def __call__(self, x, s1, s2):
h = F.relu(self.conv1(x))
self.r = self.conv2(h)
q = self.conv3(self.r)
self.v = F.max(q, axis=1, keepdims=True)
for i in xrange(self.k - 1):
q = self.conv3(self.r) + self.conv3b(self.v)
self.v = F.max(q, axis=1, keepdims=True)
q = self.conv3(self.r) + self.conv3b(self.v)
t = s2 * q.data.shape[3] + s1
q = F.reshape(q, (q.data.shape[0], q.data.shape[1], -1))
q = F.rollaxis(q, 2, 1)
t_data_cpu = chainer.cuda.to_cpu(t.data)
w = np.zeros(q.data.shape, dtype=np.float32)
w[six.moves.range(t_data_cpu.size), t_data_cpu] = 1.0
if isinstance(q.data, chainer.cuda.ndarray):
w = chainer.cuda.to_gpu(w)
w = chainer.Variable(w, volatile=not self.train)
q_out = F.sum(w * q, axis=1)
self.ret = self.l3(q_out)
return self.ret
def predict(self,
xs,
softmax=False,
argmax=False,
get_embed=False,
no_dropout=False):
xs0, xs1 = xs # premise, hypothesis
if get_embed:
ys0, exs0 = self.encoder(xs0, get_embed=True)
ys1, exs1 = self.encoder(xs1, get_embed=True)
else:
ys0 = self.encoder(xs0, get_embed=False)
ys1 = self.encoder(xs1, get_embed=False)
ys0 = [F.max(y, axis=0) for y in ys0]
ys1 = [F.max(y, axis=0) for y in ys1]
ratio = 0.0 if no_dropout else self.dropout
ys0 = F.dropout(F.stack(ys0, axis=0), ratio=ratio)
ys1 = F.dropout(F.stack(ys1, axis=0), ratio=ratio)
ys = F.concat([ys0, ys1, F.absolute(ys0 - ys1), ys0 * ys1], axis=1)
ys = self.output(ys, no_dropout)
if softmax:
ys = F.softmax(ys).data
elif argmax:
ys = self.xp.argmax(ys.data, axis=1)
if get_embed:
return ys, exs0, exs1
return ys
def __call__(self, exs):
h_w3 = F.max(self.cnn_w3(exs), axis=2)
h_w4 = F.max(self.cnn_w4(exs), axis=2)
h_w5 = F.max(self.cnn_w5(exs), axis=2)
h = F.concat([h_w3, h_w4, h_w5], axis=1)
h = F.relu(h)
return h
def compute_shifts(cell, pbc, cutoff):
xp = cell.xp
reciprocal_cell = F.batch_inv(cell)
inv_distances = F.max(F.sqrt(F.sum(reciprocal_cell**2, axis=1)), axis=0)
num_repeats = F.ceil(cutoff * inv_distances)
num_repeats = F.where(pbc, num_repeats, xp.zeros_like(num_repeats.data))
num_repeats = F.max(num_repeats, axis=0)
r1 = xp.arange(1, num_repeats.data[0] + 1)
r2 = xp.arange(1, num_repeats.data[1] + 1)
r3 = xp.arange(1, num_repeats.data[2] + 1)
o = xp.zeros(1, dtype=r1.dtype)
return F.vstack([
xp.array([[0.0, 0.0, 0.0]]),
cartesian_prod(r1, r2, r3),
cartesian_prod(r1, r2, o),
cartesian_prod(r1, r2, -r3),
cartesian_prod(r1, o, r3),
cartesian_prod(r1, o, o),
cartesian_prod(r1, o, -r3),
cartesian_prod(r1, -r2, r3),
cartesian_prod(r1, -r2, o),
cartesian_prod(r1, -r2, -r3),
cartesian_prod(o, r2, r3),
cartesian_prod(o, r2, o),
cartesian_prod(o, r2, -r3),
cartesian_prod(o, o, r3),
]).data
def __call__(self, xs):
self.logger.debug("The length of the batch is {}".format(len(xs)))
## Concat the samples in the batch so they are are the same size, for shorter sentences, use -1 to indicate no word
x_block = chainer.dataset.convert.concat_examples(xs, padding=-1)
self.logger.debug("The shape of the concatenated batch is {}".format(
x_block.shape))
self.logger.debug(
"The block shape [0] of the concatenated set is {}".format(
x_block[0].shape))
ex_block = block_embed(self.embed, x_block, self.dropout)
self.logger.debug(
"The embedded block shape of the concatenated set is {}".format(
x_block.shape))
self.logger.debug("The first embedded data shape is {}".format(
ex_block[0].shape))
h_w3 = F.max(self.cnn_w3(ex_block), axis=2)
self.logger.debug("The first h_w3[0] data shape is {}".format(
h_w3[0].shape))
self.logger.debug("The first h_w3 data shape is {}".format(h_w3.shape))
h_w4 = F.max(self.cnn_w4(ex_block), axis=2)
h_w5 = F.max(self.cnn_w5(ex_block), axis=2)
h = F.concat([h_w3, h_w4, h_w5], axis=1)
h = F.relu(h)
h = F.dropout(h, ratio=self.dropout)
h = self.mlp(h)
return h
def _do_one(inputs):
t, qvs, nqvs, result, mask, hopeful, terminate = inputs
if terminate or mask != 1:
return None, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, True
action = int(F.argmax(qvs).data)
if action == 1:
terminate = True
reward = 0
if action == 1:
if result == 1:
reward = self.r_correct
else:
reward = self.r_rush if hopeful else self.r_wrong
elif t == length - 1 and hopeful:
reward = self.r_late
qv = F.max(qvalues)
nqv = F.max(nqvs).data
if action == 1:
loss = F.square(reward - qv)
else:
loss = F.square(reward + 0.5 * nqv - qv)
r = 0
if action == 1:
r = 10 if result == 1 else -5
r_hope = r if hopeful else 0
correct = int(action and result == 1)
rush = 1 if (result != 1 and action and hopeful) else 0
late = 1 if (t == length - 1 and not action and hopeful) else 0
return loss, r, r_hope, action, correct, rush, late, terminate
def __call__(self, x, t, train=True, finetune=False):
h = self.l1(x, train, finetune) # (3, 20, 26, 26)
h = F.dropout(h, self.dr, train)
h = self.l2(h, train, finetune) # (3, 20, 24, 24)
h = F.max_pooling_2d(h,
ksize=2,
stride=2,
pad=0,
cover_all=True,
use_cudnn=True) # (3, 20, 12, 12)
h = self.l3(h, train, finetune) # (3, 20, 10, 10)
h = F.dropout(h, self.dr, train)
h = self.l4(h, train, finetune) # (3, 20, 8, 8)
h = F.dropout(h, self.dr, train)
h = self.l5(h, train, finetune) # (3, 20, 6, 6)
h = F.dropout(h, self.dr, train)
h = self.l6(h, train, finetune) # (3, 20, 4, 4)
h = F.dropout(h, self.dr, train)
h = self.top(h) # (3, 10, 1, 1)
h = F.max(h, axis=-1, keepdims=False) # (3, 10, 1)
h = F.max(h, axis=-1, keepdims=False) # (3, 10)
return F.softmax_cross_entropy(h, t), F.accuracy(h, t)
def calc(self, x):
# --- input transform ---
k = self.k
gpu = self.gpu
edge_feature = ec.edge_conv(x, k, gpu)
h, t1 = self.input_transform_net(edge_feature, x)
h = ec.edge_conv(h, k, gpu)
h = self.conv_block1(h)
h = F.max(h, axis=3, keepdims=True)
h1 = h
h = ec.edge_conv(h, k, gpu)
h = self.conv_block2(h)
h = F.max(h, axis=3, keepdims=True)
h2 = h
h = ec.edge_conv(h, k, gpu)
h = self.conv_block3(h)
h = F.max(h, axis=3, keepdims=True)
h3 = h
h = ec.edge_conv(h, k, gpu)
h = self.conv_block4(h)
h = F.max(h, axis=3, keepdims=True)
h4 = h
h = self.conv_block5(F.concat((h1, h2, h3, h4)))
h = F.max(h, axis=2, keepdims=True)
h = self.fc_block6(h)
h = self.fc_block7(h)
h = self.fc8(h)
return h, t1
def spartial_pyramid_pooling(self, x):
padding = Variable(np.zeros((1, x.shape[2]), dtype=np.float32))
h = [F.expand_dims(F.flatten(F.max(x, axis=3)), axis=0)]
length = x.shape[3]
for i in range(1, self.spp_level):
division = 2**i
window_size = length // division
if window_size > 0:
for j in range(i):
h.append(
F.expand_dims(F.flatten(
F.max(x[:, :, :,
(window_size * j):(window_size * (j + 1))],
axis=3)),
axis=0))
h.append(
F.expand_dims(F.flatten(
F.max(x[:, :, :, (window_size * i):], axis=3)),
axis=0))
else:
for j in range(length):
h.append(F.expand_dims(F.flatten(x[:, :, :, j]), axis=0))
extend = division - length
for j in range(extend):
h.append(padding)
return (h)
def __call__(self, x, t, train=True, finetune=False):
h = self.l1(x, train, finetune)
# h = F.dropout(h, self.dr, train)
h = self.l2(h, train, finetune)
h = plane_group_spatial_max_pooling(h,
ksize=2,
stride=2,
pad=0,
cover_all=True,
use_cudnn=True)
h = self.l3(h, train, finetune)
# h = F.dropout(h, self.dr, train)
h = self.l4(h, train, finetune)
# h = F.dropout(h, self.dr, train)
h = self.l5(h, train, finetune)
# h = F.dropout(h, self.dr, train)
h = self.l6(h, train, finetune)
h = self.top(h)
h = F.max(h, axis=-3, keepdims=False)
h = F.max(h, axis=-1, keepdims=False)
h = F.max(h, axis=-1, keepdims=False)
return F.softmax_cross_entropy(h, t), F.accuracy(h, t)
def _compute_target_q_value(self, batch):
with chainer.using_config('train', False), \
chainer.using_config('enable_backprop', False):
(_, _, r, s_next, non_terminal) = batch
r = F.reshape(r, shape=(*r.shape, 1))
non_terminal = F.reshape(non_terminal,
shape=(*non_terminal.shape, 1))
s_next_rep = F.repeat(x=s_next,
repeats=self._num_action_samples,
axis=0)
a_next_rep = self._vae._decode(s_next_rep)
perturbed_action = self._target_perturbator(s_next_rep, a_next_rep)
q_values = F.stack([
q_target(s_next_rep, perturbed_action)
for q_target in self._target_q_ensembles
])
assert q_values.shape == (self._num_q_ensembles, self._batch_size *
self._num_action_samples, 1)
weighted_q_minmax = self._lambda * F.min(q_values, axis=0) \
+ (1 - self._lambda) * F.max(q_values, axis=0)
assert weighted_q_minmax.shape == (self._batch_size *
self._num_action_samples, 1)
next_q_value = F.max(F.reshape(weighted_q_minmax,
shape=(self._batch_size, -1)),
axis=1,
keepdims=True)
assert next_q_value.shape == (self._batch_size, 1)
target_q_value = r + self._gamma * next_q_value * non_terminal
target_q_value.unchain()
assert target_q_value.shape == (self._batch_size, 1)
return target_q_value
def get_grad(self, xs):
x_block = chainer.dataset.convert.concat_examples(xs, padding=-1)
ex_block = block_embed(self.embed, x_block, dropout=0.)
h_w3 = F.max(self.cnn_w3(ex_block), axis=2)
h_w4 = F.max(self.cnn_w4(ex_block), axis=2)
h_w5 = F.max(self.cnn_w5(ex_block), axis=2)
h = F.concat([h_w3, h_w4, h_w5], axis=1)
h = F.relu(h)
return self.mlp(h, no_dropout=True), ex_block
def __call__(self, xs):
xs = chainer.dataset.convert.concat_examples(xs, padding=0)
xs = xs[:,None,:,:]
h_w3 = F.max(self.cnn_w3(xs), axis=2)
h_w4 = F.max(self.cnn_w4(xs), axis=2)
h_w5 = F.max(self.cnn_w5(xs), axis=2)
h = F.concat([h_w3,h_w4,h_w5],axis=1)
h = F.dropout(F.relu(h),ratio=self.dpout_enc)
h = F.squeeze(h)
return h
def __call__(self, x, t, train=True, finetune=False):
h = self.l1(x, train, finetune)
# h = F.dropout(h, self.dr, train)
h = F.max(h, axis=-3, keepdims=False)
h = self.l2(h, train, finetune)
h = F.max(h, axis=-3, keepdims=False)
h = F.max_pooling_2d(h, ksize=2, stride=2, pad=0)
h = self.l3(h, train, finetune)
h = F.max(h, axis=-3, keepdims=False)
# h = F.dropout(h, self.dr, train)
h = self.l4(h, train, finetune)
h = F.max(h, axis=-3, keepdims=False)
# h = F.dropout(h, self.dr, train)
h = self.l5(h, train, finetune)
h = F.max(h, axis=-3, keepdims=False)
# h = F.dropout(h, self.dr, train)
h = self.l6(h, train, finetune)
h = F.max(h, axis=-3, keepdims=False)
h = self.top(h)
h = F.max(h, axis=-3, keepdims=False)
h = F.max(h, axis=-1, keepdims=False)
h = F.max(h, axis=-1, keepdims=False)
return F.softmax_cross_entropy(h, t), F.accuracy(h, t)
def __call__(self, x, t, train=True, finetune=False):
h = self.l1(x, train, finetune)
# h = F.dropout(h, self.dr, train)
h = F.max(h, axis=-3, keepdims=False)
h = self.l2(h, train, finetune)
h = F.max(h, axis=-3, keepdims=False)
h = F.max_pooling_2d(h, ksize=2, stride=2, pad=0)
h = self.l3(h, train, finetune)
h = F.max(h, axis=-3, keepdims=False)
# h = F.dropout(h, self.dr, train)
h = self.l4(h, train, finetune)
h = F.max(h, axis=-3, keepdims=False)
# h = F.dropout(h, self.dr, train)
h = self.l5(h, train, finetune)
h = F.max(h, axis=-3, keepdims=False)
# h = F.dropout(h, self.dr, train)
h = self.l6(h, train, finetune)
h = F.max(h, axis=-3, keepdims=False)
h = self.top(h)
h = F.max(h, axis=-3, keepdims=False)
h = F.max(h, axis=-1, keepdims=False)
h = F.max(h, axis=-1, keepdims=False)
return F.softmax_cross_entropy(h, t), F.accuracy(h, t)
def __call__(self, xs):
x_block = chainer.dataset.convert.concat_examples(xs, padding=-1)
ex_block = block_embed(self.embed, x_block, self.dropout)
h_w3 = F.max(self.cnn_w3(ex_block), axis=2)
h_w4 = F.max(self.cnn_w4(ex_block), axis=2)
h_w5 = F.max(self.cnn_w5(ex_block), axis=2)
h = F.concat([h_w3, h_w4, h_w5], axis=1)
h = F.relu(h)
h = F.dropout(h, ratio=self.dropout)
h = self.mlp(h)
return h
def forward(self, xs):
x_block = chainer.dataset.convert.concat_examples(xs, padding=-1)
ex_block = block_embed(self.embed, x_block, self.dropout)
h_w3 = F.max(self.cnn_w3(ex_block), axis=2)
h_w4 = F.max(self.cnn_w4(ex_block), axis=2)
h_w5 = F.max(self.cnn_w5(ex_block), axis=2)
h = F.concat([h_w3, h_w4, h_w5], axis=1)
h = F.relu(h)
h = F.dropout(h, ratio=self.dropout)
h = self.mlp(h)
return h
def readout(a, mode='sum', axis=1):
if mode == 'sum':
a = functions.sum(a, axis=axis)
elif mode == 'max':
a = functions.max(a, axis=axis)
elif mode == 'summax':
a_sum = functions.sum(a, axis=axis)
a_max = functions.max(a, axis=axis)
a = functions.concat((a_sum, a_max), axis=axis)
else:
raise ValueError('mode {} is not supported'.format(mode))
return a
def __call__(self, x, s1, s2):
h = F.relu(self.conv(x))
self.r = self.conv2(h)
q = self.conv3(self.r)
self.v = F.max(q, axis=1, keepdims=True)
for i in xrange(self.k - 1):
q = self.conv3(self.r) + self.conv3b(self.v)
self.v = F.max(q, asix=1, keepdims=True)
q = self.conv3(self.r) + self.conv3b(self.v)
def categorical_kl(params0, params1):
params0 = params0[0]
params1 = params1[0]
assert params0.shape == params1.shape
a0 = params0 - F.tile(F.max(params0, axis=1, keepdims=True), (1, 4))
a1 = params1 - F.tile(F.max(params1, axis=1, keepdims=True), (1, 4))
ea0 = F.exp(a0)
ea1 = F.exp(a1)
z0 = F.tile(F.sum(ea0, axis=1, keepdims=True), (1, 4))
z1 = F.tile(F.sum(ea1, axis=1, keepdims=True), (1, 4))
p0 = ea0 / z0
return F.sum(p0 * (a0 - F.log(z0) - a1 + F.log(z1)), axis=1)
def __call__(self, doc, word):
doc = F.relu(self.conv_doc(doc))
doc = F.max(doc, axis=2)
word = F.relu(self.conv_word(word))
word = F.max(word, axis=2)
clayer = F.concat((doc, word))
clayer = F.squeeze(clayer)
y = F.relu(clayer)
y = self.l_final(y)
return y
def __call__(self, x, e=None):
gap = F.average(x, axis=(2, 3))
gmp = F.max(x, axis=(2, 3))
gap = self.ext(F.relu(self.sqz(gap)))
gmp = self.ext(F.relu(self.sqz(gmp)))
x = F.sigmoid(gap + gmp)[:, :, None, None] * x
gap = F.average(x, axis=1)[:, None]
gmp = F.max(x, axis=1)[:, None]
h = self.conv(F.concat([gap, gmp]))
h = F.sigmoid(h) * x
return h
def __call__(self, xs, labels=None):
x_block = chainer.dataset.convert.concat_examples(xs, padding=-1)
ex_block = block_embed(self.embed, x_block, self.dropout)
if self.use_predict_embed and chainer.config.train:
ex_block = self.embed.embed_xs_with_prediction(
xs, labels=labels, batch='concat')
h_w3 = F.max(self.cnn_w3(ex_block), axis=2)
h_w4 = F.max(self.cnn_w4(ex_block), axis=2)
h_w5 = F.max(self.cnn_w5(ex_block), axis=2)
h = F.concat([h_w3, h_w4, h_w5], axis=1)
h = F.relu(h)
h = F.dropout(h, ratio=self.dropout)
h = self.mlp(h)
return h
def _predict_depth_chainer_backend(self, bgr, depth_bgr=None):
bgr_data = np.array([bgr], dtype=np.float32)
depth_bgr_data = np.array([depth_bgr], dtype=np.float32)
if self.gpu != -1:
bgr_data = cuda.to_gpu(bgr_data, device=self.gpu)
depth_bgr_data = cuda.to_gpu(depth_bgr_data, device=self.gpu)
if LooseVersion(chainer.__version__) < LooseVersion('2.0.0'):
bgr = chainer.Variable(bgr_data, volatile=True)
depth_bgr = chainer.Variable(depth_bgr_data, volatile=True)
self.model(bgr, depth_bgr)
else:
with chainer.using_config('train', False):
with chainer.no_backprop_mode():
bgr = chainer.Variable(bgr_data)
depth_bgr = chainer.Variable(depth_bgr_data)
self.model(bgr, depth_bgr)
proba_img = F.softmax(self.model.mask_score)
label_pred = F.argmax(self.model.mask_score, axis=1)
depth_pred = F.sigmoid(self.model.depth_score)
proba_img = F.transpose(proba_img, (0, 2, 3, 1))
max_proba_img = F.max(proba_img, axis=-1)
# squeeze batch axis, gpu -> cpu
proba_img = cuda.to_cpu(proba_img.data)[0]
max_proba_img = cuda.to_cpu(max_proba_img.data)[0]
label_pred = cuda.to_cpu(label_pred.data)[0]
depth_pred = cuda.to_cpu(depth_pred.data)[0]
# uncertain because the probability is low
label_pred[max_proba_img < self.proba_threshold] = self.bg_label
# get depth image
depth_pred = depth_pred[0, :, :]
depth_pred *= (self.model.max_depth - self.model.min_depth)
depth_pred += self.model.min_depth
return label_pred, proba_img, depth_pred
def compute_vecs(self, word_ids, word_boundaries, phrase_num,
char_vecs=None):
word_ids = my_variable(word_ids, volatile=not self.train)
word_embs = self.emb(word_ids) # total_len x dim
word_embs_reshape = F.reshape(word_embs, (1, 1, -1, self.emb_dim))
if self.word_level_flag and char_vecs is not None:
# print char_vecs.data.shape
# print word_embs.data.shape
word_embs = F.concat([word_embs, char_vecs], axis=1)
# print word_embs.data.shape
dim = self.emb_dim + self.add_dim
word_embs_reshape = F.reshape(word_embs, (1, 1, -1, dim))
# 1 x 1 x total_len x dim
# convolution
word_emb_conv = self.conv(word_embs_reshape)
# 1 x dim x total_len x 1
word_emb_conv_reshape = F.reshape(word_emb_conv,
(self.hidden_dim, -1))
# max
word_emb_conv_reshape = F.split_axis(word_emb_conv_reshape,
word_boundaries, axis=1)
embs = [F.max(word_emb_conv_word, axis=1) for i, word_emb_conv_word in
enumerate(word_emb_conv_reshape) if i % 2 == 1]
embs = F.concat(embs, axis=0)
phrase_emb_conv = F.reshape(embs,
(phrase_num, self.hidden_dim))
return phrase_emb_conv
def update(Q, target_Q, opt, samples, gamma=0.99, target_type='double_dqn'):
"""Update a Q-function with given samples and a target Q-function."""
dtype = chainer.get_dtype()
xp = Q.xp
obs = xp.asarray([sample[0] for sample in samples], dtype=dtype)
action = xp.asarray([sample[1] for sample in samples], dtype=np.int32)
reward = xp.asarray([sample[2] for sample in samples], dtype=dtype)
done = xp.asarray([sample[3] for sample in samples], dtype=dtype)
obs_next = xp.asarray([sample[4] for sample in samples], dtype=dtype)
# Predicted values: Q(s,a)
y = F.select_item(Q(obs), action)
# Target values: r + gamma * max_b Q(s',b)
with chainer.no_backprop_mode():
if target_type == 'dqn':
next_q = F.max(target_Q(obs_next), axis=1)
elif target_type == 'double_dqn':
next_q = F.select_item(target_Q(obs_next),
F.argmax(Q(obs_next), axis=1))
else:
raise ValueError('Unsupported target_type: {}'.format(target_type))
target = reward + gamma * (1 - done) * next_q
loss = mean_clipped_loss(y, target)
Q.cleargrads()
loss.backward()
opt.update()
def _train_batch(self, j):
j1 = j + 1
s_j = (Variable(self.xp.asarray(self.state_pool[j].astype(np.float32)))
/ 127.5) - 1
s_j1 = (Variable(
self.xp.asarray(self.state_pool[j + 1].astype(np.float32))) /
127.5) - 1
Qhat = self.target_q(s_j1, train=False)
max_Q = cuda.to_cpu(F.max(Qhat, axis=1).data)
# max_Q = cuda.to_cpu(self.xp.max(Qhat.data, axis=1))
y_j = Variable(
self.xp.asarray(self.reward_pool[j] +
(1 - self.terminal_pool[j]) * self.gamma * max_Q))
a_j = Variable(self.xp.asarray(self.action_pool[j]))
qs = self.action_q(s_j)
q_preds = F.select_item(qs, a_j)
loss = F.mean_squared_error(y_j, q_preds)
self.optimizer.zero_grads()
res = loss.backward()
loss.unchain_backward()
self.optimizer.update()
qp_cpu = qs.data
# print "loss", loss.data
# print np.mean(qp_cpu, axis=0)
# print(res)
return np.mean(cuda.to_cpu(q_preds.data))
def check_backward(self, x_data, y_grad, axis=None, keepdims=False):
gradient_check.check_backward(
lambda x: functions.max(x, axis, keepdims),
x_data,
y_grad,
dtype='d',
**self.check_backward_options)
def check_forward(self, x_data, axis=None, keepdims=False):
x = chainer.Variable(x_data)
y = functions.max(x, axis=axis, keepdims=keepdims)
self.assertEqual(y.data.dtype, numpy.float32)
y_expect = self.x.max(axis=axis, keepdims=keepdims)
self.assertEqual(y.data.shape, y_expect.shape)
testing.assert_allclose(y_expect, y.data)
def _predict(self, img_bgr, depth_bgr):
img_bgr_batch = self.xp.array([img_bgr], dtype=self.xp.float32)
depth_bgr_batch = self.xp.array([depth_bgr], dtype=self.xp.float32)
if self.gpu >= 0:
img_bgr_batch = cuda.to_gpu(img_bgr_batch, device=self.gpu)
depth_bgr_batch = cuda.to_gpu(depth_bgr_batch, device=self.gpu)
with chainer.using_config('train', False):
with chainer.no_backprop_mode():
img_bgr_variable = chainer.Variable(img_bgr_batch)
depth_bgr_variable = chainer.Variable(depth_bgr_batch)
# Do inference
self.model(img_bgr_variable, depth_bgr_variable, None, None)
# Get proba_img, pred_label, pred_depth
proba_img = F.softmax(self.model.score_label)
proba_img = F.transpose(proba_img, (0, 2, 3, 1))
max_proba_img = F.max(proba_img, axis=-1)
pred_label = F.argmax(self.model.score_label, axis=1)
pred_depth = self.model.depth_pred
# Squeeze batch axis, gpu -> cpu
proba_img = cuda.to_cpu(proba_img.data)[0]
max_proba_img = cuda.to_cpu(max_proba_img.data)[0]
pred_label = cuda.to_cpu(pred_label.data)[0]
pred_depth = cuda.to_cpu(pred_depth.data)[0, 0]
# Uncertain because the probability is low
pred_label[max_proba_img < self.proba_threshold] = self.bg_label
return pred_label, proba_img, pred_depth
def _do_both(inputs):
t, qvs, nqvs, result, mask, hopeful, terminate = inputs
if terminate or mask != 1:
return None, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, True
action = int(F.argmax(qvs).data)
# if action == 1:
# terminate = True
reward = [0, 0]
if result == 1:
reward[1] = self.r_correct
else:
reward[1] = self.r_rush if hopeful else self.r_wrong
if t == length - 1 and hopeful:
reward[0] = self.r_late
nqv = F.max(nqvs).data
loss = F.square(reward[0] + 0.3 * nqv - qvs[0])
loss += F.square(reward[1] - qvs[1])
r = 0
if action == 1:
r = 10 if result == 1 else -5
r_hope = r if hopeful else 0
correct = int(action and result == 1)
rush = 1 if (result != 1 and action and hopeful) else 0
late = 1 if (t == length - 1 and not action and hopeful) else 0
return loss, r, r_hope, action, correct, rush, late, terminate
def update_model(self):
(s, action, reward, s_next, is_terminal) = self.memory.sample_minibatch(self.minibatch_size)
# compute Q targets (max_a' Q_hat(s_next, a'))
Q_hat = self.target_network(s_next)
Q_hat_max = F.max(Q_hat, axis=1, keepdims=True)
y = (1-is_terminal)*self.gamma*Q_hat_max + reward
# compute Q(s, action)
Q = self.model_network(s)
Q_subset = F.reshape(F.select_item(Q, action), (self.minibatch_size, 1))
# compute Huber loss
error = y - Q_subset
loss_clipped = abs(error) * (abs(error.data) > 1) + (error**2) * (abs(error.data) <= 1)
loss = F.sum(loss_clipped) / self.minibatch_size
# perform model update
self.model_network.zerograds() ## zero out the accumulated gradients in all network parameters
loss.backward()
self.optimizer.update()
# target network tracks the model
for dst, src in zip(self.target_network.params(), self.model_network.params()):
dst.data = self.tau * src.data + (1 - self.tau) * dst.data
return loss.data
def compute_q_learning_loss(self, l_obs, l_act, l_rew, l_next_obs, l_done):
"""
:param l_obs: A chainer variable holding a list of observations. Should be of shape N * |S|.
:param l_act: A chainer variable holding a list of actions. Should be of shape N.
:param l_rew: A chainer variable holding a list of rewards. Should be of shape N.
:param l_next_obs: A chainer variable holding a list of observations at the next time step. Should be of
shape N * |S|.
:param l_done: A chainer variable holding a list of binary values (indicating whether episode ended after this
time step). Should be of shape N.
:return: A chainer variable holding a scalar loss.
"""
# Hint: You may want to make use of the following fields: self._discount, self._q, self._qt
# Hint2: Q-function can be called by self._q.forward(argument)
# Hint3: You might also find https://docs.chainer.org/en/stable/reference/generated/chainer.functions.select_item.html useful
"*** YOUR CODE HERE ***"
# Ideal next action per state, maximizing value.
Qt_greedy = F.max(self._qt.forward(l_next_obs), -1)
# Find y
y = l_rew + (1 - l_done) * (self._discount * Qt_greedy)
# Find Q, our current model.
Q = F.select_item(self._q.forward(l_obs), l_act)
# Find the total loss from this iteration.
loss = F.mean((y - Q) ** 2)
return loss
def train_batch(self):
j = \
np.random.permutation(min(self.frame, self.pool_size - self.train_term))[:self.batch_size] % self.pool_size
j1 = j + 1
s_j = (Variable(self.xp.asarray(self.state_pool[j].astype(np.float32)))
/ 127.5) - 1
s_j1 = (Variable(
self.xp.asarray(self.state_pool[j + 1].astype(np.float32))) /
127.5) - 1
Qhat = self.target_q(s_j1, train=False)
max_Q = cuda.to_cpu(F.max(Qhat, axis=1).data)
# max_Q = cuda.to_cpu(self.xp.max(Qhat.data, axis=1))
y_j = Variable(
self.xp.asarray(self.reward_pool[j] +
(1 - self.terminal_pool[j]) * self.gamma * max_Q))
a_j = Variable(self.xp.asarray(self.action_pool[j]))
qs = self.action_q(s_j)
q_preds = F.select_item(qs, a_j)
loss = F.mean_squared_error(y_j, q_preds)
self.optimizer.zero_grads()
loss.backward()
loss.unchain_backward()
self.optimizer.update()
qp_cpu = qs.data
print "Q", np.mean(q_preds.data)
print "loss", loss.data
print np.mean(qp_cpu, axis=0)
def compute_q_learning_loss(self, l_obs, l_act, l_rew, l_next_obs, l_done):
"""
:param l_obs: A chainer variable holding a list of observations. Should be of shape N * |S|.
:param l_act: A chainer variable holding a list of actions. Should be of shape N.
:param l_rew: A chainer variable holding a list of rewards. Should be of shape N.
:param l_next_obs: A chainer variable holding a list of observations at the next time step. Should be of
shape N * |S|.
:param l_done: A chainer variable holding a list of binary values (indicating whether episode ended after this
time step). Should be of shape N.
:return: A chainer variable holding a scalar loss.
"""
# Hint: You may want to make use of the following fields: self._discount, self._q, self._qt
# Hint2: Q-function can be called by self._q.forward(argument)
# Hint3: You might also find
# https://docs.chainer.org/en/stable/reference/generated/chainer.functions.select_item.html
# useful
# loss = C.Variable(np.array([0.]))
# compute target q value named y
q_next = self._qt.forward(l_next_obs) # (N, |A|)
q_act_next = F.max(q_next, axis=1)
y = l_rew + self._discount * q_act_next * (1 - l_done) # (N,)
# compute mean square loss function
q = self._q.forward(l_obs) # (N, |A|)
q_act = F.select_item(q, l_act)
loss = F.mean(F.square(q_act - y))
assert isinstance(loss, C.Variable)
return loss
def check_forward(self, x_data, axis=None, keepdims=False):
x = chainer.Variable(x_data)
y = functions.max(x, axis=axis, keepdims=keepdims)
self.assertEqual(y.data.dtype, numpy.float32)
y_expect = self.x.max(axis=axis, keepdims=keepdims)
self.assertEqual(y.data.shape, y_expect.shape)
gradient_check.assert_allclose(y_expect, y.data)
def check_forward(self, x_data):
x = chainer.Variable(x_data)
y = functions.max(x, axis=self.axis, keepdims=self.keepdims)
self.assertEqual(y.data.dtype, numpy.float32)
y_expect = self.y_expect
self.assertEqual(y.data.shape, y_expect.shape)
testing.assert_allclose(y_expect, y.data)
def normalize_linearly(self, h):
"""Normalize h linearly over dimensions in [0, 1]
"""
h_max = F.max(h, axis=1, keepdims=True)
h_min = F.min(h, axis=1, keepdims=True)
h_norm = (h - h_min) / (h_max - h_min + 1e-10)
return h_norm
def __call__(self, x, axis=1):
if self.activation is not None:
h = self.activation(x)
else:
h = x
if self.mode == 'sum':
y = functions.sum(h, axis=axis)
elif self.mode == 'max':
y = functions.max(h, axis=axis)
elif self.mode == 'summax':
h_sum = functions.sum(h, axis=axis)
h_max = functions.max(h, axis=axis)
y = functions.concat((h_sum, h_max), axis=axis)
else:
raise ValueError('mode {} is not supported'.format(self.mode))
return y
def get_normalized_vector(d, xp=None):
shape = tuple(range(1, len(d.shape)))
if xp is not None:
d /= (1e-12 + xp.max(xp.abs(d), shape, keepdims=True))
d /= xp.sqrt(1e-6 + xp.sum(d ** 2, shape, keepdims=True))
else:
d_term = 1e-12 + F.max(F.absolute(d), shape, keepdims=True)
d /= F.broadcast_to(d_term, d.shape)
d_term = F.sqrt(1e-6 + F.sum(d ** 2, shape, keepdims=True))
d /= F.broadcast_to(d_term, d.shape)
return d
def check_backward(self, x_data, y_grad, axis=None, keepdims=False):
x = chainer.Variable(x_data)
y = functions.max(x, axis=axis, keepdims=keepdims)
y.grad = y_grad
y.backward()
func = y.creator
f = lambda: func.forward((x.data.copy(),))
gx, = gradient_check.numerical_grad(f, (x.data,), (y.grad,), eps=1e-5)
gradient_check.assert_allclose(gx, x.grad, rtol=1e-3, atol=1e-3)
def calculate_score(self, h, pos, neg, pos_score=None, neg_score=None, multipos=False):
#h_pro = self.act1(self.W_predict(h))
h_pro = h
if multipos:
# If multiple positive vectors are given,
# max score is picked up. (other ones are not propagated)
pos_scoreL = [F.batch_matmul(h_pro, pos_one, transa=True) for pos_one in pos]
pos_score = F.max(F.concat(pos_scoreL, axis=1), axis=1, keepdims=True)
else:
pos_score = F.batch_matmul(h_pro, pos, transa=True)
neg_score = F.batch_matmul(h_pro, neg, transa=True)
return pos_score, neg_score
def __call__(self, x, t, train=True, finetune=False):
h = self.l1(x, train, finetune)
# h = F.dropout(h, self.dr, train)
h = self.l2(h, train, finetune)
h = plane_group_spatial_max_pooling(h, ksize=2, stride=2, pad=0, cover_all=True, use_cudnn=True)
h = self.l3(h, train, finetune)
# h = F.dropout(h, self.dr, train)
h = self.l4(h, train, finetune)
# h = F.dropout(h, self.dr, train)
h = self.l5(h, train, finetune)
# h = F.dropout(h, self.dr, train)
h = self.l6(h, train, finetune)
h = self.top(h)
h = F.max(h, axis=-3, keepdims=False)
h = F.max(h, axis=-1, keepdims=False)
h = F.max(h, axis=-1, keepdims=False)
return F.softmax_cross_entropy(h, t), F.accuracy(h, t)
def predict(self, xs):
# Encoding
logits, exs = self._encode(xs)
# Discretization
D = F.gumbel_softmax(logits, self.tau, axis=2)
gumbel_output = D.reshape(-1, self.M * self.K)
with chainer.no_backprop_mode():
maxp = F.mean(F.max(D, axis=2))
reporter.report({'maxp': maxp.data}, self)
# Decoding
y_hat = self._decode(gumbel_output)
return y_hat, exs
def solve(self, docD, train=True):
old2newD, e2sD = self.initialize_entities(docD["entities"], self.args.max_ent_id, train=train)
e2dLD = dict((e, [s]) for (e, s) in e2sD.items())
sentences = self.reload_sentences(docD["sentences"], old2newD)
for sent in sentences:
i2sD = OrderedDict()
e2iLD = defaultdict(list)
for i, token in enumerate(sent):
if token in e2sD:
i2sD[i] = e2sD[token]
e2iLD[token].append(i)
if not i2sD: # skip sentences without any entities
continue
e2iLD = OrderedDict(e2iLD)
concat_h_L = self.encode_context(sent, i2sD, e2iLD, train=train)
for e, concat_h in zip(e2iLD.keys(), concat_h_L):
e2dLD[e].append(F.tanh(self.W_hd(concat_h)))
e2sD[e] = F.max(F.concat([e2sD[e], e2dLD[e][-1]], axis=0), axis=0, keepdims=True)
EPS = sys.float_info.epsilon
accum_loss_doc, TorFs, subTorFs = 0, 0, 0
for query, answer in zip(docD["queries"], docD["answers"]):
query = self.reload_sentence(query, old2newD)
answer = old2newD[int(answer)]
i2sD = dict([(i, e2sD[token]) for i, token in enumerate(query) if token in e2sD])
u_Dq, q = self.encode_query(query, i2sD, train=train)
eL, sL = zip(*list(e2sD.items()))
pre_vL = [self.attention_history(e2dLD[e], q, train=train) for e in eL]
v_eDq = self.W_dv(F.concat(pre_vL, axis=0))
answer_idx = eL.index(answer)
p = self.predict_answer(u_Dq, v_eDq, [True if token in query else False for token in eL], train=train) + EPS
t = chainer.Variable(self.xp.array([answer_idx]).astype(np.int32), volatile=not train)
accum_loss_doc += F.softmax_cross_entropy(p, t)
p_data = p.data[0, :]
max_idx = self.xp.argmax(p_data)
TorFs += (max_idx == answer_idx)
if max_idx != answer_idx:
for sub_ans in [k for k, e in enumerate(eL) if e in query]:
p_data[sub_ans] = -10000000
subTorFs += (self.xp.argmax(p_data) == answer_idx)
return accum_loss_doc, TorFs, subTorFs
def ordinal_loss(y, mask):
xp = cuda.get_array_module(y.data)
volatile = y.volatile
b, c, n = y.data.shape
max_y = F.broadcast_to(F.max(y, axis=1, keepdims=True), y.data.shape)
y = y - max_y
sum_y = F.broadcast_to(F.expand_dims(F.sum(y, axis=1), 1), y.data.shape)
down_tri = np.tri(c, dtype=np.float32)
up_tri = down_tri.T
w1 = Variable(xp.asarray(down_tri.reshape(c, c, 1, 1)), volatile=volatile)
w2 = Variable(xp.asarray(up_tri.reshape(c, c, 1, 1)), volatile=volatile)
h = F.exp(F.expand_dims(y, -1))
h1 = F.convolution_2d(h, w1)
h1 = F.convolution_2d(F.log(h1), w1)
h2 = F.convolution_2d(h, w2)
h2 = F.convolution_2d(F.log(h2), w2)
h = F.reshape(h1 + h2, (b, c, n))
return F.sum((h - sum_y - y) * mask) / b
def forward(self, x_data, y_data, train=True, gpu=-1):
if gpu >= 0:
x_data = cuda.to_gpu(x_data)
y_data = cuda.to_gpu(y_data)
# ipdb.set_trace()
x, t = Variable(x_data), Variable(y_data)
# tanhを適用しているけど，sigmoidのほうがいいかも？
h1 = F.max(F.tanh(self.conv1(x)), axis=3, keepdims=True)
# h2 = F.max(F.sigmoid(self.conv2(x2)), axis=3, keepdims=True)
h = F.dropout(F.sigmoid(self.l2(h1)), train=train, ratio=self.drop_ratio)
y = self.lo(h)
return y,F.softmax_cross_entropy(y, t), F.accuracy(y,t)
# class CNNModel(FunctionSet):
# def __init__(self, n_vocab=1000, n_units=25, train=True, ratio=0.5, conv_width=3, unit_length=100):
# super(ConvolutionEncoder, self).__init__(
# n_vocab=n_vocab, n_emb=n_emb, train=train,ratio=ratio
# )
# self.conv_width = conv_width
# self.vec_len = unit_length
# self.n_filters = n_units
# self.n_units = n_units
# #print(n_units, n_emb)
# self.add_link('conv1',L.Convolution2D(1, self.n_filters, (self.conv_width, self.unit_length), stride=(1, self.unit_length), use_cudnn=False))
# #self.to_init.append(self.conv1)
# #self.add_link('conv1',L.Convolution2D(1, self.n_filters, (self.conv_width, n_units), stride=(1, n_units), use_cudnn=False))
# def forward(self, x_data, y_data, train=True, gpu=-1):
# batchsize=10
# e = F.dropout(self.embed(chainer.Variable(sequence)), train=train)
# # shape が,(sequence length, batchsize, vectorlength) になっていたので、
# # swapaxes で(batchsize, sequence length, vectorlength) に修正
# e = F.swapaxes(e,0,1)
# #print(e.data.shape)
# #e = F.reshape(e, (batchsize, 1, len(sequence), self.vec_len))
# e = F.reshape(e, (batchsize, 1, len(sequence), self.vec_len))
# e = F.tanh(e)
# c = self.conv1(e)
# h = F.reshape(F.max(c, axis=2), (batchsize, self.n_filters))
# return h
def compute_q_learning_loss(self, l_obs, l_act, l_rew, l_next_obs, l_done):
"""
:param l_obs: A chainer variable holding a list of observations. Should be of shape N * |S|.
:param l_act: A chainer variable holding a list of actions. Should be of shape N.
:param l_rew: A chainer variable holding a list of rewards. Should be of shape N.
:param l_next_obs: A chainer variable holding a list of observations at the next time step. Should be of
shape N * |S|.
:param l_done: A chainer variable holding a list of binary values (indicating whether episode ended after this
time step). Should be of shape N.
:return: A chainer variable holding a scalar loss.
"""
# Hint: You may want to make use of the following fields: self._discount, self._q, self._qt
# Hint2: Q-function can be called by self._q.forward(argument)
# Hint3: You might also find https://docs.chainer.org/en/stable/reference/generated/chainer.functions.select_item.html useful
"*** YOUR CODE HERE ***"
y = l_rew + (1 - l_done) * self._discount * F.max(self._qt.forward(l_next_obs), axis=1)
q = F.select_item(self._q.forward(l_obs), l_act)
loss = F.mean_squared_error(y, q)
return loss
def __call__(self, batch):
word_ids, (char_ids, char_boundaries) = batch
batch_size = word_ids.data.shape[0]
# word lookup table
word_embs = self.word_emb(word_ids) # batch x len x dim
if self.use_char:
# character lookup table
char_embs = self.char_emb(char_ids) # total_len x dim
char_embs_reshape = F.reshape(char_embs, (1, 1, -1, self.char_emb_dim)) # 1 x 1 x total_len x dim
# convolution
char_emb_conv = self.char_conv(char_embs_reshape) # 1 x dim x total_len x 1
char_emb_conv_reshape = F.reshape(char_emb_conv, (self.char_hidden_dim, -1)) # dim x total_len
# max
embs = []
for i, char_emb_conv_word in enumerate(F.split_axis(char_emb_conv_reshape, char_boundaries, axis=1)):
if i % 2 == 1:
# not pad
embs.append(F.max(char_emb_conv_word, axis=1))
char_emb_conv = F.reshape(F.concat(embs, axis=0), (batch_size, -1, self.char_hidden_dim))
# concatenate
word_embs = F.concat([word_embs, char_emb_conv], axis=2) # batch x len x dim
word_embs_reshape = F.reshape(word_embs, (batch_size, 1, -1, self.word_dim))
h = self.word_conv(word_embs_reshape) # batch x dim x len x 1
#h_transpose = F.swapaxes(h, 1, 2) # TODO: maybe inefficient
h_transpose = F.transpose(h, (0, 2, 1, 3)) # TODO: maybe inefficient
h_reshape = F.reshape(h_transpose, (-1, self.word_hidden_dim))
y = self.linear(F.relu(h_reshape))
return y
def check_backward(self, x_data, y_grad):
gradient_check.check_backward(
lambda x: functions.max(x, self.axis, self.keepdims),
x_data, y_grad, dtype='d',
**self.check_backward_options)
def f(x):
return functions.max(x, self.axis, self.keepdims)
def forward(self, inputs):
"""
Compute context insensitive token embeddings for ELMo representations.
Parameters
----------
inputs: ``torch.autograd.Variable``
Shape ``(batch_size, sequence_length, 50)`` of character ids representing the
current batch.
Returns
-------
Dict with keys:
``'token_embedding'``: ``torch.autograd.Variable``
Shape ``(batch_size, sequence_length + 2, embedding_dim)`` tensor with context
insensitive token representations.
``'mask'``: ``torch.autograd.Variable``
Shape ``(batch_size, sequence_length + 2)`` long tensor with sequence mask.
"""
# Add BOS/EOS
mask = ((inputs > 0).sum(axis=-1) > 0)
character_ids_with_bos_eos, mask_with_bos_eos = add_sentence_boundary_token_ids(
inputs,
mask,
self._beginning_of_sentence_characters,
self._end_of_sentence_characters
)
# the character id embedding
max_chars_per_token = self._options['char_cnn']['max_characters_per_token']
# (batch_size * sequence_length, max_chars_per_token, embed_dim)
character_embedding = F.embed_id(
character_ids_with_bos_eos.reshape((-1, max_chars_per_token)),
self._char_embedding_weights
)
# run convolutions
cnn_options = self._options['char_cnn']
if cnn_options['activation'] == 'tanh':
activation = F.tanh
elif cnn_options['activation'] == 'relu':
activation = F.relu
else:
raise ConfigurationError("Unknown activation")
# (batch_size * sequence_length, embed_dim, max_chars_per_token)
character_embedding = F.transpose(character_embedding, (0, 2, 1))
character_embedding = character_embedding[:, :, :, None]
convs = []
for i in range(len(self._convolutions)):
conv = getattr(self, 'char_conv_{}'.format(i))
convolved = conv(character_embedding)
# (batch_size * sequence_length, n_filters for this width)
convolved = F.max(convolved, axis=(2, 3))
convolved = activation(convolved)
convs.append(convolved)
# (batch_size * sequence_length, n_filters)
token_embedding = F.concat(convs, axis=-1)
# apply the highway layers (batch_size * sequence_length, n_filters)
token_embedding = self._highways.forward(token_embedding)
# final projection (batch_size * sequence_length, embedding_dim)
token_embedding = self._projection(token_embedding)
# reshape to (batch_size, sequence_length, embedding_dim)
batch_size, sequence_length, _ = character_ids_with_bos_eos.shape
return {
'mask': mask_with_bos_eos,
'token_embedding': token_embedding.reshape((batch_size, sequence_length, -1))
}
def test_invalid_axis_type_in_tuple(self):
with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
functions.max(self.x, (1, 'x'))
def check_backward(self, x_data, y_grad, axis=None, keepdims=False):
gradient_check.check_backward(
lambda x: functions.max(x, axis, keepdims),
x_data, y_grad, dtype='d',
**self.check_backward_options)
def test_duplicate_axis(self):
with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
functions.max(self.x, (0, 0))
def f(x):
x = functions.max(x, axis, keepdims)
return x * x
def test_invalid_axis_type(self):
with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
functions.max(self.x, [0])
def train(self, par=None):
self.pr = min(1.0, 0.02 + self.random_exp / (self.idx + 1.0))
self.upd = self.upd + 1
# generate dataset from replay buffer
if self.upd % 3 == 0:
self.Qp.copyparams(self.Q)
# save the buffer if any
if self.r:
self.r_buff.append(self.r)
self.r = []
# process batches
for repeat in range(self.batches):
X = []
A = []
Y = []
ln = len(self.r_buff)
I = np.random.choice(ln, min(ln, self.batch), replace=False)
XQ = []
for i in I:
game = self.r_buff[i]
for x, a, r in reversed(game):
XQ.append(x)
XQ = tv(np.row_stack(XQ), v=flag.ON)
Qmax = F.max( self.Qp(XQ), axis=1)
Qmax = Qmax.data
idx = 0
for i in I:
game = self.r_buff[i]
q_max = 0.0
for x, a, r in reversed(game):
y = q_max + r
X.append(x)
Y.append(y)
A.append(a)
# update q max
q_max = self.d * Qmax[idx]
idx += 1
X = tv(np.row_stack(X))
Y = tv(np.squeeze(np.row_stack(Y)))
self.Q.zerograds()
loss = self.loss(X, Y, A, self.Q)
# update the parameters of the agent
loss.backward()
self.opt.update()
def test_pos_neg_duplicate_axis(self):
x_data = numpy.random.uniform(-1, 1, (3, 2, 4)).astype(numpy.float32)
x = chainer.Variable(x_data)
with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
functions.max(x, axis=(1, -2))
def f(x):
x = functions.max(x, self.axis, self.keepdims)
return x * x
