def test_pow1():
assert refine((-1)**x, Q.even(x)) == 1
assert refine((-1)**x, Q.odd(x)) == -1
assert refine((-2)**x, Q.even(x)) == 2**x
# nested powers
assert refine(sqrt(x**2)) != Abs(x)
assert refine(sqrt(x**2), Q.complex(x)) != Abs(x)
assert refine(sqrt(x**2), Q.real(x)) == Abs(x)
assert refine(sqrt(x**2), Q.positive(x)) == x
assert refine((x**3)**Rational(1, 3)) != x
assert refine((x**3)**Rational(1, 3), Q.real(x)) != x
assert refine((x**3)**Rational(1, 3), Q.positive(x)) == x
assert refine(sqrt(1/x), Q.real(x)) != 1/sqrt(x)
assert refine(sqrt(1/x), Q.positive(x)) == 1/sqrt(x)
# powers of (-1)
assert refine((-1)**(x + y), Q.even(x)) == (-1)**y
assert refine((-1)**(x + y + z), Q.odd(x) & Q.odd(z)) == (-1)**y
assert refine((-1)**(x + y + 1), Q.odd(x)) == (-1)**y
assert refine((-1)**(x + y + 2), Q.odd(x)) == (-1)**(y + 1)
assert refine((-1)**(x + 3)) == (-1)**(x + 1)
# continuation
assert refine((-1)**((-1)**x/2 - S.Half), Q.integer(x)) == (-1)**x
assert refine((-1)**((-1)**x/2 + S.Half), Q.integer(x)) == (-1)**(x + 1)
assert refine((-1)**((-1)**x/2 + 5*S.Half), Q.integer(x)) == (-1)**(x + 1)
def test_re():
assert refine(re(x), Q.real(x)) == x
assert refine(re(x), Q.imaginary(x)) is S.Zero
assert refine(re(x+y), Q.real(x) & Q.real(y)) == x + y
assert refine(re(x+y), Q.real(x) & Q.imaginary(y)) == x
assert refine(re(x*y), Q.real(x) & Q.real(y)) == x * y
assert refine(re(x*y), Q.real(x) & Q.imaginary(y)) == 0
assert refine(re(x*y*z), Q.real(x) & Q.real(y) & Q.real(z)) == x * y * z
def _(expr):
return [allarg(x, Q.positive(x), expr) >> Q.positive(expr),
allarg(x, Q.negative(x), expr) >> Q.negative(expr),
allarg(x, Q.real(x), expr) >> Q.real(expr),
allarg(x, Q.rational(x), expr) >> Q.rational(expr),
allarg(x, Q.integer(x), expr) >> Q.integer(expr),
exactlyonearg(x, ~Q.integer(x), expr) >> ~Q.integer(expr),
]
def test_pow2():
assert refine((-1)**((-1)**x/2 - 7*S.Half), Q.integer(x)) == (-1)**(x + 1)
assert refine((-1)**((-1)**x/2 - 9*S.Half), Q.integer(x)) == (-1)**x
# powers of Abs
assert refine(Abs(x)**2, Q.real(x)) == x**2
assert refine(Abs(x)**3, Q.real(x)) == Abs(x)**3
assert refine(Abs(x)**2) == Abs(x)**2
def _(expr):
return [Equivalent(Q.zero(expr), anyarg(x, Q.zero(x), expr)),
allarg(x, Q.positive(x), expr) >> Q.positive(expr),
allarg(x, Q.real(x), expr) >> Q.real(expr),
allarg(x, Q.rational(x), expr) >> Q.rational(expr),
allarg(x, Q.integer(x), expr) >> Q.integer(expr),
exactlyonearg(x, ~Q.rational(x), expr) >> ~Q.integer(expr),
allarg(x, Q.commutative(x), expr) >> Q.commutative(expr),
]
def test_im():
assert refine(im(x), Q.imaginary(x)) == -I*x
assert refine(im(x), Q.real(x)) is S.Zero
assert refine(im(x+y), Q.imaginary(x) & Q.imaginary(y)) == -I*x - I*y
assert refine(im(x+y), Q.real(x) & Q.imaginary(y)) == -I*y
assert refine(im(x*y), Q.imaginary(x) & Q.real(y)) == -I*x*y
assert refine(im(x*y), Q.imaginary(x) & Q.imaginary(y)) == 0
assert refine(im(1/x), Q.imaginary(x)) == -I/x
assert refine(im(x*y*z), Q.imaginary(x) & Q.imaginary(y)
& Q.imaginary(z)) == -I*x*y*z
def test_pow_pos_neg():
assert satask(Q.nonnegative(x**2), Q.positive(x)) is True
assert satask(Q.nonpositive(x**2), Q.positive(x)) is False
assert satask(Q.positive(x**2), Q.positive(x)) is True
assert satask(Q.negative(x**2), Q.positive(x)) is False
assert satask(Q.real(x**2), Q.positive(x)) is True
assert satask(Q.nonnegative(x**2), Q.negative(x)) is True
assert satask(Q.nonpositive(x**2), Q.negative(x)) is False
assert satask(Q.positive(x**2), Q.negative(x)) is True
assert satask(Q.negative(x**2), Q.negative(x)) is False
assert satask(Q.real(x**2), Q.negative(x)) is True
assert satask(Q.nonnegative(x**2), Q.nonnegative(x)) is True
assert satask(Q.nonpositive(x**2), Q.nonnegative(x)) is None
assert satask(Q.positive(x**2), Q.nonnegative(x)) is None
assert satask(Q.negative(x**2), Q.nonnegative(x)) is False
assert satask(Q.real(x**2), Q.nonnegative(x)) is True
assert satask(Q.nonnegative(x**2), Q.nonpositive(x)) is True
assert satask(Q.nonpositive(x**2), Q.nonpositive(x)) is None
assert satask(Q.positive(x**2), Q.nonpositive(x)) is None
assert satask(Q.negative(x**2), Q.nonpositive(x)) is False
assert satask(Q.real(x**2), Q.nonpositive(x)) is True
assert satask(Q.nonnegative(x**3), Q.positive(x)) is True
assert satask(Q.nonpositive(x**3), Q.positive(x)) is False
assert satask(Q.positive(x**3), Q.positive(x)) is True
assert satask(Q.negative(x**3), Q.positive(x)) is False
assert satask(Q.real(x**3), Q.positive(x)) is True
assert satask(Q.nonnegative(x**3), Q.negative(x)) is False
assert satask(Q.nonpositive(x**3), Q.negative(x)) is True
assert satask(Q.positive(x**3), Q.negative(x)) is False
assert satask(Q.negative(x**3), Q.negative(x)) is True
assert satask(Q.real(x**3), Q.negative(x)) is True
assert satask(Q.nonnegative(x**3), Q.nonnegative(x)) is True
assert satask(Q.nonpositive(x**3), Q.nonnegative(x)) is None
assert satask(Q.positive(x**3), Q.nonnegative(x)) is None
assert satask(Q.negative(x**3), Q.nonnegative(x)) is False
assert satask(Q.real(x**3), Q.nonnegative(x)) is True
assert satask(Q.nonnegative(x**3), Q.nonpositive(x)) is None
assert satask(Q.nonpositive(x**3), Q.nonpositive(x)) is True
assert satask(Q.positive(x**3), Q.nonpositive(x)) is False
assert satask(Q.negative(x**3), Q.nonpositive(x)) is None
assert satask(Q.real(x**3), Q.nonpositive(x)) is True
# If x is zero, x**negative is not real.
assert satask(Q.nonnegative(x**-2), Q.nonpositive(x)) is None
assert satask(Q.nonpositive(x**-2), Q.nonpositive(x)) is None
assert satask(Q.positive(x**-2), Q.nonpositive(x)) is None
assert satask(Q.negative(x**-2), Q.nonpositive(x)) is None
assert satask(Q.real(x**-2), Q.nonpositive(x)) is None
def test_refine():
# relational
assert not refine(x < 0, ~Q.is_true(x < 0))
assert refine(x < 0, Q.is_true(x < 0))
assert refine(x < 0, Q.is_true(0 > x)) == True
assert refine(x < 0, Q.is_true(y < 0)) == (x < 0)
assert not refine(x <= 0, ~Q.is_true(x <= 0))
assert refine(x <= 0, Q.is_true(x <= 0))
assert refine(x <= 0, Q.is_true(0 >= x)) == True
assert refine(x <= 0, Q.is_true(y <= 0)) == (x <= 0)
assert not refine(x > 0, ~Q.is_true(x > 0))
assert refine(x > 0, Q.is_true(x > 0))
assert refine(x > 0, Q.is_true(0 < x)) == True
assert refine(x > 0, Q.is_true(y > 0)) == (x > 0)
assert not refine(x >= 0, ~Q.is_true(x >= 0))
assert refine(x >= 0, Q.is_true(x >= 0))
assert refine(x >= 0, Q.is_true(0 <= x)) == True
assert refine(x >= 0, Q.is_true(y >= 0)) == (x >= 0)
assert not refine(Eq(x, 0), ~Q.is_true(Eq(x, 0)))
assert refine(Eq(x, 0), Q.is_true(Eq(x, 0)))
assert refine(Eq(x, 0), Q.is_true(Eq(0, x))) == True
assert refine(Eq(x, 0), Q.is_true(Eq(y, 0))) == Eq(x, 0)
assert not refine(Ne(x, 0), ~Q.is_true(Ne(x, 0)))
assert refine(Ne(x, 0), Q.is_true(Ne(0, x))) == True
assert refine(Ne(x, 0), Q.is_true(Ne(x, 0)))
assert refine(Ne(x, 0), Q.is_true(Ne(y, 0))) == (Ne(x, 0))
# boolean functions
assert refine(And(x > 0, y > 0), Q.is_true(x > 0)) == (y > 0)
assert refine(And(x > 0, y > 0), Q.is_true(x > 0) & Q.is_true(y > 0)) == True
# predicates
assert refine(Q.positive(x), Q.positive(x)) == True
assert refine(Q.positive(x), Q.negative(x)) == False
assert refine(Q.positive(x), Q.real(x)) == Q.positive(x)
def test_field_assumptions():
X = MatrixSymbol('X', 4, 4)
Y = MatrixSymbol('Y', 4, 4)
assert ask(Q.real_elements(X), Q.real_elements(X))
assert not ask(Q.integer_elements(X), Q.real_elements(X))
assert ask(Q.complex_elements(X), Q.real_elements(X))
assert ask(Q.complex_elements(X**2), Q.real_elements(X))
assert ask(Q.real_elements(X**2), Q.integer_elements(X))
assert ask(Q.real_elements(X + Y), Q.real_elements(X)) is None
assert ask(Q.real_elements(X + Y), Q.real_elements(X) & Q.real_elements(Y))
from sympy.matrices.expressions.hadamard import HadamardProduct
assert ask(Q.real_elements(HadamardProduct(X, Y)),
Q.real_elements(X) & Q.real_elements(Y))
assert ask(Q.complex_elements(X + Y),
Q.real_elements(X) & Q.complex_elements(Y))
assert ask(Q.real_elements(X.T), Q.real_elements(X))
assert ask(Q.real_elements(X.I), Q.real_elements(X) & Q.invertible(X))
assert ask(Q.real_elements(Trace(X)), Q.real_elements(X))
assert ask(Q.integer_elements(Determinant(X)), Q.integer_elements(X))
assert not ask(Q.integer_elements(X.I), Q.integer_elements(X))
alpha = Symbol('alpha')
assert ask(Q.real_elements(alpha * X), Q.real_elements(X) & Q.real(alpha))
assert ask(Q.real_elements(LofLU(X)), Q.real_elements(X))
e = Symbol('e', integer=True, negative=True)
assert ask(Q.real_elements(X**e), Q.real_elements(X) & Q.invertible(X))
assert ask(Q.real_elements(X**e), Q.real_elements(X)) is None
def _(expr):
base, exp = expr.base, expr.exp
return [
(Q.real(base) & Q.even(exp) & Q.nonnegative(exp)) >> Q.nonnegative(expr),
(Q.nonnegative(base) & Q.odd(exp) & Q.nonnegative(exp)) >> Q.nonnegative(expr),
(Q.nonpositive(base) & Q.odd(exp) & Q.nonnegative(exp)) >> Q.nonpositive(expr),
Equivalent(Q.zero(expr), Q.zero(base) & Q.positive(exp))
]
def test_Abs():
assert refine(Abs(x), Q.positive(x)) == x
assert refine(1 + Abs(x), Q.positive(x)) == 1 + x
assert refine(Abs(x), Q.negative(x)) == -x
assert refine(1 + Abs(x), Q.negative(x)) == 1 - x
assert refine(Abs(x**2)) != x**2
assert refine(Abs(x**2), Q.real(x)) == x**2
def test_atan2():
assert refine(atan2(y, x), Q.real(y) & Q.positive(x)) == atan(y/x)
assert refine(atan2(y, x), Q.negative(y) & Q.positive(x)) == atan(y/x)
assert refine(atan2(y, x), Q.negative(y) & Q.negative(x)) == atan(y/x) - pi
assert refine(atan2(y, x), Q.positive(y) & Q.negative(x)) == atan(y/x) + pi
assert refine(atan2(y, x), Q.zero(y) & Q.negative(x)) == pi
assert refine(atan2(y, x), Q.positive(y) & Q.zero(x)) == pi/2
assert refine(atan2(y, x), Q.negative(y) & Q.zero(x)) == -pi/2
assert refine(atan2(y, x), Q.zero(y) & Q.zero(x)) is nan
def test_matrix_element_sets():
X = MatrixSymbol('X', 4, 4)
assert ask(Q.real(X[1, 2]), Q.real_elements(X))
assert ask(Q.integer(X[1, 2]), Q.integer_elements(X))
assert ask(Q.complex(X[1, 2]), Q.complex_elements(X))
assert ask(Q.integer_elements(Identity(3)))
assert ask(Q.integer_elements(ZeroMatrix(3, 3)))
assert ask(Q.integer_elements(OneMatrix(3, 3)))
from sympy.matrices.expressions.fourier import DFT
assert ask(Q.complex_elements(DFT(3)))
def test_imaginary():
assert satask(Q.imaginary(2*I)) is True
assert satask(Q.imaginary(x*y), Q.imaginary(x)) is None
assert satask(Q.imaginary(x*y), Q.imaginary(x) & Q.real(y)) is True
assert satask(Q.imaginary(x), Q.real(x)) is False
assert satask(Q.imaginary(1)) is False
assert satask(Q.imaginary(x*y), Q.real(x) & Q.real(y)) is False
assert satask(Q.imaginary(x + y), Q.real(x) & Q.real(y)) is False
def _contains(self, other):
from sympy.assumptions.ask import ask, Q
if ask(Q.real(other)) is False:
return False
if self.left_open:
expr = other > self.start
else:
expr = other >= self.start
if self.right_open:
expr = And(expr, other < self.end)
else:
expr = And(expr, other <= self.end)
return expr
def _contains(self, other):
from sympy.assumptions.ask import ask, Q
if ask(Q.real(other)) is False:
return False
if self.left_open:
expr = other > self.start
else:
expr = other >= self.start
if self.right_open:
expr = And(expr, other < self.end)
else:
expr = And(expr, other <= self.end)
return expr
def test_call():
x, y = symbols('x y')
# See the long history of this in issues 5026 and 5105.
raises(TypeError, lambda: sin(x)({x: 1, sin(x): 2}))
raises(TypeError, lambda: sin(x)(1))
# No effect as there are no callables
assert sin(x).rcall(1) == sin(x)
assert (1 + sin(x)).rcall(1) == 1 + sin(x)
# Effect in the pressence of callables
l = Lambda(x, 2 * x)
assert (l + x).rcall(y) == 2 * y + x
assert (x**l).rcall(2) == x**4
# TODO UndefinedFunction does not subclass Expr
#f = Function('f')
#assert (2*f)(x) == 2*f(x)
assert (Q.real & Q.positive).rcall(x) == Q.real(x) & Q.positive(x)
def test_real():
assert satask(Q.real(x*y), Q.real(x) & Q.real(y)) is True
assert satask(Q.real(x + y), Q.real(x) & Q.real(y)) is True
assert satask(Q.real(x*y*z), Q.real(x) & Q.real(y) & Q.real(z)) is True
assert satask(Q.real(x*y*z), Q.real(x) & Q.real(y)) is None
assert satask(Q.real(x*y*z), Q.real(x) & Q.real(y) & Q.imaginary(z)) is False
assert satask(Q.real(x + y + z), Q.real(x) & Q.real(y) & Q.real(z)) is True
assert satask(Q.real(x + y + z), Q.real(x) & Q.real(y)) is None
def test_non_atoms():
assert ask(Q.real(Trace(X)), Q.positive(Trace(X)))
def test_complex():
assert refine(re(1/(x + I*y)), Q.real(x) & Q.real(y)) == \
x/(x**2 + y**2)
assert refine(im(1/(x + I*y)), Q.real(x) & Q.real(y)) == \
-y/(x**2 + y**2)
assert refine(re((w + I*x) * (y + I*z)), Q.real(w) & Q.real(x) & Q.real(y)
& Q.real(z)) == w*y - x*z
assert refine(im((w + I*x) * (y + I*z)), Q.real(w) & Q.real(x) & Q.real(y)
& Q.real(z)) == w*z + x*y
def test_satask():
# No relevant facts
assert satask(Q.real(x), Q.real(x)) is True
assert satask(Q.real(x), ~Q.real(x)) is False
assert satask(Q.real(x)) is None
assert satask(Q.real(x), Q.positive(x)) is True
assert satask(Q.positive(x), Q.real(x)) is None
assert satask(Q.real(x), ~Q.positive(x)) is None
assert satask(Q.positive(x), ~Q.real(x)) is False
raises(ValueError, lambda: satask(Q.real(x), Q.real(x) & ~Q.real(x)))
with assuming(Q.positive(x)):
assert satask(Q.real(x)) is True
assert satask(~Q.positive(x)) is False
raises(ValueError, lambda: satask(Q.real(x), ~Q.positive(x)))
assert satask(Q.zero(x), Q.nonzero(x)) is False
assert satask(Q.positive(x), Q.zero(x)) is False
assert satask(Q.real(x), Q.zero(x)) is True
assert satask(Q.zero(x), Q.zero(x*y)) is None
assert satask(Q.zero(x*y), Q.zero(x))
def _(expr):
allargs_real = allargs(x, Q.real(x), expr)
onearg_irrational = exactlyonearg(x, Q.irrational(x), expr)
return Implies(allargs_real, Implies(onearg_irrational,
Q.irrational(expr)))
def register_fact(klass, fact, registry=fact_registry):
registry[klass] |= {fact}
for klass, fact in [
(Mul, Equivalent(Q.zero, AnyArgs(Q.zero))),
(MatMul, Implies(AllArgs(Q.square), Equivalent(Q.invertible, AllArgs(Q.invertible)))),
(Add, Implies(AllArgs(Q.positive), Q.positive)),
(Add, Implies(AllArgs(Q.negative), Q.negative)),
(Mul, Implies(AllArgs(Q.positive), Q.positive)),
(Mul, Implies(AllArgs(Q.commutative), Q.commutative)),
(Mul, Implies(AllArgs(Q.real), Q.commutative)),
(Pow, CustomLambda(lambda power: Implies(Q.real(power.base) &
Q.even(power.exp) & Q.nonnegative(power.exp), Q.nonnegative(power)))),
(Pow, CustomLambda(lambda power: Implies(Q.nonnegative(power.base) & Q.odd(power.exp) & Q.nonnegative(power.exp), Q.nonnegative(power)))),
(Pow, CustomLambda(lambda power: Implies(Q.nonpositive(power.base) & Q.odd(power.exp) & Q.nonnegative(power.exp), Q.nonpositive(power)))),
# This one can still be made easier to read. I think we need basic pattern
# matching, so that we can just write Equivalent(Q.zero(x**y), Q.zero(x) & Q.positive(y))
(Pow, CustomLambda(lambda power: Equivalent(Q.zero(power), Q.zero(power.base) & Q.positive(power.exp)))),
(Integer, CheckIsPrime(Q.prime)),
# Implicitly assumes Mul has more than one arg
# Would be AllArgs(Q.prime | Q.composite) except 1 is composite
(Mul, Implies(AllArgs(Q.prime), ~Q.prime)),
# More advanced prime assumptions will require inequalities, as 1 provides
# a corner case.
(Mul, Implies(AllArgs(Q.imaginary | Q.real), Implies(ExactlyOneArg(Q.imaginary), Q.imaginary))),
(Mul, Implies(AllArgs(Q.real), Q.real)),
def register_fact(klass, fact, registry=fact_registry):
registry[klass] |= {fact}
for klass, fact in [
(Mul, Equivalent(Q.zero, AnyArgs(Q.zero))),
(MatMul, Implies(AllArgs(Q.square), Equivalent(Q.invertible, AllArgs(Q.invertible)))),
(Add, Implies(AllArgs(Q.positive), Q.positive)),
(Add, Implies(AllArgs(Q.negative), Q.negative)),
(Mul, Implies(AllArgs(Q.positive), Q.positive)),
(Mul, Implies(AllArgs(Q.commutative), Q.commutative)),
(Mul, Implies(AllArgs(Q.real), Q.commutative)),
(Pow, CustomLambda(lambda power: Implies(Q.real(power.base) &
Q.even(power.exp) & Q.nonnegative(power.exp), Q.nonnegative(power)))),
(Pow, CustomLambda(lambda power: Implies(Q.nonnegative(power.base) & Q.odd(power.exp) & Q.nonnegative(power.exp), Q.nonnegative(power)))),
(Pow, CustomLambda(lambda power: Implies(Q.nonpositive(power.base) & Q.odd(power.exp) & Q.nonnegative(power.exp), Q.nonpositive(power)))),
# This one can still be made easier to read. I think we need basic pattern
# matching, so that we can just write Equivalent(Q.zero(x**y), Q.zero(x) & Q.positive(y))
(Pow, CustomLambda(lambda power: Equivalent(Q.zero(power), Q.zero(power.base) & Q.positive(power.exp)))),
(Integer, CheckIsPrime(Q.prime)),
# Implicitly assumes Mul has more than one arg
# Would be AllArgs(Q.prime | Q.composite) except 1 is composite
(Mul, Implies(AllArgs(Q.prime), ~Q.prime)),
# More advanced prime assumptions will require inequalities, as 1 provides
# a corner case.
(Mul, Implies(AllArgs(Q.imaginary | Q.real), Implies(ExactlyOneArg(Q.imaginary), Q.imaginary))),
(Mul, Implies(AllArgs(Q.real), Q.real)),
registry[klass] |= {fact}
for klass, fact in [
(Mul, Equivalent(Q.zero, AnyArgs(Q.zero))),
(MatMul,
Implies(AllArgs(Q.square), Equivalent(Q.invertible,
AllArgs(Q.invertible)))),
(Add, Implies(AllArgs(Q.positive), Q.positive)),
(Add, Implies(AllArgs(Q.negative), Q.negative)),
(Mul, Implies(AllArgs(Q.positive), Q.positive)),
(Mul, Implies(AllArgs(Q.commutative), Q.commutative)),
(Mul, Implies(AllArgs(Q.real), Q.commutative)),
(Pow,
CustomLambda(lambda power: Implies(
Q.real(power.base) & Q.even(power.exp) & Q.nonnegative(power.exp),
Q.nonnegative(power)))),
(Pow,
CustomLambda(lambda power: Implies(
Q.nonnegative(power.base) & Q.odd(power.exp) & Q.nonnegative(
power.exp), Q.nonnegative(power)))),
(Pow,
CustomLambda(lambda power: Implies(
Q.nonpositive(power.base) & Q.odd(power.exp) & Q.nonnegative(
power.exp), Q.nonpositive(power)))),
# This one can still be made easier to read. I think we need basic pattern
# matching, so that we can just write Equivalent(Q.zero(x**y), Q.zero(x) & Q.positive(y))
(Pow,
CustomLambda(
lambda power: Equivalent(Q.zero(power),
def _(expr):
# General Case: Odd number of imaginary args implies mul is imaginary(To be implemented)
allargs_imag_or_real = allargs(x, Q.imaginary(x) | Q.real(x), expr)
onearg_imaginary = exactlyonearg(x, Q.imaginary(x), expr)
return Implies(allargs_imag_or_real,
Implies(onearg_imaginary, Q.imaginary(expr)))
def get_known_facts(x=None):
"""
Facts between unary predicates.
Parameters
==========
x : Symbol, optional
Placeholder symbol for unary facts. Default is ``Symbol('x')``.
Returns
=======
fact : Known facts in conjugated normal form.
"""
if x is None:
x = Symbol('x')
fact = And(
# primitive predicates for extended real exclude each other.
Exclusive(Q.negative_infinite(x), Q.negative(x), Q.zero(x),
Q.positive(x), Q.positive_infinite(x)),
# build complex plane
Exclusive(Q.real(x), Q.imaginary(x)),
Implies(Q.real(x) | Q.imaginary(x), Q.complex(x)),
# other subsets of complex
Exclusive(Q.transcendental(x), Q.algebraic(x)),
Equivalent(Q.real(x),
Q.rational(x) | Q.irrational(x)),
Exclusive(Q.irrational(x), Q.rational(x)),
Implies(Q.rational(x), Q.algebraic(x)),
# integers
Exclusive(Q.even(x), Q.odd(x)),
Implies(Q.integer(x), Q.rational(x)),
Implies(Q.zero(x), Q.even(x)),
Exclusive(Q.composite(x), Q.prime(x)),
Implies(Q.composite(x) | Q.prime(x),
Q.integer(x) & Q.positive(x)),
Implies(Q.even(x) & Q.positive(x) & ~Q.prime(x), Q.composite(x)),
# hermitian and antihermitian
Implies(Q.real(x), Q.hermitian(x)),
Implies(Q.imaginary(x), Q.antihermitian(x)),
Implies(Q.zero(x),
Q.hermitian(x) | Q.antihermitian(x)),
# define finity and infinity, and build extended real line
Exclusive(Q.infinite(x), Q.finite(x)),
Implies(Q.complex(x), Q.finite(x)),
Implies(
Q.negative_infinite(x) | Q.positive_infinite(x), Q.infinite(x)),
# commutativity
Implies(Q.finite(x) | Q.infinite(x), Q.commutative(x)),
# matrices
Implies(Q.orthogonal(x), Q.positive_definite(x)),
Implies(Q.orthogonal(x), Q.unitary(x)),
Implies(Q.unitary(x) & Q.real_elements(x), Q.orthogonal(x)),
Implies(Q.unitary(x), Q.normal(x)),
Implies(Q.unitary(x), Q.invertible(x)),
Implies(Q.normal(x), Q.square(x)),
Implies(Q.diagonal(x), Q.normal(x)),
Implies(Q.positive_definite(x), Q.invertible(x)),
Implies(Q.diagonal(x), Q.upper_triangular(x)),
Implies(Q.diagonal(x), Q.lower_triangular(x)),
Implies(Q.lower_triangular(x), Q.triangular(x)),
Implies(Q.upper_triangular(x), Q.triangular(x)),
Implies(Q.triangular(x),
Q.upper_triangular(x) | Q.lower_triangular(x)),
Implies(Q.upper_triangular(x) & Q.lower_triangular(x), Q.diagonal(x)),
Implies(Q.diagonal(x), Q.symmetric(x)),
Implies(Q.unit_triangular(x), Q.triangular(x)),
Implies(Q.invertible(x), Q.fullrank(x)),
Implies(Q.invertible(x), Q.square(x)),
Implies(Q.symmetric(x), Q.square(x)),
Implies(Q.fullrank(x) & Q.square(x), Q.invertible(x)),
Equivalent(Q.invertible(x), ~Q.singular(x)),
Implies(Q.integer_elements(x), Q.real_elements(x)),
Implies(Q.real_elements(x), Q.complex_elements(x)),
)
return fact