghash), V, R, S)
assert result == addr
class Account:
priv_key_hex = None
priv_key = None
def __init__(self, priv_key):
self.priv_key_hex = priv_key
self.priv_key = PrivateKey(bytes(bytearray.fromhex(priv_key)))
def sign(self, tx):
tx['v'] = 1
tx['r'] = 0
tx['s'] = 0
unsigned_transaction = w3.eth.account.unsigned_transaction(tx)
sig = self.priv_key.ecdsa_sign_recoverable(unsigned_transaction.hash(),
raw=True)
serialized, v = self.priv_key.ecdsa_recoverable_serialize(sig)
r = int.from_bytes(serialized[:32], byteorder='big')
s = int.from_bytes(serialized[32:], byteorder='big')
raw = w3.eth.account.encode_signed_transaction(unsigned_transaction,
vrs=(v + 37, r, s))
return raw, keccak(raw)
def address(self):
return blocksmith.EthereumWallet.generate_address(self.priv_key_hex)
def sign(self, key):
"""Sign this transaction with a private key.
A potentially already existing signature would be overridden.
"""
if not is_bitcoin_available() or not is_secp256k1_available():
raise ImportError(
"In order to sign transactions the "
"`bitcoin` and `secp256k1` packages must be installed."
)
from bitcoin import privtopub
from secp256k1 import PrivateKey
if key in (0, b'', b'\x00' * 32, b'0' * 64):
raise ValueError("Zero privkey cannot sign")
rawhash = decode_hex(sha3(rlp.encode(self, UnsignedTransaction)))
if len(key) in {64, 66}:
# we need a binary key
key = decode_hex(key)
pk = PrivateKey(key, raw=True)
sig_bytes, rec_id = pk.ecdsa_recoverable_serialize(
pk.ecdsa_sign_recoverable(rawhash, raw=True)
)
signature = sig_bytes + force_bytes(chr(rec_id))
self.v = (ord(signature[64]) if is_string(signature[64]) else signature[64]) + 27
self.r = decode_big_endian_int(signature[0:32])
self.s = decode_big_endian_int(signature[32:64])
self.sender = to_address(sha3(privtopub(key)[1:])[-40:])
return self
class Secp256k1_compact(object):
def __init__(self):
self.priv_key = PrivateKey()
self.pub_key = PublicKey(pubkey=None, raw=False, flags=secp256k1.ALL_FLAGS)
def ecdsa_compact_sign(self, msg32, privkey):
if type(privkey) == unicode:
privkey = privkey.encode('utf-8')
self.priv_key.set_raw_privkey(privkey)
sig = self.priv_key.ecdsa_sign_recoverable(msg32, raw=True)
return self.priv_key.ecdsa_recoverable_serialize(sig)
def ecdsa_compact_recover(self, msg32, sign):
if not len(sign) == 2:
sign = (sign[:64], ord(sign[64]))
assert len(sign) == 2
deserialized_sig = self.pub_key.ecdsa_recoverable_deserialize(sign[0], sign[1])
self.pub_key.public_key = self.pub_key.ecdsa_recover(msg32, deserialized_sig, raw=True)
return self.pub_key.serialize(compressed=False)
def ecdsa_compact_verify(self, msg32, sign, pub):
# Check if pubkey has been bin_electrum encoded.
# If so, append \04 to the front of the key, to make sure the length is 65
if len(pub) == 64:
pub = '\04'+pub
pub_k = PublicKey().deserialize(pub)
pub_key = PublicKey(pub_k, raw=False, flags=secp256k1.ALL_FLAGS)
der_sig = pub_key.ecdsa_recoverable_deserialize(sign[0], sign[1])
raw_sig = pub_key.ecdsa_recoverable_convert(der_sig)
return pub_key.ecdsa_verify(msg32, raw_sig, raw=True)
def sign(self, key):
"""Sign this transaction with a private key.
A potentially already existing signature would be overridden.
"""
if not is_bitcoin_available() or not is_secp256k1_available():
raise ImportError(
"In order to sign transactions the "
"`bitcoin` and `secp256k1` packages must be installed.")
from bitcoin import privtopub
from secp256k1 import PrivateKey
if key in (0, b'', b'\x00' * 32, b'0' * 64):
raise ValueError("Zero privkey cannot sign")
rawhash = decode_hex(sha3(rlp.encode(self, UnsignedTransaction)))
if len(key) in {64, 66}:
# we need a binary key
key = decode_hex(key)
pk = PrivateKey(key, raw=True)
sig_bytes, rec_id = pk.ecdsa_recoverable_serialize(
pk.ecdsa_sign_recoverable(rawhash, raw=True))
signature = sig_bytes + force_bytes(chr(rec_id))
self.v = (ord(signature[64])
if is_string(signature[64]) else signature[64]) + 27
self.r = decode_big_endian_int(signature[0:32])
self.s = decode_big_endian_int(signature[32:64])
self.sender = to_address(sha3(privtopub(key)[1:])[-40:])
return self
def test_eth_sign(web3, skip_if_testrpc):
skip_if_testrpc(web3)
private_key_hex = '0x5e95384d8050109aab08c1922d3c230739bc16976553c317e5d0b87b59371f2a'
private_key = decode_hex(private_key_hex)
# This imports the private key into the running geth instance and unlocks
# the account so that it can sign things.
# `0xa5df35f30ba0ce878b1061ae086289adff3ba1e0`
address = web3.personal.importRawKey(private_key, "password")
web3.personal.unlockAccount(address, "password")
assert add_0x_prefix(encode_hex(privtoaddr(private_key))) == add_0x_prefix(address)
assert address == '0xa5df35f30ba0ce878b1061ae086289adff3ba1e0'
# the data to be signed
data = b'1234567890abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'
# the hash of the data `0x089c33d56ed10bd8b571a0f493cedb28db1ae0f40c6cd266243001528c06eab3`
data_hash = web3.sha3(data, encoding=None)
data_hash_bytes = decode_hex(data_hash)
assert force_bytes(data_hash) == sha3(data)
priv_key = PrivateKey(flags=ALL_FLAGS)
priv_key.set_raw_privkey(private_key)
# sanit check the extract_ecdsa_signer function works as expected.
vector_sig = priv_key.ecdsa_sign_recoverable(data_hash_bytes, raw=True, digest=sha3_256)
vector_sig_bytes, rec_id = priv_key.ecdsa_recoverable_serialize(vector_sig)
vector_sig_bytes_full = vector_sig_bytes + force_bytes(chr(rec_id))
vector_address = force_text(extract_ecdsa_signer(data_hash_bytes, vector_sig_bytes_full))
assert vector_address == address
# Now have geth sign some data.
signature_hex = web3.eth.sign(address, data)
signature_bytes = decode_hex(signature_hex)
actual_signer = extract_ecdsa_signer(data_hash_bytes, signature_bytes)
assert actual_signer == address
# Verify the signature against the public key derived from the
# original private key. It fails.
rec_id = signature_bytes[64]
if is_string(rec_id):
rec_id = ord(rec_id)
recoverable_signature = priv_key.ecdsa_recoverable_deserialize(
signature_bytes[:64],
rec_id,
)
signature = priv_key.ecdsa_recoverable_convert(recoverable_signature)
is_valid = priv_key.pubkey.ecdsa_verify(
msg=data,
raw_sig=signature,
digest=sha3_256,
)
assert is_valid
def sign(data: str, private_key_seed_ascii: str):
data = eth_message_hex(data)
print("--eth_message_hex hash", data)
priv = private_key_seed_ascii
pk = PrivateKey(priv, raw=True)
signature = pk.ecdsa_recoverable_serialize(pk.ecdsa_sign_recoverable(data, raw=True))
signature = signature[0] + utils.bytearray_to_bytestr([signature[1]])
return signature, eth_privtoaddr(priv)
def sign(private_key: PrivateKey, random_bytes):
raw_sig = private_key.ecdsa_sign_recoverable(msg=random_bytes,
raw=True,
digest=hashlib.sha3_256)
serialized_sig, recover_id = private_key.ecdsa_recoverable_serialize(raw_sig)
signature = serialized_sig + bytes((recover_id,))
signature_base64str = base64.b64encode(signature).decode('utf-8')
return signature_base64str
def sign_message(pri_key, message):
privkey = PrivateKey(
pri_key, raw=True
) # we expect to have a private key as bytes. unhexlify it before passing.
sig_check = privkey.ecdsa_sign(MESSAGE_TEMPLATE.format(message))
sig_ser, recid = privkey.ecdsa_recoverable_serialize(sig_check)
return (sig_ser, recid)
def sign(data: bytes,
private_key_seed_ascii: str,
hash_function=bitcoin.bin_sha256):
"""Sign data using Ethereum private key.
:param private_key_seed_ascii: Private key seed as ASCII string
"""
msghash = hash_function(data)
priv = utils.sha3(private_key_seed_ascii)
pub = bitcoin.privtopub(priv)
# Based on ethereum/tesrt_contracts.py test_ecrecover
pk = PrivateKey(priv, raw=True)
signature = pk.ecdsa_recoverable_serialize(
pk.ecdsa_sign_recoverable(msghash, raw=True))
signature = signature[0] + utils.bytearray_to_bytestr([signature[1]])
# Enforce non-tightly-packed arguments for signing
# (0x00 left pad)
# https://github.com/ethereum/web3.py/issues/466
v = utils.safe_ord(signature[64]) + 27
r_bytes = signature[0:32]
r_bytes = pad_left(r_bytes, 32, b"\0")
r = big_endian_to_int(r_bytes)
s_bytes = signature[32:64]
s_bytes = pad_left(s_bytes, 32, b"\0")
s = big_endian_to_int(s_bytes)
# Make sure we use bytes data and zero padding stays
# good across different systems
r_hex = binascii.hexlify(r_bytes).decode("ascii")
s_hex = binascii.hexlify(s_bytes).decode("ascii")
# Convert to Etheruem address format
addr = utils.big_endian_to_int(
utils.sha3(bitcoin.encode_pubkey(pub, 'bin')[1:])[12:])
# Return various bits about signing so it's easier to debug
return {
"signature": signature,
"v": v,
"r": r,
"s": s,
"r_bytes": r_bytes,
"s_bytes": s_bytes,
"r_hex": "0x" + r_hex,
"s_hex": "0x" + s_hex,
"address_bitcoin": addr,
"address_ethereum": get_ethereum_address_from_private_key(priv),
"public_key": pub,
"hash": msghash,
"payload":
binascii.hexlify(bytes([v] + list(r_bytes) + list(s_bytes, )))
}
def sign_eth(rawhash, priv):
pk = PrivateKey(priv, raw=True)
signature = pk.ecdsa_recoverable_serialize(
pk.ecdsa_sign_recoverable(rawhash, raw=True))
signature = signature[0] + utils.bytearray_to_bytestr([signature[1]])
v = utils.safe_ord(signature[64]) + 27
r = utils.big_endian_to_int(signature[0:32])
s = utils.big_endian_to_int(signature[32:64])
return (v, r, s)
def sign_eth(rawhash, priv):
pk = PrivateKey(priv, raw=True)
signature = pk.ecdsa_recoverable_serialize(
pk.ecdsa_sign_recoverable(rawhash, raw=True)
)
signature = signature[0] + utils.bytearray_to_bytestr([signature[1]])
v = utils.safe_ord(signature[64]) + 27
r = utils.big_endian_to_int(signature[0:32])
s = utils.big_endian_to_int(signature[32:64])
return (v, r, s)
def sign_payload(private_key, payload):
if isinstance(private_key, str):
private_key = data_decoder(private_key)
rawhash = sha3(payload)
pk = PrivateKey(private_key, raw=True)
signature = pk.ecdsa_recoverable_serialize(
pk.ecdsa_sign_recoverable(rawhash, raw=True))
signature = signature[0] + bytearray_to_bytestr([signature[1]])
return data_encoder(signature)
def sign(data: bytes, private_key: bytes) -> bytes:
"""
Generates on the ECDSA-SHA256 signature in bytes from data.
It refers to a document on https://github.com/ludbb/secp256k1-py.
:param data: data to be signed
:param private_key: private key
:return signature: signature made from input data
"""
private_key_object = PrivateKey(private_key, raw=True)
recoverable_sign = private_key_object.ecdsa_sign_recoverable(data, raw=True)
sign_bytes, sign_recovery = private_key_object.ecdsa_recoverable_serialize(recoverable_sign)
return sign_bytes + sign_recovery.to_bytes(1, 'big')
def personal_sign(private_key, message):
if isinstance(private_key, str):
private_key = data_decoder(private_key)
rawhash = sha3("\x19Ethereum Signed Message:\n{}{}".format(
len(message), message))
pk = PrivateKey(private_key, raw=True)
signature = pk.ecdsa_recoverable_serialize(
pk.ecdsa_sign_recoverable(rawhash, raw=True))
signature = signature[0] + bytearray_to_bytestr([signature[1] + 27])
return data_encoder(signature)
def make_raw_tx(self, private_key: bytes, receiver: bytes, bytecode: bytes, valid_until_block: int, value: int, quota: int) -> bytes:
"""
对交易数据进行签名.
:param private_key: 私钥.
:param receiver: 接收方地址. 如果是合约部署, 则为b''.
:param bytecode: 字节码.
:param valid_until_block: 交易的最后期限. 默认为当前区块高度+88
:param value: 金额.
:param quota: 调用配额.
:return: 签名后的bytes.
"""
_, _, sender = self.generate_account(private_key)
pri_key = PrivateKey(private_key)
tx = Transaction()
tx.valid_until_block = valid_until_block
tx.nonce = get_nonce()
tx.version = self.version
if self.version == 0:
tx.chain_id = self.chain_id
else:
tx.chain_id_v1 = self.chain_id.to_bytes(32, byteorder='big')
if receiver:
if self.version == 0:
tx.to = receiver
else:
tx.to_v1 = receiver
tx.data = bytecode
tx.value = value.to_bytes(32, byteorder='big')
tx.quota = quota
keccak = sha3.keccak_256()
keccak.update(tx.SerializeToString())
message = keccak.digest()
sign_recover = pri_key.ecdsa_sign_recoverable(message, raw=True)
sig = pri_key.ecdsa_recoverable_serialize(sign_recover)
signature = param_to_str(sig[0] + bytes(bytearray([sig[1]])))
unverify_tx = UnverifiedTransaction()
unverify_tx.transaction.CopyFrom(tx)
unverify_tx.signature = param_to_bytes(signature)
unverify_tx.crypto = Crypto.Value('DEFAULT')
return unverify_tx.SerializeToString()
def make_deploycode(tx, message, privkey):
"""
Generate Hexadecimal representation of the binary signature transactions
"""
privkey = PrivateKey(hex2bytes(privkey))
sign_recover = privkey.ecdsa_sign_recoverable(message, raw=True)
sig = privkey.ecdsa_recoverable_serialize(sign_recover)
signature = binascii.hexlify(sig[0]) + binascii.hexlify(
bytes(bytearray([sig[1]])))
unverify_tx = proto.UnverifiedTransaction()
unverify_tx.transaction.CopyFrom(tx)
unverify_tx.signature = hex2bytes(signature)
unverify_tx.crypto = proto.Crypto.Value('SECP')
return binascii.hexlify(unverify_tx.SerializeToString())
def sign(messagedata, private_key):
if not isinstance(private_key, bytes) or len(private_key) != 32:
raise ValueError('invalid private_key')
key = PrivateKey(private_key, raw=True)
message_hash = sha3(messagedata)
secp_signature = key.ecdsa_sign_recoverable(message_hash, raw=True)
signature_data = key.ecdsa_recoverable_serialize(secp_signature)
signature = signature_data[0] + chr(signature_data[1])
if len(signature) != 65:
raise ValueError('invalid signature')
publickey = key.pubkey.serialize(compressed=False)
return signature, publickey
def sign(messagedata, private_key):
if not isinstance(private_key, bytes) or len(private_key) != 32:
raise ValueError('invalid private_key')
key = PrivateKey(private_key, raw=True)
message_hash = sha3(messagedata)
secp_signature = key.ecdsa_sign_recoverable(message_hash, raw=True)
signature_data = key.ecdsa_recoverable_serialize(secp_signature)
signature = signature_data[0] + chr(signature_data[1])
if len(signature) != 65:
raise ValueError('invalid signature')
publickey = key.pubkey.serialize(compressed=False)
return signature, publickey
def sign(self, key):
'''Sign this transaction with a private key.
A potentially already existing signature would be overridden.
'''
if key in (0, "", b"\x00" * 32, "0" * 64):
raise Exception("Zero privkey cannot sign")
if len(key) == 64:
key = encode_privkey(key, "bin") # we need a binary key
h = blake2b(digest_size=32)
h.update(rlp.encode(self, ThorTransaction.exclude(["Signature"])))
rawhash = h.digest()
pk = PrivateKey(key, raw=True)
signature = pk.ecdsa_recoverable_serialize(
pk.ecdsa_sign_recoverable(rawhash, raw=True))
self.Signature = signature[0] + bytearray_to_bytestr([signature[1]])
def sign(data: bytes,
private_key_seed_ascii: str,
hash_function=bitcoin.bin_sha256):
"""Sign data using Ethereum private key.
:param private_key_seed_ascii: Private key seed as ASCII string
"""
msghash = hash_function(data)
priv = utils.sha3(private_key_seed_ascii)
pub = bitcoin.privtopub(priv)
# Based on ethereum/tesrt_contracts.py test_ecrecover
pk = PrivateKey(priv, raw=True)
signature = pk.ecdsa_recoverable_serialize(
pk.ecdsa_sign_recoverable(msghash, raw=True))
signature = signature[0] + utils.bytearray_to_bytestr([signature[1]])
v = utils.safe_ord(signature[64]) + 27
r_bytes = signature[0:32]
r = big_endian_to_int(r_bytes)
s_bytes = signature[32:64]
s = big_endian_to_int(s_bytes)
#: XXX Ethereum wants its address in different format
addr = utils.big_endian_to_int(
utils.sha3(bitcoin.encode_pubkey(pub, 'bin')[1:])[12:])
return {
"signature": signature,
"v": v,
"r": r,
"s": s,
"r_bytes": r_bytes,
"s_bytes": s_bytes,
"address_bitcoin": addr,
"address_ethereum": eth_privtoaddr(priv),
"public_key": pub,
"hash": msghash,
"payload": bytes([v] + list(r_bytes) + list(s_bytes, ))
}
def eth_sign_with_keyfile(message: bytes, raw: bool, keyfile: str, password: str):
assert(isinstance(message, bytes))
assert(isinstance(raw, bool))
assert(isinstance(keyfile, str))
assert(isinstance(password, str))
if not raw:
message = hexstring_to_bytes(Eth._recoveryMessageHash(data=message))
key = eth_keyfile.decode_keyfile_json(eth_keyfile.load_keyfile(keyfile), bytes(password, 'utf-8'))
pk = PrivateKey(key, raw=True)
signature = pk.ecdsa_recoverable_serialize(
pk.ecdsa_sign_recoverable(message, raw=True)
)
signature = signature[0] + utils.bytearray_to_bytestr([signature[1]])
signature_hex = signature.hex()[0:128] + int_to_bytes(ord(bytes.fromhex(signature.hex()[128:130]))+27).hex()
return '0x' + signature_hex
def _sha3_secp256k1_deploy_data(current_height,
bytecode,
privatekey,
receiver=None):
sender = get_sender(privatekey, False)
if privatekey is None:
temp = private_key()
privkey = PrivateKey(hex2bytes(temp))
else:
privkey = PrivateKey(hex2bytes(privatekey))
print(sender)
nonce = get_nonce(sender)
print("nonce is {}".format(nonce))
tx = Transaction()
tx.valid_until_block = current_height + 88
tx.nonce = nonce
tx.quota = 9999999
if receiver is not None:
tx.to = receiver
tx.data = hex2bytes(bytecode)
message = sha3(tx.SerializeToString())
print("message: {}".format(message))
sign_recover = privkey.ecdsa_sign_recoverable(message, raw=True)
sig = privkey.ecdsa_recoverable_serialize(sign_recover)
signature = binascii.hexlify(sig[0]) + binascii.hexlify(
bytes(bytearray([sig[1]])))
unverify_tx = UnverifiedTransaction()
unverify_tx.transaction.CopyFrom(tx)
unverify_tx.signature = hex2bytes(signature)
unverify_tx.crypto = Crypto.Value('SECP')
print("unverify_tx is {}".format(
binascii.hexlify(unverify_tx.SerializeToString())))
return binascii.hexlify(unverify_tx.SerializeToString())
class PingServer(object):
def __init__(self, my_endpoint: EndPoint):
self.endpoint = my_endpoint
# get private key
with open('priv_key', 'r') as priv_key_file:
priv_key_serialized = priv_key_file.read()
self.priv_key = PrivateKey() # type: PrivateKey
self.priv_key.deserialize(priv_key_serialized)
# init socket
self.sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_DGRAM)
self.sock.bind(('0.0.0.0', self.endpoint.udpPort))
def wrap_packet(self, packet):
payload = packet.packet_type + rlp.encode(packet.pack())
sig = self.priv_key.ecdsa_sign_recoverable(keccak256(payload),
raw=True)
sig_serialized = self.priv_key.ecdsa_recoverable_serialize(sig)
payload = b''.join(
[sig_serialized[0],
str.encode(chr(sig_serialized[1])), payload])
payload_hash = keccak256(payload)
return payload_hash + payload
def udp_listen(self):
def receive_ping():
print("listening...")
data, addr = self.sock.recvfrom(1024)
print("received message[", addr, "]")
return threading.Thread(target=receive_ping)
def ping(self, endpoint: EndPoint):
ping = PingNode(self.endpoint, endpoint)
message = self.wrap_packet(ping)
print("sending ping...")
self.sock.sendto(message,
(endpoint.address.exploded, endpoint.udpPort))
def sign(data: bytes, private_key_seed_ascii: str, hash_function=bitcoin.bin_sha256):
"""Sign data using Ethereum private key.
:param private_key_seed_ascii: Private key seed as ASCII string
"""
msghash = hash_function(data)
priv = utils.sha3(private_key_seed_ascii)
pub = bitcoin.privtopub(priv)
# Based on ethereum/tesrt_contracts.py test_ecrecover
pk = PrivateKey(priv, raw=True)
signature = pk.ecdsa_recoverable_serialize(pk.ecdsa_sign_recoverable(msghash, raw=True))
signature = signature[0] + utils.bytearray_to_bytestr([signature[1]])
v = utils.safe_ord(signature[64]) + 27
r_bytes = signature[0:32]
r = big_endian_to_int(r_bytes)
s_bytes = signature[32:64]
s = big_endian_to_int(s_bytes)
#: XXX Ethereum wants its address in different format
addr = utils.big_endian_to_int(utils.sha3(bitcoin.encode_pubkey(pub, 'bin')[1:])[12:])
return {
"signature": signature,
"v": v,
"r": r,
"s": s,
"r_bytes": r_bytes,
"s_bytes": s_bytes,
"address_bitcoin": addr,
"address_ethereum": eth_privtoaddr(priv),
"public_key": pub,
"hash": msghash,
"payload": bytes([v] + list(r_bytes)+ list(s_bytes,))
}
def eth_sign(message: bytes, web3: Web3):
assert(isinstance(message, bytes))
assert(isinstance(web3, Web3))
# as `EthereumTesterProvider` does not support `eth_sign`, we implement it ourselves
if str(web3.providers[0]) == 'EthereumTesterProvider':
key = k0
msg = hexstring_to_bytes(Eth._recoveryMessageHash(data=message))
pk = PrivateKey(key, raw=True)
signature = pk.ecdsa_recoverable_serialize(
pk.ecdsa_sign_recoverable(msg, raw=True)
)
signature = signature[0] + utils.bytearray_to_bytestr([signature[1]])
signature_hex = signature.hex()[0:128] + int_to_bytes(ord(bytes.fromhex(signature.hex()[128:130]))+27).hex()
return '0x' + signature_hex
return web3.manager.request_blocking(
"eth_sign", [web3.eth.defaultAccount, encode_hex(message)],
)
def sign(self, key):
"""Sign this transaction with a private key.
A potentially already existing signature would be overridden.
"""
if key in (0, '', b'\x00' * 32, '0' * 64):
raise InvalidTransaction("Zero privkey cannot sign")
rawhash = utils.sha3(rlp.encode(self, UnsignedTransaction))
if len(key) == 64:
# we need a binary key
key = encode_privkey(key, 'bin')
pk = PrivateKey(key, raw=True)
signature = pk.ecdsa_recoverable_serialize(
pk.ecdsa_sign_recoverable(rawhash, raw=True))
signature = signature[0] + utils.bytearray_to_bytestr([signature[1]])
self.v = utils.safe_ord(signature[64]) + 27
self.r = big_endian_to_int(signature[0:32])
self.s = big_endian_to_int(signature[32:64])
self.sender = utils.privtoaddr(key)
return self
def _inner_sign(account, data_to_sign):
signature_hash_hex = web3.sha3(encode_hex(data_to_sign))
signature_hash_bytes = decode_hex(signature_hash_hex)
private_key = tester.keys[tester.accounts.index(decode_hex(account))]
priv_key = PrivateKey(flags=ALL_FLAGS)
priv_key.set_raw_privkey(private_key)
signature_raw = priv_key.ecdsa_sign_recoverable(
signature_hash_bytes,
raw=True,
digest=sha3_256,
)
signature_bytes, rec_id = priv_key.ecdsa_recoverable_serialize(signature_raw)
signature = signature_bytes + force_bytes(chr(rec_id))
# Sanity check that the signature is valid.
signer_address = force_text(extract_ecdsa_signer(
signature_hash_bytes,
signature,
))
assert signer_address == account
return signature
def sign(self, key):
"""Sign this transaction with a private key.
A potentially already existing signature would be overridden.
"""
if key in (0, '', b'\x00' * 32, '0' * 64):
raise InvalidTransaction("Zero privkey cannot sign")
rawhash = utils.sha3(rlp.encode(self, UnsignedTransaction))
if len(key) == 64:
# we need a binary key
key = encode_privkey(key, 'bin')
pk = PrivateKey(key, raw=True)
signature = pk.ecdsa_recoverable_serialize(
pk.ecdsa_sign_recoverable(rawhash, raw=True)
)
signature = signature[0] + utils.bytearray_to_bytestr([signature[1]])
self.v = utils.safe_ord(signature[64]) + 27
self.r = big_endian_to_int(signature[0:32])
self.s = big_endian_to_int(signature[32:64])
self.sender = utils.privtoaddr(key)
return self
class Server(object):
def __init__(self, my_endpoint):
self.endpoint = my_endpoint
# 获取私钥
priv_key_file = open('priv_key', 'r')
priv_key_serialized = priv_key_file.read()
priv_key_file.close()
self.priv_key = PrivateKey()
self.priv_key.deserialize(priv_key_serialized)
# 初始化套接字
self.sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_DGRAM)
self.sock.bind(('0.0.0.0', self.endpoint.udpPort))
# set socket non-blocking mode
self.sock.setblocking(0)
def wrap_packet(self, packet):
payload = packet.packet_type + rlp.encode(packet.pack())
sig = self.priv_key.ecdsa_sign_recoverable(keccak256(payload),
raw=True)
sig_serialized = self.priv_key.ecdsa_recoverable_serialize(sig)
payload = sig_serialized[0] + chr(sig_serialized[1]) + payload
payload_hash = keccak256(payload)
return payload_hash + payload
def listen(self):
print "listening..."
while True:
ready = select.select([self.sock], [], [], 1.0)
if ready[0]:
data, addr = self.sock.recvfrom(2048)
print "received message[", addr, "]:"
self.receive(data)
def listen_thread(self):
thread = threading.Thread(target=self.listen)
thread.daemon = True
return thread
def receive(self, data):
# verify hash
msg_hash = data[:32]
if msg_hash != keccak256(data[32:]):
print " First 32 bytes are not keccak256 hash of the rest."
return
else:
print " Verified message hash."
# verify signature
signature = data[32:97]
signed_data = data[97:]
deserialized_sig = self.priv_key.ecdsa_recoverable_deserialize(
signature[:64], ord(signature[64]))
remote_pubkey = self.priv_key.ecdsa_recover(keccak256(signed_data),
deserialized_sig,
raw=True)
pub = PublicKey()
pub.public_key = remote_pubkey
verified = pub.ecdsa_verify(
keccak256(signed_data),
pub.ecdsa_recoverable_convert(deserialized_sig),
raw=True)
if not verified:
print " Signature invalid"
return
else:
print " Verified signature."
response_types = {
PingNode.packet_type: self.receive_ping,
Pong.packet_type: self.receive_pong,
FindNeighbors.packet_type: self.receive_find_neighbors,
Neighbors.packet_type: self.receive_neighbors
}
try:
packet_type = data[97]
dispatch = response_types[packet_type]
except KeyError:
print " Unknown message type: " + data[97]
return
payload = data[98:]
dispatch(payload, msg_hash)
def receive_pong(self, payload, msg_hash):
print " received Pong"
print "", Pong.unpack(rlp.decode(payload))
def receive_ping(self, payload, msg_hash):
print " received Ping"
ping = PingNode.unpack(rlp.decode(payload))
pong = Pong(ping.endpoint_from, msg_hash, time.time() + 60)
print " sending Pong response: " + str(pong)
self.send(pong, pong.to)
def receive_find_neighbors(self, payload, msg_hash):
print " received FindNeighbors"
print "", FindNeighbors.unpack(rlp.decode(payload))
def receive_neighbors(self, payload, msg_hash):
print " received Neighbors"
print "", Neighbors.unpack(rlp.decode(payload))
def ping(self, endpoint):
ping = PingNode(self.endpoint, endpoint, time.time() + 60)
message = self.wrap_packet(ping)
print "sending " + str(ping)
self.sock.sendto(message,
(endpoint.address.exploded, endpoint.udpPort))
def send(self, packet, endpoint):
message = self.wrap_packet(packet)
print "sending " + str(packet)
self.sock.sendto(message,
(endpoint.address.exploded, endpoint.udpPort))
class PingServer(object):
def __init__(self, my_endpoint):
self.endpoint = my_endpoint
# get private key
priv_key_file = open('priv_key', 'r')
priv_key_serialized = priv_key_file.read()
priv_key_file.close()
self.priv_key = PrivateKey()
self.priv_key.deserialize(priv_key_serialized)
# init socket
self.sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_DGRAM)
self.sock.bind(('0.0.0.0', self.endpoint.udpPort))
def wrap_packet(self, packet):
payload = packet.packet_type + rlp.encode(packet.pack())
sig = self.priv_key.ecdsa_sign_recoverable(keccak256(payload),
raw=True)
sig_serialized = self.priv_key.ecdsa_recoverable_serialize(sig)
payload = sig_serialized[0] + chr(sig_serialized[1]) + payload
payload_hash = keccak256(payload)
return payload_hash + payload
def udp_listen(self):
return threading.Thread(target=self.receive)
def receive(self):
print "listening..."
data, addr = self.sock.recvfrom(1024)
print "received message[", addr, "]"
## decode packet below
## verify hash
msg_hash = data[:32]
if msg_hash != keccak256(data[32:]):
print " First 32 bytes are not keccak256 hash of the rest."
return
else:
print " Verified message hash."
## verify signature
signature = data[32:97]
signed_data = data[97:]
deserialized_sig = self.priv_key.ecdsa_recoverable_deserialize(
signature[:64], ord(signature[64]))
remote_pubkey = self.priv_key.ecdsa_recover(keccak256(signed_data),
deserialized_sig,
raw=True)
pub = PublicKey()
pub.public_key = remote_pubkey
verified = pub.ecdsa_verify(
keccak256(signed_data),
pub.ecdsa_recoverable_convert(deserialized_sig),
raw=True)
if not verified:
print " Signature invalid"
return
else:
print " Verified signature."
response_types = {
PingNode.packet_type: self.receive_ping,
Pong.packet_type: self.receive_pong
}
try:
packet_type = data[97]
dispatch = response_types[packet_type]
except KeyError:
print " Unknown message type: " + data[97]
return
payload = data[98:]
dispatch(payload)
def receive_pong(self, payload):
print " received Pong"
print "", Pong.unpack(rlp.decode(payload))
def receive_ping(self, payload):
print " received Ping"
print "", PingNode.unpack(rlp.decode(payload))
def ping(self, endpoint):
ping = PingNode(self.endpoint, endpoint, time.time() + 60)
message = self.wrap_packet(ping)
print "sending " + str(ping)
self.sock.sendto(message,
(endpoint.address.exploded, endpoint.udpPort))
def sign(data: bytes, private_key_seed_ascii: str):
priv = private_key_seed_ascii
pk = PrivateKey(priv, raw=True)
signature = pk.ecdsa_recoverable_serialize(pk.ecdsa_sign_recoverable(data, raw=True))
signature = signature[0] + utils.bytearray_to_bytestr([signature[1]])
return signature, eth_privtoaddr(priv)
class TestTxValidator(unittest.TestCase):
def setUp(self):
# create private key and sender_address receive_address
self.private_key = PrivateKey()
self.send_address = self.__create_address(self.private_key.pubkey)
logging.debug(f"create sender address : {self.send_address}")
self.receive_address = self.__create_address(PrivateKey().pubkey)
logging.debug(f"create sender address : {self.receive_address}")
self.hash_generator = get_tx_hash_generator(conf.LOOPCHAIN_DEFAULT_CHANNEL)
self.tx_validator = TxValidator(conf.LOOPCHAIN_DEFAULT_CHANNEL, conf.SendTxType.icx, self.hash_generator)
def __create_address(self, public_key: PublicKey) -> str:
serialized_pub = public_key.serialize(compressed=False)
hashed_pub = hashlib.sha3_256(serialized_pub[1:]).hexdigest()
return f'hx{hashed_pub[-40:]}'
def __create_icx_origin(self):
icx_origin = dict()
icx_origin["from"] = self.send_address
icx_origin["to"] = self.receive_address
icx_origin["value"] = "0xde0b6b3a7640000"
icx_origin["fee"] = "0x2386f26fc10000"
icx_origin["timestamp"] = str(util.get_now_time_stamp())
icx_origin["nonce"] = "0x3"
tx_hash = self.__create_hash(icx_origin)
self.tx_hash = tx_hash
icx_origin["tx_hash"] = tx_hash
logging.debug(f"tx_hash : {tx_hash}")
self.__create_signature_to_origin(icx_origin, tx_hash)
return icx_origin
def __create_icx_origin_v3(self):
icx_origin = dict()
icx_origin["from"] = self.send_address
icx_origin["to"] = self.receive_address
icx_origin["value"] = "0xde0b6b3a7640000"
icx_origin["fee"] = "0x2386f26fc10000"
icx_origin["timestamp"] = str(util.get_now_time_stamp())
icx_origin["nonce"] = "0x3"
icx_origin["nid"] = NID.testnet.value
icx_origin["stepLimit"] = "0x12345"
icx_origin["version"] = "0x3"
tx_hash = self.__create_hash(icx_origin)
self.tx_hash = tx_hash
self.__create_signature_to_origin(icx_origin, tx_hash)
return icx_origin
def __create_signature_to_origin(self, icx_origin, tx_hash):
signature = self.private_key.ecdsa_sign_recoverable(msg=binascii.unhexlify(tx_hash),
raw=True,
digest=hashlib.sha3_256)
serialized_sig = self.private_key.ecdsa_recoverable_serialize(signature)
logging.debug(f"serialized_sig : {serialized_sig} "
f"\n not_recover_msg size : {sys.getsizeof(serialized_sig[0])}")
sig_message = b''.join([serialized_sig[0], bytes([serialized_sig[1]])])
logging.debug(f"sig message :{sig_message} "
f"\n with_recover_msg size : {sys.getsizeof(sig_message)}")
icx_origin['signature'] = base64.b64encode(sig_message).decode()
def __create_hash(self, icx_origin):
# gen origin
gen = self.gen_ordered_items(icx_origin)
origin = ".".join(gen)
origin = f"icx_sendTransaction.{origin}"
logging.debug(f"origin data : {origin}")
logging.debug(f"encode origin : {origin.encode()}")
# gen hash
return hashlib.sha3_256(origin.encode()).hexdigest()
def gen_ordered_items(self, parameter):
ordered_keys = list(parameter)
ordered_keys.sort()
for key in ordered_keys:
logging.debug(f"item : {key}, {parameter[key]}")
yield key
if isinstance(parameter[key], str):
yield parameter[key]
elif isinstance(parameter[key], dict):
yield from self.gen_ordered_items(parameter[key])
else:
raise TypeError(f"{key} must be dict or str")
def test_validate_icx_tx(self):
""" GIVEN icx transaction that type of string, create TxValidator with sent_tx_type to icx
WHEN restore tx THEN can create correct tx
WHEN validate tx_object THEN return true
:return:
"""
for i in range(1000):
icx_origin = self.__create_icx_origin() # type: Dict[str, str]
message = json.dumps(icx_origin)
tx = self.tx_validator.validate_dumped_tx_message(message)
self.assertEqual(tx.tx_hash, self.tx_hash)
self.assertEqual(tx.signature, base64.b64decode(icx_origin['signature'].encode()))
self.assertTrue(self.tx_validator.validate(tx))
def test_validate_nid_v3(self):
ChannelProperty().nid = NID.testnet.value
icx_origin = self.__create_icx_origin_v3() # type: Dict[str, str]
message = json.dumps(icx_origin)
tx = self.tx_validator.validate_dumped_tx_message(message)
self.assertEqual(tx.icx_origin_data_v3["version"], hex(conf.ApiVersion.v3))
self.assertEqual(tx.icx_origin_data_v3["nid"], ChannelProperty().nid)
self.assertTrue(self.tx_validator.validate(tx))
ChannelProperty().nid = None
def test_validate_repeat(self):
""" for validate ctx sharing
:return:
"""
for i in range(1000):
icx_origin = self.__create_icx_origin() # type: Dict[str, str]
message = json.dumps(icx_origin)
tx = self.tx_validator.validate_dumped_tx_message(message)
self.assertEqual(tx.tx_hash, self.tx_hash)
self.assertEqual(tx.signature, base64.b64decode(icx_origin['signature'].encode()))
self.assertTrue(self.tx_validator.validate(tx))
def test_transaction_invalid_hash_foramt(self):
wallet = IcxWallet()
wallet.value = 1
params = wallet.create_icx_origin()
params['tx_hash'] = "12312"
self.__test_wallet_exception(params, TransactionInvalidHashForamtError)
def test_transaction_invalid_address(self):
wallet = IcxWallet()
wallet.value = 1
wallet._IcxWallet__address = "hx2983"
params = wallet.create_icx_origin()
self.__test_wallet_exception(params, TransactionInvalidAddressError)
params = wallet.create_icx_origin_v3()
self.__test_wallet_exception(params, TransactionInvalidAddressError)
def test_transcation_invalid_address_not_match(self):
wallet = IcxWallet()
wallet.value = 1
paramsv2 = wallet.create_icx_origin()
paramsv3 = wallet.create_icx_origin_v3()
another_wallet = IcxWallet()
# sign hash with another wallet's private key
paramsv2['signature'] = another_wallet.create_signature(self.hash_generator.generate_hash(paramsv2))
paramsv3['signature'] = another_wallet.create_signature(self.hash_generator.generate_hash(paramsv3))
logging.info("address: " + wallet.address)
logging.info("another addres: " + another_wallet.address)
ChannelProperty().nid = '0x3'
exception: TransactionInvalidAddressNotMatchError = self.__test_wallet_exception(
paramsv2, TransactionInvalidAddressNotMatchError)
self.assertEquals(exception.address, wallet.address)
self.assertEquals(exception.expected_address, another_wallet.address)
exception: TransactionInvalidAddressNotMatchError = self.__test_wallet_exception(
paramsv3, TransactionInvalidAddressNotMatchError)
self.assertEquals(exception.address, wallet.address)
self.assertEquals(exception.expected_address, another_wallet.address)
# These codes below affects hash generation.
# V3 params does not have `txHash`.
# So it cannot raise `HashNotMatch` Exception but `AddressNotMatch`
paramsv3 = wallet.create_icx_origin_v3()
paramsv3["timestamp"] = hex(utils.get_now_time_stamp())
exception: TransactionInvalidAddressNotMatchError = self.__test_wallet_exception(
paramsv3, TransactionInvalidAddressNotMatchError)
self.assertEquals(exception.address, wallet.address)
def test_transaction_invalid_hash_not_match(self):
wallet = IcxWallet()
wallet.value = 1
# V3 params does not have `txHash`.
# So it cannot raise `HashNotMatch` Exception but `AddressNotMatch`
paramsv2 = wallet.create_icx_origin()
time.sleep(0.1)
paramsv2["timestamp"] = str(utils.get_now_time_stamp())
self.__test_wallet_exception(paramsv2, TransactionInvalidHashNotMatchError)
def test_transaction_invalid_hash_generation(self):
wallet = IcxWallet()
wallet.value = 1
paramsv2 = wallet.create_icx_origin()
# make recursion for raising an exception.
paramsv2['recursion'] = paramsv2
try:
icon_validator = IconValidateStrategy(self.hash_generator)
icon_validator._IconValidateStrategy__validate_icx_params(paramsv2, paramsv2['tx_hash'])
except TransactionInvalidHashGenerationError as e:
logging.info(TransactionInvalidHashGenerationError.__name__)
logging.info(e)
else:
raise RuntimeError(f"{TransactionInvalidHashGenerationError.__name__} did not raise.")
def test_transacion_invalid_signature(self):
wallet = IcxWallet()
wallet.value = 1
paramsv2 = wallet.create_icx_origin()
try:
icon_validator = IconValidateStrategy(self.hash_generator)
icon_validator._IconValidateStrategy__validate_icx_signature(
paramsv2['tx_hash'], "weds", paramsv2['from'])
except TransactionInvalidSignatureError as e:
logging.info(TransactionInvalidSignatureError.__name__)
logging.info(e)
else:
raise RuntimeError(f"{TransactionInvalidSignatureError.__name__} did not raise.")
def test_transaction_invalid_wrong_nid(self):
wallet = IcxWallet()
wallet.value = 1
wallet.nid = '0x5'
ChannelProperty().nid = '0x3'
param3 = wallet.create_icx_origin_v3()
exception: TransactionInvalidNoNidError = self.__test_wallet_exception(param3, TransactionInvalidNoNidError)
self.assertEqual(exception.expected_nid, ChannelProperty().nid)
self.assertEqual(exception.nid, wallet.nid)
def __test_wallet_exception(self, wallet_params, error_type):
dumped_params = json.dumps(wallet_params)
try:
self.tx_validator.validate_dumped_tx_message(dumped_params)
except error_type as e:
logging.info(error_type.__name__)
logging.info(e)
return e
else:
raise RuntimeError(f"{error_type.__name__} did not raise.")
